Biology chapter 7

how many possible codons exist in the genetic code?

64

Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

Hershey and Chase

____________ RNA copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm

Messenger

The copy of genetic instructions which takes the instructions to the cytoplasm is the

Messenger RNA

for protein synthesis to initiate

RNA polymerase must bind the a gene's promoter

a double helix most closely resembles

a spiral staircase

Frederick Grifith showed that

a substance could be transferred to harmless bacteria and make them deadly

The subunits of DNA are nucleotides consisting of

a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base

helps form ribosome

rRNA

the way the groups of three bases are divided into codons

reading frame

The mRNA molecule is read, codon by codon until a ___ codon is reached

stop

Contains an anticodon that is complementary to the codon for an amino acid

tRNA

transcription takes place in 3 steps: initiation elongation and ____

termination

Erwin Chargaf proved that

the concentration of adenin was always about the same as the concentration of thymine

the two processes of protein synthesis are

transcription and translation

RNA -> protein

translation

_____is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA -> protein

translation

which of the following statements are true?

translation occurs in a ribosome when the codons on the mRNA are read

Because of Chargaffs rules if the order of the bases on one strand of DNA is known the order of bases on the other strand can be predicted

true

For many decades scientist thought that proteins were the genetic material

true

RNA carries the information from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

true

adenine always binds to thymine and cytosine always binds to guanine

true

transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination

true

RNA contains the nitrogen base ____________ instead of thymine.

uracil

Discovered the shape of DNA

watson and crick

regions of mRNA that do not code for proteins

introns

RNA polymerase binds to the ____ of a gene

promoter

a region of a gene where RNA polymerase binds

promoter

The process in which cells make proteins

protein synthesis

Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ____________, where they are joined together to form proteins.

ribosomes

brings amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA

Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

True

splicing removes introns from mRNA

True

in eukaryotic cells, proteins always remain in the nucleus but DNA is made at ribosomes in the cytoplasm

False

the amount of A=T and C=G

Chargaff's rule

Which of the following statements about DNA are true? (1) The DNA double helix consists of two polynucleotide chains. (2) Each DNA nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. (3) The DNA backbone is composed of the sugar and base of each nucleotide.

1 and 2 only

how does RNA differ from DNA?

A) it contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose B) RNA can move into the cytoplasm, whereas DNA cannot C) RNA contains the nitrogen base uracil instead of thymine

the process in which DNA is copies

DNA replication

The central dogma of molecular biology

DNA, RNA, Protein

The central ____________ of molecular biology is: DNA → RNA → Protein.

Dogma

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix

Rosalind ____________ used X rays to learn more about DNA's structure.

Franklin

the order of experiments proving that DNA is the genetic material is

Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase

which of the following statements are correct

Hershey and Chase confirmed the work of Fredrick Griffith

splice removes ___- from mRNA

INTRONS

The scientist most often associated with determining the structure of DNA are

James Watson and Francis Crick

The structure of DNA was identified by

James Watson and Francis Crick

removes introns from mRNA

Splicing

DNA -> RNA

Transcription

polyadenylation adds a tail of____ to the mRNA

adenines

Which of the following statements about DNA replication are true? (1) DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied. (2) DNA replication occurs during the synthesis phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (3) DNA replication begins when an enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in DNA. (4) The two new DNA molecules that result after DNA replication each contain one strand from the parent molecule and one new strand that is complementary to it.

all four statements are true

the genetic code is universal. this statement means that

all known living things have the same genetic code

an ___ of the tRNA is complementary to the codon

anticodon

which of the following terms is most closely associated with a tRNA molecule?

anticodon

DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN

central dogma of moelcular biology

Hershey and ____________ confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

chase

a group of 3 bases in mRNA is a ___

codon

a group of three nitrogen bases

codon

Watson and Crick are usually given credit for discovering that DNA has a ____________ shape.

double helix

regions of mRNA that code for proteins

exons

A,C,G, and T represent the bases in RNA

false

Erwin Chargaf demonstrated that in DNA the amount of A is about the same as the amount of G

false

Griffith determined that DNA is the genetic material

false

James watson and Francis Crick used X ray to learn about DNA structure

false

Oswald Avery was the first to conclude that DNA is the genetic material

false

RNA is much larger than DNA

false

Rosalind Franklin determined the structure of DNA

false

The nucleotide chains of RNA twist into a double helix shape

false

the process in which cells make proteins is called protein expression

false

used XRAY to learn more about DNA structure

franklin

all known living things have the same ___code

genetic

the sequence of A,C,G,T bases in a polynucleotide chain

genetic code

found that there exists a substance that could change the characteristic of another organism

griffith

After DNA replication, the two daughter molecules are ____________ to the parent molecule.

identical

complementary to a strand of DNA

mRNA

copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries the instructions to the cytoplasm

mRNA

transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to___

mRNA

What are the 3 types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

AUG is the start codon and it codes for the amino acid___

methonione

subunit of DNA

nucleotide

transcription takes place in the ____of the cell

nucleus