Biology Chapter 6, 7 and 11
Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following statements concerning bacteria and archaea cells is correct?
Archaea cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not.
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
Catabolism
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
What is non-protein helper of an enzyme molecule called?
Coenzyme
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
Cytoskeletons
Which molecules do not normally cross membrane
DNA
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER →Golgi →vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tent of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?
Electron beams have much shorter wavelength than visible light.
If a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the nanometer level, as opposed to the best light microscope, this is due to which of the following?
Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals?
Enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops
Large proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) bind to the nuclear pore and enter the nucleus without any expenditure of energy.
False
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its
Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix.
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center-chlorophyll
The active site of an enzyme is the region that?
Is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does the organism's size tell you about how it might be classified?
It could be a very small bacterium
What is the function of the nucleus
It houses DNA
Water passes quickly through the cell membrane because?
It moves through aquaporins in the membrane
Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
Its structure is not derived from the ER.
What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?
Light Microscopy
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosomes
What is the voltage across a membrane called?
Membrane potential
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?
Movement of the cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Nucleoplasmin is a nuclear protein. This protein was divided into two segments and linked to the same large cytoplasmic protein, generating two fusion proteins. After injecting these fusion proteins into a cell, one of the proteins was found in the nucleus and the other in the cytoplasm. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results?
Only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal.
A small protein (molecular weight = 25,000 daltons) is injected into a cell and observed in the nucleus a short time later. What type of transport has taken place?
Passive Transport
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of cell membranes?
Phospholipids and proteins
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface
Pili
Mitosis refers to _____.
Producing new cells
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein disposal from prokaryotic cells?
Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
Rough ER
The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different from that of the nucleus?
The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded.
Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is false?
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
Assume the thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the thylakoid space is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
The synthesis of ATP
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?
The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?
They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
Which of the following is true for anabolic pathways?
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
In experiments to test whether a protein can enter the nucleus, why would proteins be labeled with fluorescent molecules?
To make the proteins easy to see
Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
Vacuole
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?
a change in the shape of the nucleus
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from?
a plant or an animal.
When biologist wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using
a transmission electronic microscope
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
an endoplasmic reticulum.
The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that
at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope.
Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application?
cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
centrosomes
A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in?
chloroplasts.
When do cells take on their unique characteristics?
during embryonic development
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
Which of the following contains the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules?
flagella and cilia
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through?
gap junctions
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
gap junctions
Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?
integrins
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
lysosome
In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?
lysosome
Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that
mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling
Which of the following is most important to transport within a cell?
microtubules and intracellular membranes
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
microtubules and motor proteins
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the
mitochondria
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?
mitochondrial proteins
Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells?
mitochondrion
Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
nearly any eukaryotic organism
One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope
If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity?
nucleoid
Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nulceoid region
The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?
on the inner plasma membrane
Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
peroxisome
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rough ER
A biologist wants specifically to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-D characteristics. Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?
scanning electron microscopy
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to?
separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
smooth ER
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Why is it important to know what microscopy method was used to prepare the images you wish to study?
so that you can make a judgment about the likelihood of artifacts having been introduced in the preparation
If an individual has abnormal microtubules due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?
sperm, larynx, and trachea
What is the function of the cell membrane?
take in and release materials
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by
the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
the lysosome
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs
Recent evidence shows that when chromosomes decondense during interphase, their DNA molecules do not intermingle. Instead, they occupy distinct territories within the nucleus. Considering the structure and location of the following structures, which is most likely to be involved in chromosome location?
the nuclear matrix
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
the nuclear matrix
The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol andsome other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome do?
transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules
Role of the Nucleus and Ribosomes in protein synthesis In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA