Biology Exam I
Fungal cell walls contain
chitin
Which of the following cell organelles most likely arose from endosymbiosis? a. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus b. ER and chloroplasts c. chloroplasts and mitochondria d. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
chloroplasts and mitochondria
What is Phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
generations look similar
isomorphic
The apicomplexan Plasmodium is the parasite that causes what?
malaria
Which principle is not used to identify phylogenetic relationship? A. maximum parsimony B. Occam's razor C. maximum likelihood D. minimum analogy
minimum analogy
____ is characterized by gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations and temporary insanity, contains lysergic acid, raw material for LSD
Ergotism
single-clled organisms
Eukaryotes
Cells have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Characterized by its cytoskeleton, "excavated" feeding groove, includes diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans. Includes protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
Excavata
Reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called___which mask the green of chlorophyll
phycoerythrin
______allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants. Allows us to infer characteristics of dinosaurs
phylogenetic bracketing
A _____ represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
phylogenetic tree
Many species in the ___clade are amoebas
rhizarian
A ______ tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
rooted
What is Taxonomy
scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms
Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by ____, with pores allowing cell to cell movement organelles , includes cell wall, pore, septum, nuclei
septa
Five kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia
This group is one of the most controversial of the four supergroups.
SAR clade
____ which contain chloroplasts
Photoautotrophs
shows that HIV is descended from viruses that infect chimpanzees and other primates
Phylogenetic analysis
Yeast reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the pinching of
bud cells
Fertilization of gamates results in a , which grows into a new sporophyte
diploid zygote
The general term for a fungal infection in animals is
mycosis
homologs of the genes involved in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease
Saccharomyces
lobe-or tube-shaped pseudopodia, including slime molds, tubulinids and entamoebas
Amoebozoans
Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)
Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)
The largest and most complex algae, multicellular and most are marine. Species commonly called "seaweeds".
Brown Algae
The alveolates include
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans and Ciliates
a bread mold, is a model organism with a well=studied genome
Neurospora crassa
autotroph with a unique photosynthetic structure called a chromatophore
Paulinella chromatophora
______is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission
Conjugation
The most common body structures are multicellular filaments and single cells called
yeasts
The diploid sporophyte produces haploid flagellated spores called.____, develop into haploid male and female gametophytes, which produce gametes
zoospores
Diplomonads and parabasalids lack
plastids
A_____ character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
shared derived
________groups organisms by common descent
Cladistics
generations are structurally different
Heteromorphic
a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills
Pfiesteria shumwayae
Which of the following phyla includes aquatic, flagellated fungi? a. Ascomycotia b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
distinguish features of flagellated spores
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents. Can be decomposers, parasites or mutualist
Chytrids - phylum Chytridiomycota
a large varied group of protists , are named from their use of cilia to move and feed. Large macronuclei and small micronuclei
Ciliates
_____ can be nested in larger, but not all groupings of organisms qualify
Clades
lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei, includes cell wall and nuclei
Coenocytic fungi
_______occurs when similar environmental pressure and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
Convergent evolution
Unicellular algae with a unique two part glass like wall of silicon dioxide, are a major component of phytoplankton and highly diverse. After population has bloomed, many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor undecomposed, this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and "pumps" it to the ocean floor
Diatoms
a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organisms (the host)
Endosymbiosis
causes amebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
Entamoeba histolytica
parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
Entamoebas
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely.
Maximum parsimony
___ which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Mixotrophs
_____produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia
Molds
uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
Molecular clock
Fungi consist of ______networks of branched ______ adapted for absorption
Mycelia, Hyphae
______ are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots, deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants , vascular plants
Mycorrhizae
includes animals, fungi and several groups of protists
Opisthokonts
Example of humans and mice diverge about 65 millions years ago, and 99% of our genes are ?
Orthologous
Are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species , they can diverge only after speciation occurs
Orthologous genes
causes potato late blight, which contributed to the Irish famine of the 19th century
P. infestans
Which of the following taxonomic categories includes the fewest number of species? A. Animalia B. Panthera C. Felidae D. Carnivora E. Mammalia
Panthera
Gene duplication , found in more than one copy in the genome. They can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions
Paralogous genes
When describing a group of animals, you speak about an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants. This is an example of a A. monophyletic group. B. polyphyletic group. C. paraphyletic group.
