chapter 15

a. the climacteric

50 year old Evan has begun to experience difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. These changes might indicate that Evan is experiencing which of the following? a. the climacteric b. osteoporosis c. menopause d. heart disease

a. an increased likelihood of major depression

According to several studies, the psychological effects of menopause should not be linked with a. an increased likelihood of major depression b. a personlity predisposed to negativity c. level of uncomfotable physical symptoms d. life stressors

a. 50

Degeneration associated with presbycusis accelerates after what age? a. 50 b. 30 c. 20 d. 40

d. Type A personality

Which of the following includes personality traits such as a competitive drive, a sense of time urgency, and sometimes aggressiveness or hostility? a. Characteristic personality b. Type B personality c. Borderline personality disorder d. Type A personality

c. Blindness

Which of the following is a common complication of diabetes? a. Brain tumors b. High blood pressure c. Blindness d. HIV

c. osteoporosis

Which of the following is a condition of primary aging characterized by loss of bone mass and brittle, porous bones? a. Perthese disease b. hypothyroidism c. osteoporosis d. rickets

c. early menopause

Which of the following is a risk factor associated with osteoporosis? a. being an athlete b. being male c. early menopause d. obesity

b. osteoporosis in women is accelerated by menopause

Which of the following is correct regarding osteoporosis? a. men are unaffected by osteoporosis b. osteoporosis in women is accelerated by menopause c. osteoporosis is not associated with a significantly increased risk of fractures d. women cannot reduce risk of osteoporosis

d. Women tend to live longer but they also have more diseases and disabilities

Which of the following is true statement regarding the relationship between gender and health a. In general, men complain about their health more than women do b. Men are more likely to describe their health as poor than are women c. Men die younger and tend to have more diseases and disabilities d. Women tend to live longer but they also have have more diseases and disabilities

b. cholesterol

____ is not a risk factor commonly associated with cancer a. smoking b. cholesterol c. alcohol d. weight

a. they maintain or gain in skill

A researcher who is testing the cognitive functioning of middle-aged adults would find which of the following to be true of her subjects regarding well-rehearsed, familiar tasks? a. they maintain or gain in skill b. they will show gradual decrements c. they would have difficulty performing them d. they perceive impaired performance

a. steadily decreases as the individual ages

According to Denney's model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with exercise a. steadily decreases as the individual ages b. steadily increases as the individual ages c. is determined by the social class, gender, and ethnicity d. stabilizes at about age 40

d. recognizing the value of accumulated knowledge and experience

According to data collected from interviews of successful and creative older adults, what was one of the consistent themes reported to enhance creativity? a. realizing that the creative process must start early in life if it is to be successful b. recognizing that creativity if a gift of youth c. recognizing one's own limitations and compensating for them. d. recognizing the value of accumulated knowledge and experience

a. fewer hot flashes

According to the most current research, which of the following is a benefit of hormone replacement therapy a. fewer hot flashes b. reduced sex drive c. reduced risk of coronary heart disease d. reduced bone loss from osteoporosis

d. presbyopia

Adella has never had anything but perfect vision, but shortly after her th birthday, she noticed it was getting more and more difficult to read the morning newspaper- as if her arms were not long enought to hold the paper far enough away to get it in focus. If Adella visits her opthamologist, she will likely be diagnosed with which of the following? a. presbycusis b. glaucoma c. stereopsis d. presbyopia

a. the hot flashes and hormonal changes of perimenopause are probably disturbing her sleep, so she is sleep-deprived

Alleena has noticed that she is becoming forgetful, sometimes get words mixed up, and her emotions seem to be "making her crazy." She is also very fatigued. What is the likely cause of this? a. the hot flashes and hormonal changes of perimenopause are probably disturbing her sleep, so she is sleep-deprived

c. Obesity

Among minority women, what is the major risk factor for CVD a. Poor nutrition b. Stress c. Obesity d. High blood pressure

d. heliobacter pyroli

Angela is very conscious of cancer risk factors so she tries to take care of herself and minimize many of the controllable risks as possible. She is vaccinated against hepatitis, she practices safe sex, and when she travels to strange places, she drinks bottled water to decrease her chances of developing a bacterial infection that has been linked to some cancers. What is the name of this bacteria? a. MRSA b. streptococcus c. staphylococcus d. heliobacter pyroli

d. night sweats; hot flashes

Bernice is. At least once a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night wringing wet with sweat. She is having _____, a form of _______ a. climacteric; menopause b. hot flashes; climacteric c. night sweats; anovulation d. night sweats; hot flashes

c. postmenopausal

During which phase of menopause do both types of estrogen drop, progesterone levels drop, and ovulation ceases? a. premenopausal b. postovulatory c. postmenopausal d. perimenopausal

