Biology chp9

Know the structure of the mitochondria

Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity. They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. Inside the inner folds are the Matrix. Innermembrane space is the space between inner and outer membrane

how many ATP produced by by aerobic and anaerobic respirationaerobi

Anaerobic--> 2 ATP Aerobic-> 38

Know the chemical equation for cellular respiration/reactants/products

C6H12O6+6O2---->6CO2+6H2O. Reactant; C6H12O6(Glucose) and O2(Oxygen gas) Product; CO2(Carbondioxide) and H2O(Water).

Know what type of organisms use cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions. Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of animals, plants, and fungi, and also in algae and other protists.

Know Krebs cycle: products, reactants, how many per cycle

During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

Know what Acetyl CoA combines with during Krebs cycle and what is formed

In first step of Krebs cycle, Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate in the presence of condensing enzymes citrate synthetase. CoA is released out. The product of condensation is citrate which is a tricarboxylic 6-carbon compound.

Know electron transport chain, where it occurs, what it uses (electron carriers), what it makes, final electron acceptor, where hydrogen ions are pumped from/to

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.Occurs in thr inner membrane

Know the two types of fermentation, and what type of cells each occurs in, why NAD+ needs to be regenerated

The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.This process regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. muscle cells.Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes.

Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration does not need oxygen. It is the release of a relatively small amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen.

Know the electron carriers for respiration

cellular respiration to refer to energy-releasing pathways within the cell. FAD is a second electron carrier used by a cell during cellular respiration. It stands for flavin adenine dinucleotide. Like NAD, FAD can temporarily store energy during cellular respiration via a reduction reaction. When FAD reacts with two hydrogen atoms, it can form FADH2.

Know the different stages of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

1) glycolysis 2) Krebs' cycle 3) oxidative phosphorylation, the latter 2 require oxygen to take place, and thus they don't occur in anaerobic respiration!!! in glycolysis 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 pyruvate molecules per 1 glucose molecule are produced!!! each one of the 2 pyruvate molecules continues to the link reaction, which converts it into acetyl-CoA that will be qualified to enter Krebs' cycle... In this process, 1 CO2 molecule, along with an NADH are produced, which means: 2 CO2 and 2 NADH per glucose.. in the Krebs' cycle, the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA is converted into 2 CO2 molecules, and in the process, 3 NADH, 1 ATP and 1 FADH2 molecules are produced, which means: 6 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 FADH2 per glucose.... that sums up to 4 ATP, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 per glucose in oxidative phosphorylation, each NADH molecule is converted into 3 ATP, and each FADH2 into 2 ATP.... so 10*3 = 30 and 2*2 = 4, and since we have 4 ATP molecules 2 from each the glycolysis and the Krebs' cycle ------> so 38 ATP molecules are produced in aerobic respiration...

Know glycolysis: number of ATP produced, reactants, products

Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. when glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced.

Know how many ATP produced total per each glucose, how many from each NADH and FADH2

In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP molecules, eight produced during glycolysis, six from the link reaction and 24 from the Krebs cycle. The net gain is 36 ATP, as two of the ATP molecules produced from glycolysis are used up in the re-oxidation of the hydrogen carrier molecule NAD. Because NADH started with Complex I, it had more chances to pumps more protons across the gradient, which powers the ATP synthase and gives us 3 ATP per molecule of NADH. FADH2 produces 2 ATP during the ETC because it gives up its electron to Complex II, bypassing Complex I.

Know the different stages of aerobic respiration (cellular respiration),

1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A 3. The citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Know enzyme that produces ATP, and how it does this

ATP Synthse. H+ ions pass through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma causing ATP synthase to spin, releasing energy. The energy is picked up by ADP and a phosphate forming ATP.

Know what happens during conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA is one of the fates of pyruvic acid after glycolysis. This reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. This acetyl CoA then enters citric acid cycle one of the most important cycles of metabolism.

what stages of respiration occur in what parts of the mitochondria

Glycolysis (phase 1) takes place in the cytoplasm; the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle (phase 2), takes place throughout the mitochondrion, and electron transport phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, in the folds known as the cristae.

Compare overall processes of photosynthesis to respiration

They are basically opposites of each other. Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose) and releases oxygen as a byproduct. Cellular respiration breaks the sugar down to release the stored energy for the cells and produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Simplified formulas for each: Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (sunlight) --> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2 Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy