Biology Exam #3

Ligaments, bone, cartilage, tendons (all answers are correct)

Connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system includes

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bones become less dense is

Antigen

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

Synapse; muscle; neuron

A neuromuscular junction is a __________ between a ______________ and a _______________.

Growth, metabolism, maintenance, repair of tissues (all answers are correct)

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

Cell that engulfs other cells and debris

A phagocyte is a

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

All of the glands of the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the

Joint

An area where two bones meet is called a

Into the circulatory system

An endocrine gland releases its product directly

Herbivores

Animals that eat only plants are

Because the virus can mutate rapidly

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

At the capillaries, ___________ leaves red blood cells and _____________ enters the circulation.

Lymphocytes

B cells or T cells are

Is a liquid connective tissue, delivers food to the cells of the body, delivers oxygen to the cells of the body, helps remove wastes from the body (all answers are correct)

Blood

Simple squamous

Blood vessels are lined by a single layer of flattened cells. Which type of cells like a blood vessel?

Tissue

Groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function are defined as what?

Because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues

If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

Leukocytes

If you wanted to read more about protections for the body, and you came a cross a description of cellular components of blood that destroy foreign substances, you would be reading about

Platelets

If you were dealing with a patient who repeatedly had trouble with excessive bleeding, you might consider giving the patient a transfusion containing

By bacteria living within the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract

In herbivores, cellulose is primarily broken down

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

Cholesterol

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized from

Circulatory and integumentary

One way humans maintain body temperature is by increasing blood flow to the skin and sweating. Which organ systems are interacting in this process?

Peristalsis

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

The kidneys

The adrenal glands are located "on top" of

Epinephrine

The antidote for a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction is a shot of

The intact skin

The body's first line of defense against disease-causing microorganisms is

a single layer of epithelial cells covered by connective tissue

The capillary wall consists only of

Red blood cells

The cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (all answers are correct)

The different types of animal tissues include

Pancreas

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels is the

Production of blood cells, supporting the body, protecting the body, movement (all answers are correct)

The endoskeleton functions in

Nervous

The fissure type that receives, processes, and transmits information by providing a communication network among cells is

Arteries

The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are

Veins

The large vessels that carry blood to the heart are

Plasma

The liquid matrix of blood is

Small intestine

The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the

Large intestine

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

Sponges

The only animals that rely solely on intracellular digestion are

Sphincters

The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way, so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulate the movement of food. These are

create immunological memory without causing disease

The primary function of a vaccine is to

Oxytocin

The release of which hormone is usually controlled by positive feedback?

Capillaries

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are

Epiglottis

The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing, thereby preventing food from entering the air passage, is the

Anatomy

The study of an organism's structure is

Physiology

The study of the function of all of the body's parts is

Skeletal and muscular

The systems that support and move the body are

Digestive, respiratory, and circulatory

The systems that work together to acquire and use energy are

Neurons and neuroglia

The tissue that makes up the spinal cord and brain consists of

Epithelial

The tissue type that acts as a lining of organs, serves in absorption and secretion, and also conducts gas diffusion is

Muscle

The tissues type that provides contractions that power movement is

Muscular and skeletal systems

The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running, swimming, and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the

Bone

The type of connective tissue with a mineralized extracellular matrix is

Simple cuboidal

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of cube-shaped cells is

Simple columnar

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of elongated cells is

Simple squamous

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of flattened cells is

Hydrostatic skeleton

The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)

Exoskeleton

The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)

Salt

To prevent swollen thyroid glands many nations add iodine to

Generate heat via metabolism

What is a principal mechanism by which endotherms obtain body heat?

Positive feedback

When a blood clot begins to form, the enzyme thrombin is formed. Thrombin then activates the enzymes that produce more thrombin. This is an example of which of the following?

In red marrow inside of bones

Where are blood cells produced?

Endorphins

Which has its primary effect on the brain's pain receptors?

Pancreas, thyroid gland, ovaries, testes (all answers are correct)

Which is an endocrine gland?

Pancreas

Which is not a major part of the immune system?

Transport of oxygen to the body's cells

Which is not an important function of calcium in vertebrates?

Skeletal

You are observing a test subject move his arm. You notice that the subject can move the arm on command, and a fissure biopsy shows that the relevant muscle tissue has cells with many nuclei. You decide that the movement is due to muscle that is