b. she is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause

Gilda is years old. Her estrogen levels have decreased, her menstrual periods have become very irregular, and she experiences periods of extreme sweating. What's happening with Gilda a. she is in the postmenopausal phase of menopause b. she is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause c. she is in the premenopausal phase of menopause d. Gilda is too young to be experiencing menopause so she should see her doctor

b. episodic

Grayson told her mother everything that happened at her school dance last night. Grayson was relying on which type of memory? a. implicit b. episodic c. semantic d. procedural

c. liver cancer

Hepatitis B virus is closely linked to which of the following? a. kidney cancer b. colon cancer c. liver cancer d. stomach ulcers

a. alcoholics are 5-6 times more likely to die in mid life

How do the death rates of men with alcoholism in their s and early s compare with nonalcoholics? a. alcoholics are 5-6 times more likely to die in mid life b. alcoholics are 10 times more likely to die in mid life c. alcoholics are 2-3 times more likely to die in mid life d. alcoholics are more likely to die in later adulthood

b. with advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the theme or meaning of the story

How does aging affect memory? a. with advancing age, auditory memory declines rapidly, but visual memory is stable or improves b. with advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the theme or meaning of the story c. memory ability declines with age, and by middle adulthood significant decline has occurred d. by age 45, an individual would have more difficulty retrieving a semantic memory than an episodic memory

d. it is a significant risk factor in many types of cancer

How does being overweight affect one's risk of cancer? a. it substantially increases the risk for lung cancer, but not other types of cancer b. it is not a risk factor for cancer c. it is only a risk factor for cancer if it is associated with genetic risk d. it is a significant risk factor in many types of cancer

a. by maintaining cardiovascular fitness

How does physical exercise help maintain cognitive abilities in middle age? a. by maintaing cardiovascular fitness b. by decreasing low-density lipoproteins ("bad" cholesterol) c. by increasing optimism and life satisfaction d. because the brain is a muscle- use it or lose it

c. Occupational level and education

In middle adulthood, which of the following correlate with socioeconomic and are predictive of health a. Educational level and ethnicity b. Overall health and income level c. Occupational level and education d. Ethnicity and social networks

a. divergent

Jose and Isabella want to repaint their entire house and renovate some of the rooms as well. They look at many paint samples, magazine pictures, and try out several different arrangements of furniture. This process represents what type of thinking? a. divergent b. symbolic c. dialectic d. postformal

a. type B personality

Lorn is not particularly worried about setting the world on fire. He takes his time and is fairly laid back in most cases. He's not the least bit competitive and seems to just take things as they come. Lorn would be considered to be a a. Type B personality b. type A personality c. Characteristic personality d. Borderline personality

b. presbycusis

Mason is and has come to believe that his phone is not working right because whenever his elderly mother calls, he has trouble hearing her voice. Mason should be examined for a. presbyopia b. presbycusis c. neuropathy d. auricularis

d. Mr. Jones, age 70, who has taken medication for high blood pressure for 20 years

Of the following, which individual might be expected to experience earlier or larger intellectual declines a. Mrs. Green, age 65, who has recently been diagnosed with breast cancer b. Mr. Brown, age 50, who has been warned by his physician to lose 25 pounds c. Ms. Anderson, age 50, who is in the postmenopausal phase d. Mr. Jones, age 70, who has taken medication for high blood pressure for 20 years

a. physical exercise

Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to a. physical exercise b. low-fat, high-fiber diet c. optimistic attitude d. family history and genetic predisposition

c. The occurrence of CVD continues to decline, but it is still the leading cause of death among adults in the US

Regarding cardiovascular disease, which of the following statements best describes the trend over the last 3 decades? a. The occurrence of CVD has decreased has decreased among adults under the age of 55, but not in adults over 60 b. The occurrence of CVD has decreased among men, but increased among women c. The occurrence of CVD continues to decline, but it is still the leading cause of death among adults in the US d. The occurrence of CVD has increased and is still the leading cause of death among adults in the US

b. selective optimization with compensation

Rodney wears reading glasses, uses an ergonomically designed chair when he works at the computer, and exercises regularly to offset the effects of aging. He is also taking 2 courses at the local community college just for the sake of learning. What principle is at work here? a. optimization of secondary aging compensation b. selective optimization with compensation c. optimization without compensation d. denial of primary aging

a. African American men

Statistically, which of the following groups has the SHORTEST life expectancy in the U.S? a. African American men b. white women c. white men d. African American women

a. a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction

What is sildenafil? a. a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction b. a natural supplement used to minimize hot flashes c. a bacterial infection associated with prostate cancer d. the seminal fluid that contains viable sperm

b. 50

What is the average age for the onset of menopause in the U.S.? a. 45 b. 50 c. 40 d. 60

d. presbycusis

What is the condition that results from degeneration of the auditory nerves and inner ear structures, so that an individual loses the ability to hear sounds of high and very low frequencies? a. tinitis b. auricularis c. auditory neuropathy d. presbycusis

d. presbyopia

What is the condition that results when the lens of the eye thickens and becomes less elastic? a. glaucoma b. myopia c. osteoma d. presbyopia

a. Cardiovascular disease

What is the leading cause of death among adults in the US a. Cardiovascular disease b. Obesity related illness c. Strokes D. Diabetes related complications

b. decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the build up of plaque on artery walls

