Biology Chapter 6, 7 and 11

Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following statements concerning bacteria and archaea cells is correct?

Archaea cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not.

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

Catabolism

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include?

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

What is non-protein helper of an enzyme molecule called?

Coenzyme

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

Cytoskeletons

Which molecules do not normally cross membrane

DNA

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER →Golgi →vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tent of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?

Electron beams have much shorter wavelength than visible light.

If a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the nanometer level, as opposed to the best light microscope, this is due to which of the following?

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals?

Enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops

Large proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) bind to the nuclear pore and enter the nucleus without any expenditure of energy.

False

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its

Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix.

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center-chlorophyll

The active site of an enzyme is the region that?

Is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does the organism's size tell you about how it might be classified?

It could be a very small bacterium

What is the function of the nucleus

It houses DNA

Water passes quickly through the cell membrane because?

It moves through aquaporins in the membrane

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

Its structure is not derived from the ER.

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

Light Microscopy

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosomes

What is the voltage across a membrane called?

Membrane potential

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

Mitochondrial inner membrane

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

Movement of the cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.

Nucleoplasmin is a nuclear protein. This protein was divided into two segments and linked to the same large cytoplasmic protein, generating two fusion proteins. After injecting these fusion proteins into a cell, one of the proteins was found in the nucleus and the other in the cytoplasm. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results?

Only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal.

A small protein (molecular weight = 25,000 daltons) is injected into a cell and observed in the nucleus a short time later. What type of transport has taken place?

Passive Transport

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of cell membranes?

Phospholipids and proteins

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

Pili

Mitosis refers to _____.

Producing new cells

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein disposal from prokaryotic cells?

Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

Rough ER

The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different from that of the nucleus?

The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded.

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is false?

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?

The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy

Assume the thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the thylakoid space is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

The synthesis of ATP

A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?

The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.

Which of the following is true for anabolic pathways?

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

In experiments to test whether a protein can enter the nucleus, why would proteins be labeled with fluorescent molecules?

To make the proteins easy to see

Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Vacuole

Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?

a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?

a change in the shape of the nucleus

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from?

a plant or an animal.

When biologist wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using

a transmission electronic microscope

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except

an endoplasmic reticulum.

The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that

at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope.

Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application?

cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

centrosomes

A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in?

chloroplasts.

When do cells take on their unique characteristics?

during embryonic development

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.

Which of the following contains the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules?

flagella and cilia

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through?

gap junctions

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

gap junctions

Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?

integrins

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?

lysosome

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?

lysosome

Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that

mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling

Which of the following is most important to transport within a cell?

microtubules and intracellular membranes

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

microtubules and motor proteins

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the

mitochondria

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?

mitochondrial proteins

Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells?

mitochondrion

Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

mitochondrion

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

nearly any eukaryotic organism

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

nuclear envelope

If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity?

nucleoid

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nulceoid region

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?

on the inner plasma membrane

Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

peroxisome

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely

producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

rough ER

A biologist wants specifically to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-D characteristics. Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?

scanning electron microscopy

A primary objective of cell fractionation is to?

separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

smooth ER

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Why is it important to know what microscopy method was used to prepare the images you wish to study?

so that you can make a judgment about the likelihood of artifacts having been introduced in the preparation

If an individual has abnormal microtubules due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?

sperm, larynx, and trachea

What is the function of the cell membrane?

take in and release materials

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by

the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

the lysosome

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?

the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs

Recent evidence shows that when chromosomes decondense during interphase, their DNA molecules do not intermingle. Instead, they occupy distinct territories within the nucleus. Considering the structure and location of the following structures, which is most likely to be involved in chromosome location?

the nuclear matrix

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

the nuclear matrix

The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol andsome other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome do?

transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules

Role of the Nucleus and Ribosomes in protein synthesis In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA