Biology Chapter 3

Steroids are composed of what?

4 carbon rings

During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water is ________.

Formed

*Hydroxyl(polar, found in all macromolecules, can hydrogen bond) *Carbonyl(polar, found in carbs and nucleic acids, can hydrogen bond) *Carboxyl(polar, found in proteins and lipids, acidic) *Amino(polar, found in proteins and nucleic acids, weak base) *Sulfhydryl(found in proteins, stabilizes them) *Phosphate(polar, found in nucleic acids, energy storing bonds) *Methyl(nonpolar, hydrophobic, found in proteins)

Functional groups of carbon

The primary molecules that transport chemical energy from one reaction system to another

ATP

A polypeptide is also known as what?

Amino acids

A polypeptide is composed pf monomers called ______.

Amino acids

Proteins are chains of what?

Amino acids

Doing a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule of water is ________.

Broken down

Glucose, starch, and cellulose are all examples of _________.

Carbohydrates

6 elements make up macromolecules: C,H,N,O,S -Can form 4 covalent bonds -C is central to macromolecules because of its chemistry

Carbon

Major fuel molecule(used as a structural material and energy source) Formula(CH2O)N Monomer is monosaccharide Very versatile -Used as monosaccharide(ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose) -Disaccharides(ex. Lactose, sucrose, maltose) -Short chain carbohydrates(used as markers on a cell-allow cell to cell communication, provide mechanism for immune response, self-recognition)

Carbs

Phospholipids are an important component of what?

Cell membranes

Important membrane protein that provides rigidity and serves as a precursor to other sterols and hormones.

Cholesterol

1)glycogen- energy storage in animals, made in the liver when there's too much glucose in the blood. Can be broken down later into glucose and used as energy. Keeps blood and glucose levels stable. 2)starch- energy storage in plants. Glycogen and starch are easily degraded and can be used when necessary for energy. 3)chitin- structural storage in animals(ex. Shrimp shells, cockroach crunch) 4)cellulose- structural storage in plants Chitin and cellulose

Complex carbs

Double helix Covalent phosphodiester bonds link the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide by dehydration synthesis. Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. A=T C=G The complementary base pairs have to do with the shape of the bases. A and G are purines and have a double ring structure. T and C are pyrimidines and have a single ring structure.

DNA

Polymers are formed bu linking monomers together through _________ reactions.

Dehydration

The components of water molecules are removed during a reaction

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Unfolding a protein from its active confirmation so that it loses its structure

Denaturation

Consisting of two sugars

Disaccaride

Lactose and sucrose are examples of what?

Disaccaride

Distinct large structural subdivisions

Domains

Cholesterol is found in what?

Egg yolk

What are the 3 major groups of lipids?

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

What are the subunits of fats?

Fatty acids

1. Triglycerides are a large energy storage molecules(stored as fat in animals, provides a huge amount of energy or insulation or cushion). 2. Waterproof(waxy coating on plants protect them from drying out, wax coatings on bird wings). 3. Hormones(chemical messengers that carry signals). 4. Vitamins A (vision), D(calcium absorption), E(antioxidant to protect cells), K(helps form blood clots). 5. Pigments that gather energy during photosynthesis. 6. Phospholipids are important components of cell membrane. Has a polar head and a non-polar fatty acid tail. 7. Steroids(unique chemical structures found in cell membranes. Some hormones are a type of steroids- chemical messengers). 8. Waxes that protect, lubricate, and lemd pliability to hair and skin. Also beeswax used to builk houses.

Functions of Lipids

Triglycerides are composed of _________.

Glycerol and fatty acids

What found in animals (used for energy) is an example of polysaccharide

Glycogen

This cholesterol is "good." It carries "bad" cholesterol to the liver for disposal.

HDL(high lipo-density)

Molecule consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen atoms

Hydrocarbons

Breaking the bonds between the subunits of a polymer involves _________ reactions.

Hydrolysis

The components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

Hydrolysis

This cholesterol is "bad." It is found in saturated and trans fats. It clogs arteries and leads to heart attack.

LDL(low lipo-density)

Fats, steroids and terpenes are examples of _________.

Lipids

Oils, waxes, fats. Non-polar hydrophobic(water insoluble). Functional group is hydrocarbon. Can be saturated(all possible locations have H on them, solid at room temp because densely packed) or unsaturated(kinks form in the chain due to the presence of double bonds, liquids at room temperature because cannot order themselves as strenuously). Trans fats have double bonds, but resemble saturated fats.

Lipids

Water insoluble, primarily non-polar biological molecules composed of hydrocarbons

Lipids

75% of cholesterol is made in __________, 25% from diet.

Liver

A single polymer molecule with a mass of 1,000 Da or more

Macromolecules

A simple compound that can form together to make polymers

Monomer

Consisting of one sugar

Monosaccharide

All carbohydrates are composed of one or more _____.

Monosaccharides

Glucose and fructose are examples of what?

Monosaccharides

The smallest carbohydrate containing three to seven carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

What are the three types of carbs?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Two main types: DNA and RNA DNA-carries the genetic code RNA- responsible for reading DNA and building proteins Function also as energy molecules(ATP).

Nucleic Acid

DNA is an example of what?

Nucleic acids

Long polymers assembled from repeating monomers

Nucleic acids

RNA and DNA are examples of _______.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are made up of chains of what?

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called _______.

Nucleotides.

What are the 3 points of Nucleotides?

Phosphate group, nitrogenous bases and pentose sugars

A molecule assembled from subunit molecules called monomers

Polymer

A protein is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains called _______ which are coiled and foiled into specific 3 dimensional shapes.

Polypeptides

Consisting of two or more sugars

Polysaccarides

Carbohydrate polymers with more than 10 linked monosaccharide monomers

Polysaccharide

Act as enzymes(catalysts for chemical reactions). Involved in membrane transport. Involved in most types of movement(muscle contractions, flagella, actin, and myosin). Serve as messengers in the body(hormones such as insulin, growth hormones) Structural molecules(keratin protein in hair, nails, found in cartilage and ligaments, collagen). Cellular transport(hemoglobin carries O2 in the blood). Defense(Ab in the immune system and venom in snakes).

Proteins

Enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin are examples of

Proteins

Macromolecules that perform many vital functions in living organisms

Proteins

Not as stable, short-term molecule. Working nucleic acid(responsible for reading DNA and building proteins. Single stranded. Uses A,U,C,G. Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.

RNA

What are the two types of fats?

Saturated and unsaturated

What found in plants (used for energy) is an example of polysaccharide

Starch

Cholesterol and hormones(male and female) are examples of what?

Steroids