What is the most common mechanism that causes heart disease? a. increasing pressure on the heart because of untreated high blood pressure b. decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the build up of plaque on artery walls c. shock to the heart caused by high levels of cortisol d. decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the rupture of an artery

d. Alcohol

What is the most frequently abused substance in the US a. Cocaine b. Nicotine c. Tobacco d. Alcohol

a. the demands and pressures of everyday living

What is the most likely explanation for the decline sexual activity associated with mid-life a. the demands and pressures of everyday living b. the drop in testosterone levels in both men and women c. fluctuating hormone levels associated with menopause d. the psychological effects of the climacteric

c. acamprostate

What is the name of the drug that can help recovering alcoholics deal with withdrawal symptoms a. antabuse b. acetaminophen c. acamprostate d. methyltrexate

b. selective optimization with compensation

What is the term used by Baltes and Baltes to refer to the process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging? a. senescence b. selective optimization with compensation c. selective remembering with mnemonic compensation d. judicial optimization of resources

c. Hostility

Which characteristic of Type A personality is lost closely linked to CVD? a. Time urgency b. Personal aggressiveness c. Hostility d. Competitiveness

a. progesterone

Which hormone rises during the second half of the menstrual cycle and stimulates the sloughing off of accumulated material in the uterus each month if conception has not occurred? a. progesterone b. serotonin c. testosterone d. estrogen

c. estrogen and progesterone levels

Which of the following are most helpful in presenting osteoporosis? a. age at menopause b. occupational history c. estrogen and progesterone levels d. diet in young adulthood

a. sufficient calcium intake and exercise

Which of the following are most helpful in preventing osteoporosis? a. sufficient calcium intake and exercise b. management of stress levels and exercise c. social support and diet d. hormone replacement and mental health maintenance

d. the ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems

Which of the following best defines the term creativity? a. the ability to draw, sign, dance, or paint b. the ability to build and produce new forms of learning c. the ability to compensate for one's shortcoming d. the ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems

a. individuals may maintain or even gain in skill on tasks that are highly practiced or based on specific learning, such as playing a card game.

Which of the following best explains the typical pattern of cognitive functioning in middle adulthood? a. individuals may maintain or even gain in skill on tasks that are highly practiced or based on specific learning, such as playing a card game. b. mental processes steadily and significantly decline across middle adulthood, and most individuals perceive an accelerated loss of mental acuity c. most individuals demonstrate decrements in verbal skills such as vocabulary, and tasks such as working a crossword puzzle or giving instructions become difficult d. most individuals begin to experience decrements in problem-solving abilities, and tasks such as adjusting ingredients in a recipe or learning new computer software become difficult

b. African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans

Which of the following groups are most likely to die of heart disease a. African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Mexican Americans b. African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans c. African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans d. White Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans

a. african american women

Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to have a negative view of menopause a. african american women b. white women c. chinese american women d. japanese american women

d. excessive caffeine consumption

Which of the following is a dietary factor which contributes to the risk of osteoporosis? a. excessive meat consumption b. excessive calcium intake in adolescence and young adulthood c. excessive sugar consumption d. excessive caffeine consumption

b. the number of life stressors present both before and during menopause

Which of the following is a factor that is likely to lead to clinical depression during and after menopause a. whether or not a woman had regular menstrual cycles before menopause b. the number of life stressors present both before and during menopause c. absence of depression before menopause d. fewer physical symptoms of menopause

d. the walls of the vagina are less elastic

Which of the following is a physical effect that is attributed to the reduction in estrogen during the phases of menopause? a. the breasts become more firm b. the vagina becomes longer and wider in diameter c. multiple ova are produced during the menstrual cycle d. the walls of the vagina are less elastic

a. a larger area of the cortex is activated, therefore it takes longer to process information

Which of the following is a reason why it takes middle-aged adults longer to perform cognitive tasks than younger adults? a. a larger area of the cortex is activated, therefore it takes longer to process information b. because of decreased blood supply to the brain resulting from the build-up of plaque c. it is more difficult for the middle-aged brain to activate large areas of the cortex d. because the middle-aged brain does not react to perceptual stimuli as fast as the young adult brain.

