biology ecology test

B cell

Produces antibodies

What is the difference between actual and potential range?

Actual range is its current range. Potential ranges are regions with abiotic conditions the species could survive in if they were able to disperse there

Naive T cell

An undifferentiated T cell that can be activated to fight a particular pathogen

What are some defense mechanisms prey animals have to avoid predation? Define camouflage and aposematic coloration

Aposematic coloration - bright coloration that deters predators from attacking. Often used by poisonous prey organisms Camouflage/ coloration that blends in to a animals surroundings in order to hide from predators

Which of those 3 parts (barrier, innate, adaptive) are you born with?

Barrier and innate

What are some reasons biodiversity is important?

Biodiversity is important because it crowds an ecosystem. If an ecosystem is very diverse no new organism have space to join, and becomes less vulnerable to invasive species. In addition, all species are kept in check by each other no organism becomes extinct or too abundant.

Macrophages

Non-specific white blood cells. Engulf pathogens

Dendritic Cells

Collect information (antigens) from the invaders in order to activate the correct specific immune system cells (B cells, T cells)

Neutrophils

Non-specific white blood cells. Release chemicals to destroy pathogen

What are histamines?

Histamines are signal produced by mast cells to warn the immune system of an infection

Mutualism

Interaction that benefits both species

Commensalism

Interaction that benefits one species, no effect on the other

hat processes allow for an invasive species to reach out of control population sizes in their invaded range?

Lack of intraspecific competition Release from enemies

Antibody

Molecule produced by B cells to target a specific pathogens

Neutralism

Neither species benefits or is harmed

Innate

Part of immune system that you are born with and can fight infections after they enter your bloodstream

Describe the wound healing process. You should understand the following: clotting(platelets), inflammation, and cell proliferation.

Platelets cause the blood to clot to slow/stop bleeding. The area becomes inflamed as blood carrying white blood cells flows to the area of the cut. Skin cells rapidly divide (aka proliferate) in order to build new skin tissue and repair the cut.

What are the 3 parts of a coronavirus? What is the function of each?

RNA - codes the the production of the coronavirus proteins Envelope - similar to a cell membrane - it surround the virus and protects the contents inside Spike proteins - proteins found on the surface of the envelope that allow the virus to attach to target cells

Adaptive

Responds to infections with specialized cells to fight particular pathogens

Examples of barriers

Skin, stomach enzymes, noise hairs, etc

Define invasive species

Species that are non-native and harmful to the invaded ecosystem

Memory T cells

Stores information about past invaders and shares it with other T cells

antigen

The part of the pathogen that your body recognizes as foreign and harmful

When a person receives a COVID test, what specifically are PCR and antigens tests attempting to detect in the body?

They are testing for traces of the pathogen or of the antibodies the body produces to fight

Thinking about the newer strains of COVID like omicron and delta, what allows viruses to evolve at a relatively fast rate?

They have a shorter life span and reproduce more frequently. They have less mechanisms to prevent/fix mutations from occurring

Are viruses living? What characteristics make some people argue they are? What characteristics make others argue they are not?

They have nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They evolve and mutate. They cannot reproduce on their own and are not composed of cells

What do antihistamine medications do?

Those medications block the errant histamine signal to initiative the immune response

Why is the ability for cells to go through differentiation beneficial for our immune system?

We can have a supply of naive cells ready and then they can differentiate into the correct cells based on need

Do we expect invasions to increase or decrease in the near future? Why?

Yes, climate change and increased globalization

Amensalism

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

What are the three factors that determine where a species is able to live?

abiotic, biotic, dispersal

Examples of Adaptive

antibodies, memory cells, effector t cells

Effector T cell

differentiated naive T cell that has been activated to fight a particular pathogen

Benefit of Sneezing

expels the pathogens caught in mucus

Explain the function of a vaccine.

exposes your body to a particular pathogen/antigen in order to teach it to produce antibodies to fight that particular pathogen

Exploitation

interactions in which one species benefits and the other is harmed

Comparing interspecific and intraspecific competition, which tends to be more intense and why?

intraspecific. Species have more niche overlap with themselves so they fight more intensely for the same resources

pathogen

microorganism/virus that can cause disease

Benefit of fever

pathogens often can't survive well in high temperatures

Barrier

prevents infections from occuring in the first place with physical barriers

Benefit of loss of appetite

reallocates energy towards fighting the infection instead of digestion, which is usually a very energy intensive process

Competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

Examples of innate

white blood cells, neutrophils, mast cells, etc