Biology- Exam 2 smartbook questions
Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal _________, such as beta-hexosaminidase.
Enzyme
The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called
Cellulose
A cell organelle that occurs in the centrosome and helps organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division is called a(n)
Centriole or aster
A duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids connected together at a
Centromere
Both carrier and ______ proteins are involved in the transport of molecules across the cell membrane
Channel
Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi
Chitin
Which of these is a pigment located within the thylakoid membrane that functions to capture solar energy
Chlorophyll
The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called
Chloroplast
According to endosymbiotic theory, plant organelles called _____ that carry out photosynthesis probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.
Chloroplasts
Evidence supports an endosymbiotic origin of the energy organelles, the _______that carry out photosynthesis and the _________ that carry out cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts Mitochondria
Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use
Chloroplasts Mitochondria
At the beginning of the S phase, each chromosome is composed of a single, unreplicated DNA molecule called a
Chromatid
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____, which is a mixture of DNA and protein
Chromatin
The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic nucleus is called _______. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation for cell division, this material is called _______
Chromatin Chromosomes
The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the
Cytoskeleton
The following describe aspects of active transport
Energy is required, Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, Carrier protein
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear
Envelope
The semifluid medium within a cell is called the
Cytoplasm
A cell with an intracellular salt concentration of 0.5 M is placed into a solution which causes it to swell. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?
0M
One meter is equal to how many centimeters (cm)
100
One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)
1000
One millimeter (mm) is equal to how many micrometers (μm)
1000
A cell with a 10% salt concentration inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to shrink. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell
15%
At the end of S phase, a duplicated chromosome consists of ______ chromatid(s) and ______ centromere
2 1
The feelings of heat and pain associated with eating hot peppers are primarily due to what mechanism
A specific chemical binding to nociceptors, activating calcium ion channels
Cell receptor proteins are involved in
Binding signaling molecules to bring about cellular changes
Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce
ATP
The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy-requiring cellular reactions is
ATP
What molecule is used to fuel all energy-dependent cellular processes
ATP
Somatic cells are
Able to undergo mitosis Body cells
Formerly called microfilaments, _______ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion
Actin
The following are components of the cytoskeleton
Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of cellular energy, is called
Active transport
These two statements are part of the cell theory
All organisms are made up of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells
After inhalation into the lungs, oxygen gas is more concentrated in the ______ and diffuses into the____
Alveoli Capillaries
Cytokinesis begins during _____ of mitosis and is completed just before the cell enters the next interphase to prepare for a new division
Anaphase
Centrioles are a type of microtubule organizing center found only in
Animal cells
A cell rounds up and loses contact with its neighbors at the beginning of
Apoptosis
Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic
Archaeal cell Bacterial cell
Identify the two domains listed below which contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Bacteria Archaea
Select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes
Bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell Bacteria typically have only one chromosome
Capsaicin, the chemical found in chili peppers, binds to a channel protein in pain receptors that, when activated, allows _______ ions to flow into the cell
Calcium
What is the the function of chlorophyll
Capture solar energy
Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize ______ during a process called photosynthesis
Carbohydrates
The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the
Cell
The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the
Cell
The repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and cell division is called the
Cell cycle
A newly transplanted organ is rejected by the immune system of the host. Which protein is responsible for the rejection
Cell recognition proteins
Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?
Cell theory
A cell in metaphase would have which of the following characteristics?
Chromosomes aligned along the cell equator, Sister chromatids present, Spindle fibers attached to kinetochores, Condensed chromosomes
When a system reaches a concentration equilibrium, the molecules
Continue to move but do not exhibit net movement in any direction
What is division of cellular cytoplasm called
Cytokinesis
What is the general term for cellular disruption
Cytolysis
A chromatid, which is found in the cell at the beginning of the S phase, is composed of
DNA
During the S stage of interphase, the cell replicates its
DNA
Chromatin is composed of
DNA and protein
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called
Diffusion
The movement of oxygen from a high concentration in the alveoli of the lungs to a low concentration in the capillaries is an example of
Diffusion
In humans, mitosis produces cells that are
Diploid
The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the
Endomembrane system
Which of these cells have a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotes
The transport mechanism that requires energy input and the fusion of an intracellular vesicle with the plasma membrane to excrete a substance is
Exocytosis
Which two transport mechanisms lead to vesicle formation
Exocytosis Endocytosis
Signals that tell a cell whether or not to divide are more likely to be ______ signals
External
True or false: Facilitated transport requires that a cell use ATP energy to fuel the movement of a substance across the plasma membrane
False
True or false: Once the concentration equilibrium is achieved across a cell membrane, molecules no longer cross the membrane.
False
True or false: Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes
False
True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall
False
Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called
Fimbriae
Some bacteria have long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid. These appendages are called
Flagellum
Damaged DNA in a cell can prevent the cell from passing which of the checkpoints
G1
What is the correct order of the stages of Interphase
G1, S, G2, M
What organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles
Golgi apparatus
The cytolysis of red blood cells is specifically called
Hemolysis
Within a system, water is more likely to move towards
Higher osmotic pressure
During osmosis water moves across a semipermeable membrane from the area of ______ concentration to the area of ______ concentration.
Higher water Higher solute
A pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first meiotic division are called ______ chromosomes
Homologous
A solution that has a greater solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell is a(n) ______ solution
Hypertonic
Animal cells will crenate, or shrivel, if placed in which type of solution
Hypertonic
Placing animal cells in a(n) ______ solution will cause them to shrink and shrivel, or crenate.
Hypertonic
Solution A has a higher solute concentration than solution B. Solution A is ______ compared to solution B
Hypertonic
A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell, and may cause a cell to swell or even burst due to water intake is a(n) ______ solution.
Hypotonic
Turgor pressure is increased in a plant cell when it is placed in a(n)
Hypotonic
What is a solution that has a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution?
Hypotonic
Which type of protein would more likely be able to function as a channel through the plasma membrane
Integral
Which part of the plasma membrane is nonpolar?
Interior, where the fatty acid tails are located
Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called ______ filaments.
Intermediate
Signals that ensure that stages of the cell cycle follow one another in the normal sequence are more likely to be ______ signals
Internal
The stages of the cell cycle that include growth, DNA doubling, and when the nucleus is not actively dividing, are collectively called
Interphase
Functions of the lysosome include:
Intracellular digestion Autophagy
The following are functions of the cytoskeleton
Intracellular transport, Aids in cell division, Cellular structural support
A solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell and causes a cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis is a(n) ______Solution.
Isotonic
What is a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution
Isotonic
In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur
Mitochondria
A protist engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. What organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down the macromolecule
Lysosome
A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a
Lysosome
Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells?
Lysosome
________are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion
Lysosome
What organelle is formed by the Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
_______ are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion
Lysosomes
The type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations is called
Meiosis
All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the
Mitochondria
Which of the following is true about diffusion
Molecules exhibit net movement down the concentration gradient, moving from an area of high concentration to low
Actin filaments can attach, detach, and reattach to ______ to produce movement
Motor molecules
Osmosis is defined as the
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Cancer generally develops as a result of
Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the ______.
Nuclear envelope
All of the following that are components of the endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles
In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the______
Nucleoid
A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.
Nucleolus
The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called
Nucleoplasm
The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the
Nucleus
Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
The cell cycle is a set of orderly stages that
Occurs between one cell division and the next
All of the following that relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell
Organelle movement Cell shape Cell division
The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called
Organelles
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
Osmosis
The general term for the pressure that may build in a cell as a result of osmosis is called _______ pressure
Osmotic
The general term for the pressure that may build in a cell as a result of osmosis is called _______ pressure.
Osmotic
Which gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene that will help prevent cancer formation
P53
Which gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene that will help prevent cancer formation?
