Biology Chapter 30 : An Introduction to Animals

Endoparasite

parasite living on the inside of its host

Brain

A large mass of neurons, located in the head region of an animal, that is involved in information processing; may also be called the cerebral ganglion.

Metamorphosis

Transition from one developmental stage to another. ( larvae to butterfly )

Endoskeletons

bony and/or cartilaginous structures within the body that provide support

True or false? Many new maker animal body plans have evolved since the Cambrian about 550 million years ago?

false

There are certain themes that occur in the diversification of animals. Name them.

- Higher level of oxygen - Predation evolution - new niches make more new niches - new genes make new bodies

Name the different specialized sensory abilities animals can have.

- Magnetic field : some animals can detect this and use it to aid them with navigation. ( some animals can do this ) - Electric Field : Sense electrical activity in the muscles of passing prey ( some aquatic animals can do this) - Barometric Pressure : Sense in change of air pressure (some birds can do this)

What function does the coelom provide?

- Provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate - Enables the internal organs to move independently of each other

What are the functions of animal locomotion? ( why they move )

- find food - find a mate -find new habitats - escape from predators

What are the three germ layers in triploblasts?

1. The ectoderm 2. The endoderm 3. The mesoderm

What germ layers do diploblasts comprise of?

1.) ectoderm 2.) endoderm

What are the four general types of feeding tactics of animals?

1.Suspension feeders / filter feeders 2.Deposit feeders 3.Fluid feeders 4.Mass feeders

What synapomorphy distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates? A.) Multicellularity B.) Coloniality C.) Heterotrophy D.) Movement

A

Acoelomate

A bilateral anima that lacks an internal body cavity (coelom).

Mesoglea

A gelatinous material, containing scattered ectodermal cells, that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm of cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and anemones).

Tissues

A group of cells that function as a unit such as a muscle tissue in an animal or xylem tissue in a plant.

Lophotrichozoans

A major lineage if protostomes that grow by extending their skeletons rather than molting.

Protostomes

A major lineage of animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the mouth earlier than the anus, and formation of the coelom by splitting of a block of mesoderm. Includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids.

Deuterostomes

A major lineage of bilaterian animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the anus earlier than the mouth, and formation of the coelom by pinching off of layers of mesoderm from the gut. Includes echinoderms and chordates.

Ecdysozoans

A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes.

Ganglia

A mass of neurons in the CNS

Bilaterians

A member id a major lineage of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers and have a coelom. All protostomes and deuterostomes are bilaterians.

Animals

A member of major lineage of eukaryotes ( Animalia ) whose members typically have a complex, multicellular body. They may other organisms and move under their own power at some point.

Nerve Net

A nervous system in which neurons are diffuse instead of being clustered into large ganglia or tracts; found in cnidarians and ctenophores.

Tool-Kit Genes

A set of key developmental genes that establishes the body plan of animals and plants; present at the origin of the multicellular lineages and elaborated upon over evolutionary time by a process of duplication and divergence. Includes Hox genes.

Adults

A sexually mature individual.

Hydrostatic Skeletons

A system of body support involving fluid-filled compartments that can change in shape but cannot easily be compressed.

Coelomates

Ab animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm.

Centeral Nervous System (CNS)

An aggregation of large numbers of neurons into clusters called ganglion in bilateral animals. In vertebrates, the CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Bilateral Symmetry

An animal body patter in which one plan of symmetry divides the body into a ;eft side and a right side. Typically, the most is long and narrow with a distinct head end and tail end.

Radial Symmetry

An animal body pattern that has at least two planes of symmetry. Typically, the body is in the form of a cylinder or disk, and the body parts radiate from a central hub.

Omivores

An animal that can eat both plant and meat

Deposit Feeder

An animal that eats its way through a food-containing substrate.

Fluid Feeder

An animal that feeds by sucking or mopping up liquids such as nectar, plant sap, or blood.

Psuedocoelomate

An animal that has a coelom that is only partially lined with mesoderm

Mass Feeder

An animal that ingests chunks of food.

Suspension Feeders

An animal that obtains food by filtering small particles or organisms out of water.

Herbivore

An animal that primarily eats plants.

Triploblasts

An animal whose body developed from three basic embryonic cell layers or tissues.

Diploblasts

An animal whose body developed two basic embryonic cell layers or tissues.

Carnivore

An animal whose diet primarily consists of meat.

Colonies

An assemblage of individuals. May refer to an assemblage of semi-independent cells or to breeding population of multicellular organisms.

Larvae

An immature stage of an animal species in which the immature and adult stages have different body forms.

Juveniles

An individual that has adult-like morphology but is not sexually mature.

Coelom

An internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm.

Predators

An organism that kills another organism for food.

Parasite

An organism that lives on a host species or in a host species that damages its host.

Detritivore

An organism whose diet consists mainly of dead organic matter. They are also called decomposers.

invertebrates

Animals that lack a backbone

parthogenesis

Asexual reproduction can occur as fission (splitting) and by budding

Which is an example of homology? A.) Suspension feeding of sponges and clams B.) Ectoparasite lifestyle of aphids and ticks C.) Cnidocytes in jellyfish and sea anemones D.) Radial Symmetry in ctenophores and echinoderms

C

What is a true coelom?

Complete body cavity that is fully lined with mesoderm

Which of the following characteristics does not apply to cnidarians? A.) Diploblastic B.) Posses a gastrovascular cavity with one opening C.) Undergo metamorphosis D.) Have a complex central nervous system

D

Segementation

Division of the body or a part of it into a series of similar structures.

phyla

In Linnaeus' system, a taxonomic category above the class level and below the kingdom level. In plants, sometimes called a division.

Vivaparous

In animals, producing live young (instead of eggs) that develop within and are nourished by the body of the mother before birth, typically via placenta.

Oviparous

In animals, reposting fertilized eggs outside the body where they develop and hatch.

Benthic

Living at the bottom of an aquatic environment.

Vertebrates

One of three major chordate lineages, composing of animals with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures and a skull enclosing a brain.

Ectoparasites

Parasites that feed on external surface of host.

Sessile

Permanently attached to a substrate; not capable of moving to another location.

What are the two major sub groups of embryonic development?

Protostomes & Deutrostomes

Body Plan

The basic architecture of an animal's body, including the number and arrangement of limbs, body segments, and major tissue layers.

Cephilization

The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (the head) where sense organ and a mouth are clustered.

Mesoderm

The middle layer of the three basic cell laters in most animal embryo; gives rise to muscles, bones, blood and some internal organs,

Ectoderm

The outermost of the three basic cell layers in most animal embryos; gives rise to the outer coming and nervous system.

Cambrian explosion

The radiation of animals that began around 550 million years ago

Why is it ecologically significant that animals are heterotrophic and multicellular?

This is significant because the heterotrophic animals are unicellular and can eat small amounts of food. On the other hand multicellular animals are larger therefore, can consume larger amounts of food.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

a complex fiber composite in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of proteins and polysaccharides produced by the cells

Choanocytes

a specialized, flagellated feeding cell found in choanoflagellates and sponges

Epithelium

an animal tissue consisting of sheetlike layers of tightly packed cells that line an organ, a gland, a duct, or a body tissue.

filter feeders

another name of suspension feeder.

What kind of symmetry do triploblasts have?

bilateral

Pathogenisis

development of disease

Polyp

growth extending from the surface of mucous membrane

Germ Layer

in animals, one of the three embryonic tissue layers formed during gastrulation; gives rise to all other tissues and organs

Ovoviviparous

in animals, producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch

Nemtodes, like roundworm and rotifers, that have body cavities are ____________.

psuedocoelomates

Spicules

stiff spikes of silica or calcium carbonate that provide structural support in the body of many sponges.

Medusa

the free-floating stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians

Example of triploblast

worms