Biology- Exam 2 smartbook questions

Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal _________, such as beta-hexosaminidase.

Enzyme

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called

Cellulose

A cell organelle that occurs in the centrosome and helps organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division is called a(n)

Centriole or aster

A duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids connected together at a

Centromere

Both carrier and ______ proteins are involved in the transport of molecules across the cell membrane

Channel

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi

Chitin

Which of these is a pigment located within the thylakoid membrane that functions to capture solar energy

Chlorophyll

The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called

Chloroplast

According to endosymbiotic theory, plant organelles called _____ that carry out photosynthesis probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

Chloroplasts

Evidence supports an endosymbiotic origin of the energy organelles, the _______that carry out photosynthesis and the _________ that carry out cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use

Chloroplasts Mitochondria

At the beginning of the S phase, each chromosome is composed of a single, unreplicated DNA molecule called a

Chromatid

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____, which is a mixture of DNA and protein

Chromatin

The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic nucleus is called _______. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation for cell division, this material is called _______

Chromatin Chromosomes

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the

Cytoskeleton

The following describe aspects of active transport

Energy is required, Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, Carrier protein

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear

Envelope

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the

Cytoplasm

A cell with an intracellular salt concentration of 0.5 M is placed into a solution which causes it to swell. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?

0M

One meter is equal to how many centimeters (cm)

100

One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)

1000

One millimeter (mm) is equal to how many micrometers (μm)

1000

A cell with a 10% salt concentration inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to shrink. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell

15%

At the end of S phase, a duplicated chromosome consists of ______ chromatid(s) and ______ centromere

2 1

The feelings of heat and pain associated with eating hot peppers are primarily due to what mechanism

A specific chemical binding to nociceptors, activating calcium ion channels

Cell receptor proteins are involved in

Binding signaling molecules to bring about cellular changes

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce

ATP

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy-requiring cellular reactions is

ATP

What molecule is used to fuel all energy-dependent cellular processes

ATP

Somatic cells are

Able to undergo mitosis Body cells

Formerly called microfilaments, _______ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion

Actin

The following are components of the cytoskeleton

Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of cellular energy, is called

Active transport

These two statements are part of the cell theory

All organisms are made up of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells

After inhalation into the lungs, oxygen gas is more concentrated in the ______ and diffuses into the____

Alveoli Capillaries

Cytokinesis begins during _____ of mitosis and is completed just before the cell enters the next interphase to prepare for a new division

Anaphase

Centrioles are a type of microtubule organizing center found only in

Animal cells

A cell rounds up and loses contact with its neighbors at the beginning of

Apoptosis

Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic

Archaeal cell Bacterial cell

Identify the two domains listed below which contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus

Bacteria Archaea

Select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes

Bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell Bacteria typically have only one chromosome

Capsaicin, the chemical found in chili peppers, binds to a channel protein in pain receptors that, when activated, allows _______ ions to flow into the cell

Calcium

What is the the function of chlorophyll

Capture solar energy

Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize ______ during a process called photosynthesis

Carbohydrates

The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the

Cell

The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the

Cell

The repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and cell division is called the

Cell cycle

A newly transplanted organ is rejected by the immune system of the host. Which protein is responsible for the rejection

Cell recognition proteins

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

Cell theory

A cell in metaphase would have which of the following characteristics?

Chromosomes aligned along the cell equator, Sister chromatids present, Spindle fibers attached to kinetochores, Condensed chromosomes

When a system reaches a concentration equilibrium, the molecules

Continue to move but do not exhibit net movement in any direction

What is division of cellular cytoplasm called

Cytokinesis

What is the general term for cellular disruption

Cytolysis

A chromatid, which is found in the cell at the beginning of the S phase, is composed of

DNA

During the S stage of interphase, the cell replicates its

DNA

Chromatin is composed of

DNA and protein

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

Diffusion

The movement of oxygen from a high concentration in the alveoli of the lungs to a low concentration in the capillaries is an example of

