Biology Exam 3

How many openings (inputs and outputs) are there in the urinary bladder?

3

List the three processes involved in the formation of urine in order. 1. tubular secretion; 2. tubular reabsorption; 3. glomerular filtration

3,2,1

Place the parts of the nephron in order of how filtration would occur. 1. ascending limb of loop; 2. descending limb of loop; 3. proximal convoluted tubule; 4. glomerulus; 5. collecting duct; 6. distal convoluted tubule

4,3,2,1,6,5

The larynx

A cartilaginous structure between the throat and trachea. Houses the vocal cords. Structure moves up against epiglottis when food is swallowed to prevent passage of food into it.

What is the difference between a tic and a spasm?

A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily.

If you do not drink enough water, which hormone will the hypothalamus produce to regulate urine production?

ADH

If your blood pressure is high because of increased blood volume, what hormone will correct this?

ANH

What supplies the energy for muscle contraction?

ATP

Energy is released when

ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate.

What are sources of ATP for muscle contraction?

ATP stored in the cell, the creatine phosphate pathway, fermentation, aerobic respiration

Inspiration

Air is brought in from the atmosphere to the lungs. Also called inhalation. Air moves through a series of capillaries, tubes, and openings.

Expiration

Air moves through a series of capillaries, tubes, and openings. Also known as exhalation. Air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere.

ADH, ANH, and aldosterone in homeostasis

Aldosterone promotes ion exchange at the distal convoluted tubule. This helps to regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is required for aquaporins to be open in the distal convoluted tubule. ADH is secreted when water intake is low. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is secreted by the atria when cardiac cells are stretched due to increased blood volume. ANH inhibits the secretion of renin, an enzyme that leads to secretion of aldosterone. The body's response to stimuli via hormonal secretion or inhibition helps maintain homeostasis.

Functions of the kidneys

Assist in maintaining the pH balance of the blood. Ensure that glucose and proteins aren't excreted in the urine. Filter out waste products of metabolism from the blood

Hemodialysis

Blood is passed through an artificial kidney machine. Dissolved molecules are passed through a semipermeable, natural or synthetic membrane. Portable units can be used at home.

How are excretion and defecation alike?

Both eliminate waste from the body.

How are internal and external respiration alike?

Both involve an exchange of gases.

The pharynx

Bounded on one end by the tonsils, which are the primary defense during breathing. A funnel shaped passageway connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the "voice box"

Breathing or ventilation

Breathing, or ventilation, includes inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out); during these processes air is conducted toward or away from the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings.

Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory tract?

Bronchi

What ion is responsible for initiating muscle contraction?

Ca2+

What does troponin bind to and what happens when it binds?

Ca2+, tropomyosin shifts

is an enzyme which speeds up the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells.

Carbonic anyhydrase

Collecting ducts

Carry urine to the renal pelvis

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

Dialysate is introduced directly into the abdominal cavity from a plastic tube. Dialysate flows into peritoneal cavity via gravity. There is increased likelihood of infections due to set up. Patient can continue with everyday activities while undergoing treatment.

Which part of the respiratory system is composed of skeletal muscle?

Diaphragm

Anatomy of expiration

During this part of ventilation, the rib cage moves down, pressure in the lungs increases, and air is pushed out of the lungs. The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.

Anatomy of inspiration

During this part of ventilation, the rib cage moves up, pressure in the lungs decreases, and air is pushed into the lungs. The diaphragm contracts and moves down.

True or false? ANH is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary.

False

True or false? After running a marathon, it is best to drink water to restore what was lost due to heavy sweating.

False

True or false? Each nephron has its own collecting duct.

False

True or false? Even if you quit smoking, the damage to your lungs is already done and they will not return to normal.

False

True or false? Muscle contraction is required for expiration.

False

True or false? Substances that are nonfilterable in the glomerulus exit the nephron through the afferent arteriole.

False

True or false? The reabsorption of water in the kidneys always precedes the reabsorption of salt.

False

True or false? The success rate for a kidney transplant from even a relative is fairly low.

False

True or false? The urethra in females is much longer than in males.

False

True or false? When you breathe into a paper bag after hyperventilating, you are decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

False

True or false? The role of the respiratory system is to ensure that oxygen leaves the body and carbon dioxide enters the body

False

Smooth muscle

Fibers are non striated and shaped like narrow cylinders with pointed ends. Found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. Involuntary.

Cardiac muscle

Fibers are striated and branched. Found only in the walls of the heart. Involuntary.

Skeletal muscle

Fibers are striated and tubular. Attaches to the skeleton. Contain fascicles. Well organized in bundles and surrounded by connective tissues. Fibers are multinucleated.

Why is gas exchange with the environment necessary?

Gas exchange with the environment is necessary to the process of cellular respiration, which produces stored cellular energy in the form of ATP that is required for many cellular functions

Which molecule is secreted from the peritubular capillary network into the convoluted tubules?

H+

Which substance is removed from the blood during tubular secretion?

H+

The inner medulla of the kidney is ____________ to the loop of Henle and therefore water leaves the loop at the descending limb and collecting duct.

Hypertonic

Regulation of blood pH by the kidneys II

If the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood rises, the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of the brain increases breathing rate. Increasing breathing rate rids the body of hydrogen ions due to reactions taking place in the pulmonary capillaries. As more CO₂ is exhaled, the blood pH increases. Compared to the other two mechanisms of acid-base balance, the kidneys are more powerful, but slower acting. If the blood is too acidic, hydrogen ions will be secreted, and bicarbonate ions will be reabsorbed. In addition to excreting acidic or basic ions, ammonia (NH₃) is a nitrogenous waste product produced by the kidneys that can remove excess hydrogen ions, as can phosphate.

In order to transport gasses....

In order to transport gases throughout the body, the respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system.

The expiratory reserve volume occurs when the amount of air you exhale by contracting the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles is dramatically _______.

Increased.

Lower respiratory tract disorders

Infections that reach the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract can result in acute bronchitis, or short term inflammation of the bronchi. If the inciting cause is not removed, chronic bronchitis can develop. Both this disorder and emphysema are the leading causes of COPD, marked by extreme difficulty breathing and suceptibility to infection. Emphysema is a(n) incurable lung disorder that causes the alveoli to become mishapen and damaged, preventing efficient gas exchange. Viral, fungal, or bacterial infections of the lungs result in pneumonia, marked by fluid or pus build up in the bronchi and alveoli, coughing, and difficulty breathing. The disease tuberculosis also affects the lungs and is caused by an infection of a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is not a major problem in the US, it is a major problem in developing countries.

Internal respiration

Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid. Internal respiration services tissue cells, and without internal respiration, cells could not continue to produce the ATP that they need as an energy source. Blood in the systemic capillaries is a bright red color because of the presence of oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin gives up oxygen, which diffuses out of the blood into the tissues. Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues because the Pₒ₂ of tissue fluid is lower than that of blood. This is because cells continuously use up oxygen in cellular respiration.

Why do some people not drink beverages with caffeine right before bedtime?

It increases the flow of urine and causes you to go to the bathroom during the night.

Immediately after the cross-bridge is formed and ADP and phosphate are released, what happens to the actin filament?

It is pulled closer towards the center of the sarcomere, causing muscle contraction.

While glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus, none is excreted in the urine. What happens to the glucose?

It is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.

Distal convoluted tubule

Its cells have many mitochondria but lack microvilli, it is specialized for ion exchange.

What occurs when a muscle fatigues?

Its energy reserves are depleted. Stimulation continues. Acetylcholine is crossing the synaptic cleft. The muscle relaxes.

Which respiratory structure is used to produce sound?

Larynx

The nose

Lined at the openings with stiff hairs that act as a screening device. Mostly lined with mucous membranes that trap dust. Warms and moistens incoming air via the capillaries in the sub mucosa.

Lung cancer

Lung cancer, first evident by the thickening and callusing of the cells lining the bronchi, can progress to the point at which a lobe or lung must be removed. Progressed lung cancer, evident by metastasis, or spreading of the cancer to tissues beyond the lungs, requires chemotherapy and radiation. However, these treatments provide no guarantee and lung cancer often results in death.

Which part of the lower respiratory tract is intimately in contact with the cardiovascular system?

Lungs

Which part of the respiratory system carries out gas exchange?

Lungs

Parts of the lower respiratory tract

Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea

Muscular diseases

Millions of Americans suffer from fibromyalgia, a muscle and ligament disorder that causes chronic pain and fatigue. The cause of this disease is still unknown but may be due to underlying infection. The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases that affect the muscles. These disorders vary considerably in their severity. Myasthenia gravis is a/an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness in the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities. In people with this disease, antibodies that destroy Ach receptors impair muscle contraction. Muscle cancer belongs to a group of cancers called soft tissue sarcomas, which may also occur in bone, adipose, and cartilage. Muscle cancer can occur in smooth and skeletal muscles. For instance, a leiomyoma occurs in the smooth muscle of the uterine wall, while rhabdomyosarcomas are a rare form of cancer that sometimes originate in skeletal muscle.

Stages of skeletal muscle twitch

Muscle contraction can be studied using isolated, single muscle fibers. As opposed to a whole muscle, a single muscle fiber shows all-or-none contraction. When the strength of a stimulus is above a threshold level, the muscle contracts and then relaxes. This action is called a muscle twitch and lasts only a fraction of a second. The contraction of a single muscle fiber can be divided into three stages: the latent period (time between stimulation and initiation of contraction), the contraction period (when the muscle shortens), and the relaxation period (when the muscle returns to its former length). When the muscle is not allowed to relax completely between stimuli, summation occurs. The contractions gradually increase in intensity. When maximal sustained contraction is reached, tetanus is achieved. This stage will continue until fatigue occurs, and the muscle relaxes even though stimulation continues.

Yes or no? Can you hold your breath until you die?

No

At the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries,

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

At the arterial end of the tissue capillaries,

O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.

Activities in the neuromuscular junction

One motor axon goes to several muscle fibers. Within the neuromuscular junction, a synaptic cleft lies between each axon terminal and muscle fiber. Nerve impulses cause synaptic vesicles to discharge acetylcholine (ACh). This neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors in the sarcolemma, which generates electrical signals that spread across it and down the T tubules. This stimulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which leads to sarcomere contraction.

What diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood?

Oxygen

Tubular secretion

Penicillin, creatine, and hydrogen ions are examples of substances moved by active transport from the blood into the kidney tubule during tubular secretion, which follows tubular reabsorption. In the end, the urine contains substances that have not been reabsorbed, which have undergone glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.

What separates the lungs from the thoracic cavity?

Pleura

Glomerular capsule

Sit of filtration process that produces a filtrate of the blood

What is the normal pH of blood?

Slightly basic

Muscle fiber recruitment in slow-twitch versus fast-twitch exercises

Slow-twitch fibers have a slow and persistent contraction and tend to be involved in activities requiring mostly endurance. Despite having motor units with a lower concentration of myofibrils, slow-twitch fibers are primarily useful in sustained activities such as long-distance running, biking, jogging, and swimming. Fast-twitch fibers derive most of their ATP from anaerobic resources such as fermentation. The rapidly available energy and strength in fast-twitch fibers provide explosive movement and are most useful in short term activities such as sprinting. Since fast-twitch fibers depend primarily on less efficient anaerobic energy production, they tend to fatigue quickly due to the accumulation of lactic acid.

Smoking

Smoking is a leading cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Cigarettes contain chemicals that irritate the air passage and lungs; a smoker might have one or all of these disorders or diseases. Smoking causes 90% of lung cancers, as well as other cancers to include those of the mouth and respiratory tract.

What occurs when you are very, very cold?

Smooth muscle contracts inside the blood vessels supplying the skin. The arrector pili muscles contract. Shivering occurs. You get goose bumps.

What is the name of a sudden and involuntary muscular contraction, often accompanied by pain?

Spasm

Which muscle injury is characterized by a twisting of a joint leading to swelling and injury?

Sprain

is increased muscle contraction.

Summation

is maximal sustained muscle contraction.

Tetanus

Loop of the nephron/ loop of Henle

The U-turn in the proximal convoluted tubule; allows water to diffuse into tissue surrounding the nephron and actively transports salt from its lumen to interstitial tissue

How muscle cells generate ATP

The amount of ATP that normally exists in a muscle cell lasts for a few seconds during strenuous exercise. There are three ways that muscles can obtain new ATP. Two methods, fermentation and creatine phosphate breakdown, are anaerobic and are therefore available even when oxygen supplies are low during vigorous activity. The speediest way for muscle cells to make ATP is by breaking down creatine phosphate, which occurs in the midst of the sliding filaments. During fermentation, glucose is broken down into lactate, which can result in cramping and fatigue. Most of the ATP generated by a muscle cell comes from cellular respiration, which uses either glucose or fatty acids to produce ATP. A muscle-specific molecule called myoglobin helps provide oxygen for this process.

Where is the respiratory control center located?

The brain

Why does glucose appear in the urine of a diabetic?

The carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport.

What do smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle all have in common?

The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers.

Proximal convoluted tubule

The cells of this structure have microvilli which increase the surface area for tubular reabsorption.

What is the exchange of gasses called?

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood is called external respiration, and the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid is called internal respiration.

What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?

The hairs on your skin stand on end.

Functions of the urinary system

The kidneys are the primary organs that excrete metabolic wastes, especially in the form of nitrogen-based products. The primary end product of nitrogen metabolism in human beings is urea. In the liver, excess amino acids are broken down into ammonia and rapidly combined with carbon dioxide to produce urea, which is much less toxic to cells. Degradation of nucleotides, such as the nitrogen-containing bases adenine and thymine, produces uric acid. If blood concentrations of this compound are too high, crystals may precipitate out and collect in the joints, producing a painful ailment called gout. The kidneys also regulate the balance of water and salt in the blood which in turn affects blood volume. The higher the salt content of the blood, the more osmosis, or diffusion of water, occurs into the blood. The more water diffuses into the blood, the greater the blood volume and the higher the blood pressure in the vascular system.

Why does urine have an acidic pH?

The kidneys filter and excrete H+ from the blood.

Reabsorption of salt

The kidneys help to regulate the salt balance of the body. Normally, more than 99% of the sodium filtered at the glomerulus is returned to the blood. Most of this sodium is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule. A smaller percentage of filtered sodium is reabsorbed by the ascending limb of the loop of the nephron, while the rest is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by aldosterone, a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes the excretion of potassium ions and the reabsorption of sodium ions. The release of aldosterone is initiated by a series of events inside the kidneys themselves, starting with an area of contact between the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule, called the juxtaglomerular apparatus. When blood volume, and thus blood pressure, is not sufficient to initiate glomerular filtration, the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes the enzyme renin.

Which structure is the initial entry way for air to enter the respiratory system?

The nose

When calcium ions are released into muscle fibers, what happens along the actin filament?

The position of the tropomyosin threads shift, exposing myosin binding sites, allowing the myosin head to attach to the actin filament.

The primary function of the respiratory system

The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow oxygen from the atmosphere to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit the body.

External respiration

The respiratory system functions in both external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Gases exert pressure, and the amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its partial pressure. Compared to atmospheric air, blood in the capillaries has a higher partial pressure, therefore, CO₂ diffuses out of the blood into the lungs.Most of the CO2 in the blood exists as bicarbonate ions. As free CO2 is exhaled by the lungs, more hydrogen ions combine with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase, present in red blood cells, speeds the breakdown of this substance into more CO2 and H2O.

Kidney transplant

The surgical replacement of a defective kidney. Organ rejection is a possibility. Donor organs are in short supply. Can provide a "cure."

When the nerve signal reaches the axon terminal what happens next?

The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter.

What do inspiration and expiration have in common?

They both use the same pathways.

Why are slow-twitch muscles dark?

They contain myoglobin.

During respiration, which structure connects the larynx to the bronchiole tree?

Trachea

True or False? Jillian is a top level cross country runner due to her having predominantly slow-twitch muscle fibers.

True

True or False? One motor unit obeys a principle called the all-or-none law.

True

True or False? Skeletal muscle contractions play a role in returning the venous blood to the heart.

True

True or False? The origin of a muscle is on a stationary bone.

True

True or False? When cross bridges form and the muscle fibers contract, the actin myofilament slides past the myosin myofilament.

True

True or false? An enlarged prostate gland can lead to kidney stones in males.

True

True or false? Approximately 99% of the water that is filtered in the glomerulus is reabsorbed.

True

True or false? Humans inhale by negative pressure.

True

True or false? Muscles can only pull; they cannot push.

True

True or false? Some of the inhaled air never reaches the lungs.

True

True or false? The pharynx contains the tonsils that protect against invasion of inhaled foreign particles.

True

True or false? The right lung is larger than the left lung.

True

True or false? The trachea and upper bronchial tree are similar in that both are held open by cartilaginous rings.

True

True or false? The urethra is controlled by two sphincters, one composed of smooth muscle and one composed of skeletal muscle.

True

True or false? Tubular reabsorption requires both passive and active modes of reabsorption.

True

Upper respiratory tract disorders

Upper respiratory tract infections are more common than lower respiratory tract infections because of their frequent exposure to pathogens. The common cold is an infection caused by a(n) virus and is characterized by sneezing, rhinitis, and a mild fever. Because there are many strains, an effective vaccine is unlikely.Inflammation of the pharynx is also called pharyngitis and is often caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Also known as strep throat, these infections can develop into scarlet fever or rheumatic fever if left untreated.

The maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum volume that can be moved out during a single breath is the _________.

Vital capacity

Where does glomerular filtration, the first stage of urine formation, occur?

Within the glomerular capsule of the kidney nephrons

What is located within the glomerular capsule?

a knot of capillaries

Of the three pathways for supplying ATP to the muscle, which pathway(s) do slow-twitch fibers prefer?

aerobic respiration

What is one of the earliest signs of nephron damage?

albumin or formed elements in the urine

What hormones regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule?

aldosterone and renin

The bond between the actin and myosin head i...

an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head.

"Strep throat" is caused by what type of infecting organism?

bacteria

storage area for urine?

bladder

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect

blood pH.

What is the reservoir for Ca2+ in the body?

bones

Ventilation includes

both inspiration and expiration

When carbon dioxide enters the blood, most of it combines with hemoglobin to form ______.

carbaminohemoglobin.

What is an infection of the urinary bladder called?

cystitis

is a chronic incurable disorder in which the alveoli are damaged, leaving decreased available surface area for gas exchange.

emphysema

Which of the following is not a metabolic waste product?

erythropoietin

functions of the urinary system

excretion of metabolic wastes, maintenance of water-salt balance, maintenance of acid-base balance, secretion of hormones

During respiration, what is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs during an extra deep exhalation called? This volume is usually around 1,400 ml.

expiratory reserve volume

From the outside of a muscle coming in, the first thing encountered would be

fascia.

Why do water and small molecules move from the glomerulus into the filtrate?

glomerular blood pressure

parts of a nephron

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct

What are the two ways substances are removed from the blood and added to the forming urine?

glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

What is the biggest muscle (in terms of mass) in the body?

gluteus maximus

what are energy sources for muscle contraction?

glycogen, triglycerides, glucose, fatty acids

Which of the following is not a region of the kidney?

hypothalamus

When the pH of the blood becomes more acidic, the respiratory center

increases the rate and increases the depth of breathing.

Which volume can add an additional 2,900 ml of air to the lungs?

inspiratory reserve volume

You can increase inspiration (breathing in) by not only expanding the chest but also by lowering the diaphragm. This type of forced inspiration usually increases the volume of inhaled air beyond the tidal volume, and that amount is called the ___________.

inspiratory reserve volume.

What effect does ANH have on renin?

it inhibits its secretion

phases of a single muscle twitch?

latent period, contraction period, relaxation period

The vital capacity is equal to the

maximum amount of air breathed in and the maximum amount of air breathed out.

If it were not for the nasal cavity,

more debris would enter the lungs.

Which disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities?

myasthenia gravis

A muscle fiber is made up of many

myofibrils.

Which of the following is the site of ATP binding and hydrolysis?

myosin

During muscle contractions, cross-bridges form between

myosin heads and actin filaments.

Components of Glomerular filtrate

nutrient molecules, water, salts, waste molecules

Which of the following infections does not affect a structure in the respiratory tract?

otitis media

The respiratory system is responsible for

oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body.

Which of the following particles are not filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus?

plasma proteins

Upon X-ray, it could be seen that Josh's lungs were filled with fluid. What is the proper diagnosis for Josh's illness?

pneumonia

Which of the following is not a lower respiratory infection?

pulmonary fibrosis

Which of these lower respiratory diseases should be treated with antibiotics?

pulmonary tuberculosis

How does breathing at a very low rate affect the reaction H+ + HCO3- → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 ?

pushes it to the left

The collecting duct of the nephron originates in what region of the kidney and extends to what region of the kidney?

renal cortex to the renal pelvis

Which of the hormones involved in the regulation of water-salt balance is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

renin

The muscle fibers within muscle cells are divided into myofibrils, which are further divided into _____, the contractile units of muscles.

sarcomeres

During the overall process of muscle contractions, the sarcomeres _____ as they slide the actin filaments past the myosin filaments.

shorten

If you force inspiration, how much more air can you breathe in than the tidal volume?

six times

What happens when we are relaxed?

small amount of air moves in and out with each breath. The amount of air, called the tidal volume, is normally only about 500 ml.

which muscle is not striated?

smooth muscle

In good muscle tone, how many motor units are contracted?

some

What happens after a very deep exhalation?

some air (about 1l) remains in the lungs; this is termed the residual volume. This air is not as useful for gas exchange because the oxygen content has been depleted.

functions of skeletal muscles

support, movement of bones,maintenance of body temperature, protection of internal organs

What is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome?

surfactant

Which of the following is considered a secondary or additional function of the urinary system?

synthesis of vitamin D

What structure attaches a muscle to a bone?

tendons

only about 70% of the tidal volume actually reaches the alveoli; 30% remains in the airways. To ensure that a large portion of inhaled air reaches the lungs, it is better to breathe slowly and deeply. this happens in ?

the average adult.

Glottis

the slit between the vocal cords; when air is expelled through this structure, the vocal cords vibrate producing sounds.

During contraction of a muscle, calcium ions...

the troponin molecule.

The amount of air that moves in and out with each breath is called the

tidal volume.

Which way does the reaction H+ + HCO3- → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 proceed in the lungs?

to the right

Where in the lower respiratory tract would you find goblet cells?

trachea

Parts of the respiratory system

trachea, pharynx, bronchus, nasal cavity

Several of the structures in the muscle cell are given special names. For example, the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm. Which of the following is truly a unique structure to muscle cells (not just a renamed one)?

transverse (T) system

How is penicillin removed from the blood?

tubular secretion

Which molecule is reabsorbed less than 50% during tubular reabsorption?

urea

The renal pelvis is continuous with the

ureter

Organs of the urinary system

ureters, urethra, urinary bladder, kidney

Which part of the urinary system is shared with the reproductive system in males?

urethra