c. Smoking

Which of the following is a risk factor for both heart disease and cancer? a. high blood pressure b. high cholesterol c. smoking d. moderate alcohol use

b. First degree relatives with cardiovascular disease

Which of the following is a significant risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT a. Risk factors such as high cholesterol or smoking do not constitute an increased risk when both are present b. First degree relatives with cardiovascular disease c. below normal weight d. Decreased levels of low density lipoproteins

b. The more high risk behaviors or characteristics a person has, the higher the person's risk of heart disease

Which of the following is accurate concerning the risk factors for cardiovascular disease? a. Risk factors such as high cholesterol or smoking do not constitute an increased risk when both are present b. The more high risk behaviors or characteristics a person has, the higher the person's risk of heart disease c. The primary risk factors are not well known d. Widespread publicity about the dangers of smoking and high cholesterol have had little effect on the rate of cardiovascular disease risks for most Americans

c. increased difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection

Which of the following is associated with the male climacteric? a. increased volume of seminal fluid b. enlargement of the testes c. increased difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection d. increased production of testosterone

b. use of blood pressure medication

Which of the following is likely to contribute to a male's problems with sexual functioning? a. smoking cessation b. use of blood pressure medication c. a high-fiber diet d. an increase in testosterone levels

b. there is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities

Which of the following is most consistent with Denny's view of age-related change in physical and cognitive functioning? a. early adulthood is the time of peak function in physical and cognitive abilities b. there is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities c. if a skill is unexcerised for any any length of time, or becomes 'rusty' exercise will not cause any improvement d. physical exercise will facilitate maintenance of physical abilities through adulthood, but no equivalent improvement can be made in cognitive functioning

b. preparation

Which of the following is one of the 4 stages of "mulling over" proposed by Daniel Goleman? a. reparation b. preparation c. inscription d. restitution

c. They are likely to contract the disease earlier in life so it has a longer time to adversely affect the body

Which of the following is one of the hypotheses as to why diabetes has a more devastating effect on minority individuals than on whites? a. They are more likely to contract juvenile diabetes and then develop adult onset diabetes later b. They are less likely to adequately manage their diabetes c. They are likely to contract the disease earlier in life so it has a longer time to adversely affect the body d. They are likely to be in poorer health overall

d. cancer

Which of the following is the 2nd leading cause of death in middle and old age in the US? a. diabetes related complications b. heart disease c. obesity d. cancer

a. young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of lapses of judgment and a higher likelihood of drinking alcohol

Which of the following is true of cognitive functioning and automobile accidents? a. young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of lapses of judgment and a higher likelihood of drinking alcohol b. middle-aged adults are more likely to get into an accident because of the lapses in cognition and slower reaction times c. there isn't a statistically significant difference between the accident rates of middle-aged adults and younger adults d. young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of larger synaptic gaps

b. When Jack loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his evening commute

Which of the following represents the BEST example of the Type A personality characteristic that is most strongly linked to cardiovascular disease? a. Bill's responsibilities dictate his urgent, fast-pace life, and he constantly checks his watch to make sure that he is on time and on schedule b. When Jack loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his evening commute c. JoAnn is unable to retain a secretary because she is constantly instructing them on how to use their time and energy more efficiently d. Beth is motivated by her desire to be the team leader in her division, but her co-workers dislike her aggressive strategies

b. the use of HT should be approached cautiously and should be symptom-specific

Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on hormone therapy? a. natural supplements should be used whenever possible in place of synthetic forms of HT b. the use of HT should be approached cautiously and should be symptom-specific c. the use of HT causes more risks than benefits, so most physicians are recommending it not be used at all d. HT has been in use since the early 20th century and has proven to be safe and reliable

b. African Americans have the highest rates of prostate, colon, and lung cancer

Which of the following statements is accurate a. African Americans have the lowest rates of liver cancer b. African Americans have the highest rates of prostate, colon, and lung cancer c. White Americans have the highest rates of breast cancer d. Native Americans have lower rates of kidney cancer than other groups

d. epstein-barr

Which of the following viruses is linked to cancers of the nose and throat? a. HPV b. HIV c. Helobacter d. Epstein-Barr

b. Atherosclerosis

Which term is used for deposits of plaque in the arteries which cause them to narrow or become blocked? a. Venosclerosis b. Atherosclerosis c. Osteoarthritis d. Diabetes

d. most research has focused on changes associated with trauma and disease

Why do we know do little about normal middle-aged brains? a. research has mostly focused more on children's brain functions b. research has always been limited by the availability of research subjects who, in this case, are in their peak working years c. research has generally been focused on the brain functions of the elderly d. most research has focused on changes associated with trauma and disease

d. Women's heart muscle seems to be better able to adapt to stressors and physical exertion

Why do women fare better after a heart attack than men? a. Women are more likely to have other chronic diseases so this removes the risk of a fatal heart attack b. Men are more likely. To smoke than women c. Men's hearts are larger and therefore suffer more damage from a heart attack d. Women's heart muscle seems to be better able to adapt to stressors and physical exertion