Diffusion

In humans, mitosis produces cells that are

Diploid

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the

Endomembrane system

Which of these cells have a membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotes

The transport mechanism that requires energy input and the fusion of an intracellular vesicle with the plasma membrane to excrete a substance is

Exocytosis

Which two transport mechanisms lead to vesicle formation

Exocytosis Endocytosis

Signals that tell a cell whether or not to divide are more likely to be ______ signals

External

True or false: Facilitated transport requires that a cell use ATP energy to fuel the movement of a substance across the plasma membrane

False

True or false: Once the concentration equilibrium is achieved across a cell membrane, molecules no longer cross the membrane.

False

True or false: Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes

False

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall

False

Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called

Fimbriae

Some bacteria have long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid. These appendages are called

Flagellum

Damaged DNA in a cell can prevent the cell from passing which of the checkpoints

G1

What is the correct order of the stages of Interphase

G1, S, G2, M

What organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles

Golgi apparatus

The cytolysis of red blood cells is specifically called

Hemolysis

Within a system, water is more likely to move towards

Higher osmotic pressure

During osmosis water moves across a semipermeable membrane from the area of ______ concentration to the area of ______ concentration.

Higher water Higher solute

A pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first meiotic division are called ______ chromosomes

Homologous

A solution that has a greater solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell is a(n) ______ solution

Hypertonic

Animal cells will crenate, or shrivel, if placed in which type of solution

Hypertonic

Placing animal cells in a(n) ______ solution will cause them to shrink and shrivel, or crenate.

Hypertonic

Solution A has a higher solute concentration than solution B. Solution A is ______ compared to solution B

Hypertonic

A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell, and may cause a cell to swell or even burst due to water intake is a(n) ______ solution.

Hypotonic

Turgor pressure is increased in a plant cell when it is placed in a(n)

Hypotonic

What is a solution that has a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution?

Hypotonic

Which type of protein would more likely be able to function as a channel through the plasma membrane

Integral

Which part of the plasma membrane is nonpolar?

Interior, where the fatty acid tails are located

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called ______ filaments.

Intermediate

Signals that ensure that stages of the cell cycle follow one another in the normal sequence are more likely to be ______ signals

Internal

The stages of the cell cycle that include growth, DNA doubling, and when the nucleus is not actively dividing, are collectively called

Interphase

Functions of the lysosome include:

Intracellular digestion Autophagy

The following are functions of the cytoskeleton

Intracellular transport, Aids in cell division, Cellular structural support

A solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell and causes a cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis is a(n) ______Solution.

Isotonic

What is a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

Isotonic

In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur

Mitochondria

A protist engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. What organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down the macromolecule

Lysosome

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a

Lysosome

Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells?

Lysosome

________are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion

Lysosome

What organelle is formed by the Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

_______ are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion

Lysosomes

The type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations is called

Meiosis

All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the

Mitochondria

Which of the following is true about diffusion

Molecules exhibit net movement down the concentration gradient, moving from an area of high concentration to low

Actin filaments can attach, detach, and reattach to ______ to produce movement

Motor molecules

Osmosis is defined as the

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Cancer generally develops as a result of

Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the ______.

Nuclear envelope

All of the following that are components of the endomembrane system

Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles

In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the______

Nucleoid

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.

Nucleolus

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

Nucleoplasm

The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the

Nucleus

Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

The cell cycle is a set of orderly stages that

Occurs between one cell division and the next

All of the following that relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell

Organelle movement Cell shape Cell division

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called

Organelles

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

Osmosis

The general term for the pressure that may build in a cell as a result of osmosis is called _______ pressure

Osmotic

The general term for the pressure that may build in a cell as a result of osmosis is called _______ pressure.

Osmotic

Which gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene that will help prevent cancer formation

P53

Which gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene that will help prevent cancer formation?