P53
Which type of protein would more likely function to stabilize and shape the plasma membrane
Peripheral
All of the components of a cell's plasma membrane
Peripheral protein Steroids(cholesterol) Phospholipid bilayer Integral protein
The plasma membrane is described as being selectively
Permeable
Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of what organelle
Peroxisomes
Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of what organelle?
Peroxisomes
Engulfment of a bacterium by a white blood cell occurs via
Phagocytosis
The plasma membrane is described as a "fluid-mosaic." What does it consist of
Phospholipids Steroids Proteins
Which cellular process occurs within chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
The form of endocytosis in which a vesicle forms around a liquid or very small particles and draws it into the cell is called
Pinocytosis
The ______ _______ serves to separate the internal environment of a cell from its external environment, allowing the cell to maintain homeostasis.
Plasma membrane
Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
During which phase of mitosis do the kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere, preparing for sister chromatid separation
Prometaphase
The first stage of mitosis is _______, and the last stage of mitosis is________
Prophase Telophase
Though it is a continuous process, list the five stages of mitosis in the sequence they are described in for convenience, starting with prophase at the top
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall
Protection
Chromatin consists of DNA and associated _____.
Proteins
What type of membrane protein binds a specific molecule, bringing about a change in shape of the protein, which causes a cellular response? Insulin is a hormone that binds to this type of protein
Receptor protein
A cell in prophase would have which of the following characteristics?
Sister chromatids present, Condensed chromatin
What cell structure is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus
Ribosome
The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that it is covered with_______.
Ribosomes
The structures that cover the rough endoplasmic reticulum, giving it a studded appearance, are
Ribosomes
All of these that are components of the cytoplasm
Salt Water Dissolved organic molecules
The action known as, ______, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
Secretion
The release of cellular products from a cell is called
Secretion
A membrane that is permeable to only certain substances is said to be _____ permeable
Selectively
Carrier proteins function to
Selectively carries molecules through the membrane
Which molecule would have a faster diffusion rate
Small uncharged molecule
A solution contains both a ____, which is usually a solid, and a ______, which is usually a liquid.
Solute Solvent
The most common configuration of a _______ is a solid solute and a liquid solvent.
Solution
Body cells, which are cells that do not undergo meiosis to become sperm or oocytes, are also called ______ cells
Somatic
The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the
Stroma
Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?
Support the plasma membrane Support the nuclear envelope Formation of cell-to-cell junctions
Factors that will influence the rate of diffusion
Temperature Electrical currents Molecular size Pressure
Cell recognition proteins are involved in
The Immune response
Choose ALL possible outcomes in a cell that cannot pass the G1 checkpoint because its DNA is damaged
The cell may move into G0 if DNA repair is not possible, Apoptosis will occur if the DNA cannot be repaired, The p53 protein will attempt to initiate
Turgor pressure in plant cells is created by the force of the cytoplasm pushing against what?
The cell wall
Cytokinesis is the portion of the cell cycle during which
The cytoplasm and organelles of the cell are divided
Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes control
The movement of a cell through the cell
Interphase is
The portion of the cell cycle when the cell is getting ready to divide
Mitosis produces daughter cells that have
The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of
Thylakoids
What direction do the phosphate heads of the bilayer of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face
Towards the outside and inside of the cell
True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles
True
True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.
True
True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain
True
True or false: Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule
True
True or false: The development of cancer involves gene mutation
True
True or false: The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell
True
True or false: The plasma membrane is a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins are able to move laterally within the membrane.
True
What protein forms microtubules in the cell
Tubulin
What protein forms microtubules in the cell?
Tubulin
The influence of what two types of genes determines if cell division does or does not occur
Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes
Which of the following best explains why a hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell?
Water rushes into the cell
Which of the following best explains why a hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink
Water rushes out of the cell
At the conclusion of apoptosis, a cell fragments, and its pieces are engulfed by _____ _____ cells
White blood
The _______ gene helps to prevent cancer by coding for proteins that check the DNA and stop cell division if the DNA is damaged
p53