Paraphyletic group
grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
Paraphyletic group
Protists , the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes include
Photoautotrophic, Heterotrophs, Mixtophs
_____provides important information about similar characteristic in closely related species
Phylogeny
____ can actually "aim" and shoot their sporangia toward bright light
Pilobolus
Which of the following broad taxonomic groups is not one of the three domains of life? a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Plantae d. Eukarya
Plantae
the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia
Plasmogamy
grouping includes distantly related species, but does not include their most recent common ancestors
Polyphyletic group
Informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Protist
Marine protists, have delicate symmetrical internal skeletons that are usually made of silica. Use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis. Radiates from the central body
Radiolarians
The tree includes the most recent common ancestor of all living species of bears (branch point 1). What does this tell you about this phylogenetic tree? a. This phylogenetic tree contains homoplasies. b. This phylogenetic tree is rooted. c. The Ursidae family is a paraphyletic group. d. The Ursidae family is a polyphyletic group.
This phylogenetic tree is rooted
How is Apicomplexans spread
Through their host as infectious cells
The formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation is an example of
Ulva
Slime molds, Tabloids, Entamoebas, Nucleariids, Fungi, Choanoflagellates and animals are all examples of
Unikonta
includes animals, fungi and some protists, includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts
Unikonta
fungus occurs inside the cells of the plant root as a highly branched shrubby structure called
arbuscule
You are given a fungus to identify, it has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? a. zygomycete b. chytrid c. deuteromycete d. ascomycete
ascomycete
Identify the sister taxon to the polar bear. a. the brown bear b. the ancestor represented by branch point 7 c. the Asian black bear d. the American black bear
brown bear
A ______ clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
clade
tuberculosis-like symptoms
coccidioidomycosis
Many fungi produce antibiotics, for example, penicillin that are effective at stopping bacterial growth. Which do you think is the evolutionary advantage to the fungus of secreting antibacterial chemicals? a. defense: preventing bacteria from infecting the fungus b. defense: preventing bacteria from killing spores c. symbiosis: attracting helpful bacteria d. competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food. e. predation: eventually consuming the bacteria
competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food
All of the following are lineages of fungi except a. chytrids b. zygomycetes c. glomeromycetes d. ascomycetes e. conidia
conidia
Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called
conidia
Conidia are not formed inside sporangia; they are produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae called
conidiophores
Genetic variation results from___, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
conjugation
The more elements that are similar in two complex structures, the more likely it is that they are
homologous
Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called
homoplasies
Ringworm and athlete's foot are examples of
human mycoses
Giant seaweeds, called ___________live in deep parts of the ocean
kelps
A valid clade is _______, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
monophyletic
Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives form the ______ clade
opisthokonts
Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called____ to communicate their mating type
pheromones
Amoebas are protists that move and feed by ____, extensions of the cell surface
pseudopodia
causes yeast infections
Candia albicans
The repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division is an example of
Caulerpa
Plasmodium causes
Malaria
Many forarms have
endosymbiotic algae
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called
homologies
the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms
Alternation of generations
___have membrane enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
Alveolata
______ is similarity due to convergent evolution
Analogy
___are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases
Apicomplexans
Super group that includes red algae, green algae and land plants
Archeplastida
Live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Produce sexual spores in a saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
Ascomycetes
sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci; vast numbers of asexual spores (condia) produced
Ascomycota (ascomycetes)
Three domain systems adopted
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
include mushrooms, club fungi , puffballs, and shelf fungi. Many are decomposers of wood
Basidomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota)
Include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopida, common in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems
Cercozoans
Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness in humans, another pathogenic trypanosome causes what disease? a. HIV b. Malaria c. Chagas
Chagas
most closely related to land plants
Charophytes
Named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called test
Foraminiferans or forarms
Heterotrophs and absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies, uses enzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds
Fungi
a fungus that produces hydrocarbons similar to diesel fuel, could be used to produce biofuels
Gliocladium roseum
Once considered zygomycetes , now classified in a separate clad, form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Glomeromycetes
arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
Typically biflagellated, with both flagella near one end. All are photosynthetic and some are mixotrophs. Most unicellular but some can be colonial
Golden Algae
______ which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Heterotrophs
____ can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity
Homology
Movement of genes from one genome to another. Occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and fusion of organisms. Key role in the evolution of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Horizontal gene transfer
Given the DNA sequence data in the table, which phylogenetic tree is the most parsimonious? Site in DNA Sequence Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I A G C A A G T II G G A A G G T III G A C T A C T IIII G A C A G C G A. I II III IV B. I III II IV C. I IV II III
I II III IV
The haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells, short lived and undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores called
Karyogamy
Threadlike pseudopodia, include radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans
Rhizarian
insulin-like growth factor can be produced in the fungus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Chlorarachniophyte protists likely evolved when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a green alga is an example of
Secondary endosymbiosis
Example of Phylogeny is
Shows that legless lizards and snakes evolved from different lineages of legged lizards
Groups that share an immediate common ancestor
Sister taxa
Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of a. HIV/AIDS b. Malaria c. Giardiasis d. Trichomoniasis e. Sleeping sickness
Sleeping sickness
Apicomplexans are parasites that spread through their host as infectious cells called
Sporozoites
Includes diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae. Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum
Stramenopiles
SAR clade stands for
Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Rhizarians
System in which would recognize only grpous that include a common ancestor and all its descendants
Systematists
Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name for humans?