P53

Which type of protein would more likely function to stabilize and shape the plasma membrane

Peripheral

All of the components of a cell's plasma membrane

Peripheral protein Steroids(cholesterol) Phospholipid bilayer Integral protein

The plasma membrane is described as being selectively

Permeable

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of what organelle

Peroxisomes

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of what organelle?

Peroxisomes

Engulfment of a bacterium by a white blood cell occurs via

Phagocytosis

The plasma membrane is described as a "fluid-mosaic." What does it consist of

Phospholipids Steroids Proteins

Which cellular process occurs within chloroplasts

Photosynthesis

The form of endocytosis in which a vesicle forms around a liquid or very small particles and draws it into the cell is called

Pinocytosis

The ______ _______ serves to separate the internal environment of a cell from its external environment, allowing the cell to maintain homeostasis.

Plasma membrane

Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Plasma membrane

During which phase of mitosis do the kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere, preparing for sister chromatid separation

Prometaphase

The first stage of mitosis is _______, and the last stage of mitosis is________

Prophase Telophase

Though it is a continuous process, list the five stages of mitosis in the sequence they are described in for convenience, starting with prophase at the top

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall

Protection

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated _____.

Proteins

What type of membrane protein binds a specific molecule, bringing about a change in shape of the protein, which causes a cellular response? Insulin is a hormone that binds to this type of protein

Receptor protein

A cell in prophase would have which of the following characteristics?

Sister chromatids present, Condensed chromatin

What cell structure is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus

Ribosome

The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that it is covered with_______.

Ribosomes

The structures that cover the rough endoplasmic reticulum, giving it a studded appearance, are

Ribosomes

All of these that are components of the cytoplasm

Salt Water Dissolved organic molecules

The action known as, ______, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane

Secretion

The release of cellular products from a cell is called

Secretion

A membrane that is permeable to only certain substances is said to be _____ permeable

Selectively

Carrier proteins function to

Selectively carries molecules through the membrane

Which molecule would have a faster diffusion rate

Small uncharged molecule

A solution contains both a ____, which is usually a solid, and a ______, which is usually a liquid.

Solute Solvent

The most common configuration of a _______ is a solid solute and a liquid solvent.

Solution

Body cells, which are cells that do not undergo meiosis to become sperm or oocytes, are also called ______ cells

Somatic

The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the

Stroma

Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?

Support the plasma membrane Support the nuclear envelope Formation of cell-to-cell junctions

Factors that will influence the rate of diffusion

Temperature Electrical currents Molecular size Pressure

Cell recognition proteins are involved in

The Immune response

Choose ALL possible outcomes in a cell that cannot pass the G1 checkpoint because its DNA is damaged

The cell may move into G0 if DNA repair is not possible, Apoptosis will occur if the DNA cannot be repaired, The p53 protein will attempt to initiate

Turgor pressure in plant cells is created by the force of the cytoplasm pushing against what?

The cell wall

Cytokinesis is the portion of the cell cycle during which

The cytoplasm and organelles of the cell are divided

Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes control

The movement of a cell through the cell

Interphase is

The portion of the cell cycle when the cell is getting ready to divide

Mitosis produces daughter cells that have

The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of

Thylakoids

What direction do the phosphate heads of the bilayer of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face

Towards the outside and inside of the cell

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles

True

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

True

True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain

True

True or false: Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule

True

True or false: The development of cancer involves gene mutation

True

True or false: The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell

True

True or false: The plasma membrane is a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins are able to move laterally within the membrane.

True

What protein forms microtubules in the cell

Tubulin

What protein forms microtubules in the cell?

Tubulin

The influence of what two types of genes determines if cell division does or does not occur

Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes

Which of the following best explains why a hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell?

Water rushes into the cell

Which of the following best explains why a hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink

Water rushes out of the cell

At the conclusion of apoptosis, a cell fragments, and its pieces are engulfed by _____ _____ cells

White blood

The _______ gene helps to prevent cancer by coding for proteins that check the DNA and stop cell division if the DNA is damaged

p53