Biology Chapter 6 (Part 1 of 2)

What are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein?

Ribosomes

What use the information from DNA to make proteins?

Ribosomes

What are free ribosomes?

Ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol.

What are bound ribosomes?

Ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis on the outside of the nuclear envelope.

What is contrast?

The visible differences in parts of the sample.

What is magnification?

The ratio of an objects image size to its real size.

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

-Nuclear envelope -Endoplasmic reticullum -Golgi apparatus -Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Plasma membrane

What are the four basic features of all cells?

-Plasma membrane -Cytosol -Chromosomes -Ribosomes

What are some functions of smooth ER?

-Synthesizes lipids -Metabolizes carbohydrates -Detoxifies drugs and poisons -Stores calcium ions

The nuclear envolepe is a double membrane, each membrane consists of what?

A lipid bilayer

What is the plasma membrane?

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

What is cytosol?

A semifluid, jellylike substanse that is inside all cells

Where is the cytoplasm located in prokaryotic cells?

Bound by the plasma membrane

What do chromosomes do?

Carry genes

What are all organisms made of?

Cells

In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called what?

Chromosomes

What is the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes called?

Chromotin

What is the interior of either type of cell called?

Cytoplasm

What accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Which cells are larger prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of which type of cell

Eukaryotic cells

What does a scanning electron microscope do?

Focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of a speciman providing images that look 3D.

What does a transmission electron microscope do?

Focuses a beam of electrons through a speciman. (Ususally on a screen)

What is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis?

Nucleolus

Rough ER has bound ribosomes which secrete what?

Glycoproteins

What contains most of the genes in the eukatyotic cell?

Nucleus

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

In the nucleoid, which is a region that is not membrane enclosed.

Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane.

What is an electron microscope?

It focusses a beam of electrons through the speciman or onto its surface.

Where is the cytoplam located in eukaryotic cells?

The region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

Which microscope is used when visible light is passed through a speciman and then through glass lenses?

Light Microscope (LM)

What are the three important parameters in microscopy?

Magnification, resolution, and contrast

What do ribosomes do?

Make proteins

What are organelles?

Membrane-enclosed compartments

What is cytology?

The study of cell structure.

What encloses the nucleus and what does it seperate the nucleus from?

Nuclear envelope; cytoplasm

What maintains the shape of the nucleus? What is it composed of?

Nuclear lamina. Protein.

What regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus?

Pores

What are the two distinct types of cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of which type of cell?

Prokaryotic cells

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

Which region of ER is studded with ribosomes?

Rough ER

What are vesicules?

Sacs made of membrane

Which region of ER lacks ribosomes?

Smooth ER

What is a cell?

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism

What is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive?

The cell

What is resolution?

The measure of the clarity of the image.

True or false: the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear envelope.

True

In how many places do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

Two

How many distinct regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are there? And what are they?

Two, Smooth ER Rough ER