The name should be written in italics with the genus capitalized and the species lowercase
According to this tree, is the sun bear more closely related to the sloth bear or the polar bear? a. The polar bear b. The sloth bear c. The sloth bear and the polar bear are equally distant relatives of the sun bear
The polar bear
Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is false? a. They are important in natural systems and agriculture b. Almost all vascular plants have them c. Foresters inoculate pine seedling with them to promote growth d. They colonize soils by dispersing spores that form new mycelia e. They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants
They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants
Fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
Zygomycetes
Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
Zygomycota (zogomycetes)
resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions, site of karyogamy and then meiosis , named for their sexually produced
Zygosporangia
A_______ diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group
basal taxon
The phylum is defined by a clublike structure called _____, a transient diploid stage in the life cycle
basidium
Which of the following pairs are homologous? a. struts in dragonfly wing and bones in penguin flipper b. struts in dragonfly wing and bones in bat wing c. bones in bat wing and bones in seal flipper d. seal flipper and penguin flipper e. bones in penguin flipper and bones in bat wing
bones in penguin flipper and bones in bat wing
Brown bear polar bear American black bear Asian black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of all bears? a. branch point 1 b. branch point 2 c. branch point 3 d. the most recent common ancestor to all living bears is not shown in trees
branch point 1
Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of the sloth bear and the spectacled bear? a. branch point 1 b. branch point 2 c. branch point 3 d. the sloth bear and the spectacled bear do not share a common ancestor
branch point 2
Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of the Asian black bear and the brown bear? a. branch point 2 b. branch point 3 c. branch point 4 d. branch point 5
branch point 4
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a
branching phylogenetic tree
An order of snails has less genetic diversity than an order of mammals is an example of what
broader taxa
In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off tow to a cell; such a mycelium is said to be
dikaryotic
The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are ?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. A. evolved from the same ancestor B. are headed for extinction C. by chance had similar mutations in the past D. are not related E. have increased genetic diversity
evolved from the same ancestor
Unique fungi have specialized hyphae called ______allows them to penetrate the tissue of their host
haustoria
Chytrids are unique among fungi in that they a. have flagellated spores b. form mutualistic relationships with amphibians c. have led to the decline of sheep and cattle population d. have chitinous cell walls
have flagellated spores
In most fungi, the haploid nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away; they coexist in the mycelium called
heterokaryon
Which is false about Phylogenetic trees *2 answers* a. Phylogenetic trees show patterns of decent b. Phylogenetic trees show phenotypic similarity c. Phylogenetic trees indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage d. It should not be assumed that taxon evolved from the taxon nest to it
phylogenetic tress show phenotypic similarity phylogenetic trees indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage
What was used to identify the species of whale from which "whale meat" originated
phylogeny
A_____is a branch from which more than two groups emerge (unresolved pattern of divergence)
polytomy
You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus? a. presence of mitochondria b. absence of chloroplasts c. presence of nuclei d. presence of chitinous cell walls
presence of chitinous cell walls
The largest group of eukaryotic organisms is the a. vertebrates b. animals c. plants d. protists e. fungi
protists
A _____ character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared ancestral
Hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates is an example of a. shared derived character. b. shared ancestral character. c. paraphyletic character. d. polyphyletic character.
shared derived character
Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation or the formation of _______, small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
soredia
Mycorrhizal fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells called
spores
Which of the following groups of species is a monophyletic group, or clade? a. all species of living bears b. brown bear, polar bear, ancestral species 4, ancestral species 7 c. sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 6 d. sun bear, sloth bear, spectacled bear
sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 6
Lichens are a. mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots b. symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi c. a type of plant pathogen d. a type of marine eukaryote e. single celled, flagellated protist ancestors of fungi
symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi
The practical uses of fungi include all of the following except a. systemic mycoses b. reducing high blood pressure c. stopping maternal bleeding after childbirth d. treating bacterial infections e. fuel production
systemic mycoses
Taxon is
taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
Which species is the basal taxon in this tree? a. the polar bear b. the spectacled bear c. the sloth bear d. the giant panda
the giant panda
Which of the following would make the most suitable outgroup species for a cladogram relative to all the other species? A. frog B. tuna C. snake D. penguin E.bat
tuna