Biology Chapter 4

The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide ____________ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide ______________

cellulose, chitin

Cells that are part of the same tissue type recognize each other based on

cell-surface markers.

Choose the components of the endoplasmic reticulum.

- A phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins - A lumen

Which polysaccharides function primarily to store energy?

- Amylose - Amylopectin - Glycogen

Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory?

All cells are replaced.

Although bacteria and archaea are very similar, they differ in several key areas. Which of the following is a key difference in their plasma membrane?

Archaeal membrane lipids contain ether bonds.

Most cells cannot be seen without a microscope. Why?

Because of the limited resolving power of the human eye

The tight junctions of vertebrates contain proteins called:

Claudins

Which part of the cell's primary function is to support cell shape and anchor organelles to fixed locations?

Cytoskeleton

The cell wall of which type of cell is composed of chitin?

Fungal

The extracellular matrix is made primarily of which of the following?

Glycoproteins

Which organelle consists of a stack of flattened membranes, often interconnected with one another?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following structures prevents excessive stretching of cells?

Intermediate filaments

Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes?

Most bacteria

The repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell is which of the following structures?

Nucleus

Which of the following is the largest organelle present in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

Which of the following junction types is only found in plants?

Plasmodesmata

The production of proteins is achieved by which of the following structures?

Ribosomes

Which is the most fundamental characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

Simple interior organization

Molecular approaches for classifying prokaryotes rely on which of the following?

The analysis of the amino acid, RNA and gene sequences

The mitochondrial matrix refers to which of the following regions?

The compartment inside of the inner membrane

Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea?

They lack peptidoglycan.

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside of the cell's nucleus?

Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes

How are disaccharides formed?

Two monosaccharides are linked together through dehydration synthesis.

Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea typically are which of the following?

Unicellular organisms

Tight junctions are unique to which of the following?

Vertebrates

The fosillized remains of microbes are known as:

microfossils

Which of the following are functions of lysosomes?

- Digestion of substances taken in by endocytosis - Recycling of building blocks to make new molecules - Breaking down macromolecules in the cell

During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture light energy and synthesize:

Sugars

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the ___________ of substances into and out of cells.

diffusion

Inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cell, DNA molecules are wound around proteins and packaged into relatively compact units called:

chromosomes

The region of the cell enclosed by the endoplasmic reticulum is known as the __________ space, or lumen.

cisternal

The ____________ is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells involved in supporting the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles to fixed locations.

cytoskeleton

The space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion is known as the __________ space.

intermembrane

Which of these is not one of the three basic morphologies of prokaryotes?

vibrio

Lysosomes contain enzymes which are able to break down which of the following?

- Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Carbohydrates

Which of the following structures are involved in cell movement?

- Microtubules - Actin filaments

Which of the following describe monosaccharides?

- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. - Monosaccharides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Which of the following are features that all cells have in common?

- Nucleus or nucleoid - Cytoplasm - Plasma membrane

From the list below, select all that are polysaccharides.

- Starch - Cellulose - Glycogen

Choose all features of microfossils.

- They do not appear to have a nucleus. - They are single-celled. - They are about 1-2 μm in diameter.

Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells.

- mictrotubules - actin

All carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate molar ratio of which of the following?

1:2:1

During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used?

Actin

All cells need (a) _________ to synthesize proteins.

DNA

Early systems for classifying prokaryotes relied on which of the following?

Differential stains and differences in the observable phenotype of the organism

What term describes a relationship, in which a smaller cell lives inside a larger cell?

Endosymbiosis

Which structure forms a protective layer rich in glycoproteins on the surface of animal cells?

Extracellular matrix

True or false: Most cells are visible to the naked eye.

False

True or false: One common feature of all cells is that they have single circular molecules of DNA.

False

The two types of prokaryotes are bacteria and _________

archaea

Prokaryotes, such as ___________ and archaea, are usually unicellular organisms.

bacteria

In the absence of other information, you can predict that an organic molecule with the empirical formula of C12H24O12 is a

carbohydrate

Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called ____________, in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell."

endosymbiosis

The flattened sacks of membrane typical of the Golgi apparatus are especially abundant in:

glandular cells.

The function of cell surface proteins is to give cells their _______ by marking the surface of the cell so it can be identified as being of a particular type. In multicellular organisms this allows the recognition of self versus foreign.

identity

The simplest carbohydrates are called:

monosaccharides

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of __________, which is not present in archaea.

peptidoglycan

Bacteria and archaea are collectively referred to as

prokaryotes

The most fundamental characteristic of which of the following cell types is simple interior organization?

prokaryotic

Ribosomes are responsible for ____________ synthesis in the cell.

protein