Biology Chapters 5 & 6

Vesicles

"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane

n carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen (H) to oxygen (O) is ________. A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 4:1

2:1

Homo sapiens have 23 pairs of chromosomes. This implies that ________. A) 46 double-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell B) 23 single-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell C) 23 double-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell D) several hundreds of genes are present on DNA but not on the chromosomes

46 double-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Which of the following is the smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super- resolution) research-grade light microscope? A) mitochondrion B) microtubule C) ribosome D) virus

A)Mitochondrion

Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides? A) Alzheimer's B) Parkinson's C) diabetes mellitus D) Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Starch and cellulose ________. A) are polymers of glucose B) are cis and trans isomers of each other C) are used for energy storage in plants and animals D) are structural components of the plant cell wall

Are polymers of glucose

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A) lysosome B) central vacuole C) Golgi apparatus D) chloroplast

B) central vacuole

Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? A) nuclear envelope B) chloroplast C) Golgi apparatus D) plasma membrane

B) chloroplast

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A) lysosome B) mitochondrion C) Golgi apparatus D) peroxisome

B) mitochondrion

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C) Round the clay up into a sphere. D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

C) Round the clay up into a sphere.

Which of the following macromolecules leave the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? A) DNA B) amino acids C) mRNA D) phospholipids

C) mRNA

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease? A) lysosomes B) Golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C) mitochondria

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) central vacuole C) mitochondrion D) centriole

C) mitochondrion

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from ________. A) a bacterium, but not a eukaryote B) an animal, but not a plant C) nearly any eukaryotic organism D) a plant, but not an animal

C) nearly any eukaryotic organism

Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → nucleus B) Golgi → rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane C) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane D) rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

C) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

In bacteria, DNA will be found in ________. A) a membrane-enclosed nucleus B) mitochondria C) the nucleoid D) ribosomes

C) the nucleoid

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin

Cellulose

Nucleus

Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell.

Peptide bonds

Covalent bonds between amino acids

If plant cells are grown on media containing radioactively labeled thymine for one generation, radioactively labeled macromolecules will be detected in which of the following? A) only in the nucleus B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria C) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

The central rule of molecular biology states that ________. A) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein B) DNA is translated into protein C) DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into protein D) RNA is transcribed into protein

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

Chromosomes

DNA organized into discrete units

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart. B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes; hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes. C) Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers from monomers. D) Hydrolysis reactions create polymers, and dehydration reactions create monomers.

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.

nuclear envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based just on this information, the organism is most likely ________. A) a nonmotile prokaryote B) a motile bacterium C) a motile archaea D) a nonmotile eukaryote E) a motile eukaryote

E) a motile eukaryote

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes, makes proteins, distributes transport vesicles

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Flexible, selectively permeable (having pores or openings) boundary that helps control what enters and leave the cell. Helps maintain homeostasis. Fluid Mosaic and is made of phospholipids.

Vacuole

Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells Central vacuoles, found in mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) RNA D) DNA

Glucose

Which of the following statements is true for lipids? A) Lipids are true polymers. B) Waxes and pigments are not lipids. C) Lipids mix poorly with water. D) Lipids are true polymers and mix poorly with water.

Lipids mix poorly with water

Autophagy

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules

Smooth ER

Makes lipids, lacks ribosomes

The relation between amino acid and polypeptide is similar to the relation between ________. A) nucleotide and nucleic acid B) triglycerides and steroids C) phospholipid and plasma membrane D) glycogen and glucose

Nucleotide and nucleic acid

You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved? A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary structure D) quaternary structure

Primary structure

Chromatin

Protein wraps around spools to make moving and organizing easier when cell prepares to divide.

Golgi apparatus

Sorts, packages and transports materials around or out of the cell

Phopholipid

Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head. Make up surface of the cell

Phagocytosis

When a cell engulfs another cell and forms a food vacuole

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar D) a sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar

Endoplasmic reticulum

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

monomer for protein

amino acids (20)

Ribosomes

carry out protein synthesis in two locations: Cytosol and on the outside of the ER or the Nuclear envelope

What is plasmodesmata?

channels that perforate plant cell walls, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

Saturated fats ________. A) are more common in plants than in animals B) have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids C) are generally liquid at room temperature D) contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atoms

contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atoms

One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to ________. A) transmit genetic information to offspring B) function in the synthesis of proteins C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA

function in the synthesis of proteins

monomer for lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

What is the ECM made up of?

glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

Unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds- generally liquid at room temp.- usually plant and fish fats

Saturated fatty acids

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds- generally solid at room temp- most are from animals

Monomer for Carbohydrates

monosaccharides

endomembrane system consists of (ppl enter grocery store looking very normal)

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.

monomer for nucleic acids

nucleotides

Basic features of all cells

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

ester linkage

the bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol that forms a lipid

Three types of cell junctions? And what they do.

tight junctions- Neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid desmosomes(Anchoring junctions)- fasten cells together into strong sheets gap junctions(communication junctions)-provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells