Biology Exam I

Fungal cell walls contain

chitin

Which of the following cell organelles most likely arose from endosymbiosis? a. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus b. ER and chloroplasts c. chloroplasts and mitochondria d. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

chloroplasts and mitochondria

What is Phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

generations look similar

isomorphic

The apicomplexan Plasmodium is the parasite that causes what?

malaria

Which principle is not used to identify phylogenetic relationship? A. maximum parsimony B. Occam's razor C. maximum likelihood D. minimum analogy

minimum analogy

____ is characterized by gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations and temporary insanity, contains lysergic acid, raw material for LSD

Ergotism

single-clled organisms

Eukaryotes

Cells have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Characterized by its cytoskeleton, "excavated" feeding groove, includes diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans. Includes protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

Excavata

Reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called___which mask the green of chlorophyll

phycoerythrin

______allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants. Allows us to infer characteristics of dinosaurs

phylogenetic bracketing

A _____ represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

phylogenetic tree

Many species in the ___clade are amoebas

rhizarian

A ______ tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

rooted

What is Taxonomy

scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms

Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by ____, with pores allowing cell to cell movement organelles , includes cell wall, pore, septum, nuclei

septa

Five kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia

This group is one of the most controversial of the four supergroups.

SAR clade

____ which contain chloroplasts

Photoautotrophs

shows that HIV is descended from viruses that infect chimpanzees and other primates

Phylogenetic analysis

Yeast reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the pinching of

bud cells

Fertilization of gamates results in a , which grows into a new sporophyte

diploid zygote

The general term for a fungal infection in animals is

mycosis

homologs of the genes involved in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease

Saccharomyces

lobe-or tube-shaped pseudopodia, including slime molds, tubulinids and entamoebas

Amoebozoans

Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)

Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)

The largest and most complex algae, multicellular and most are marine. Species commonly called "seaweeds".

Brown Algae

The alveolates include

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans and Ciliates

a bread mold, is a model organism with a well=studied genome

Neurospora crassa

autotroph with a unique photosynthetic structure called a chromatophore

Paulinella chromatophora

______is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission

Conjugation

The most common body structures are multicellular filaments and single cells called

yeasts

The diploid sporophyte produces haploid flagellated spores called.____, develop into haploid male and female gametophytes, which produce gametes

zoospores

Diplomonads and parabasalids lack

plastids

A_____ character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

shared derived

________groups organisms by common descent

Cladistics

generations are structurally different

Heteromorphic

a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills

Pfiesteria shumwayae

Which of the following phyla includes aquatic, flagellated fungi? a. Ascomycotia b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

distinguish features of flagellated spores

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents. Can be decomposers, parasites or mutualist

Chytrids - phylum Chytridiomycota

a large varied group of protists , are named from their use of cilia to move and feed. Large macronuclei and small micronuclei

Ciliates

_____ can be nested in larger, but not all groupings of organisms qualify

Clades

lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei, includes cell wall and nuclei

Coenocytic fungi

_______occurs when similar environmental pressure and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Convergent evolution

Unicellular algae with a unique two part glass like wall of silicon dioxide, are a major component of phytoplankton and highly diverse. After population has bloomed, many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor undecomposed, this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and "pumps" it to the ocean floor

Diatoms

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organisms (the host)

Endosymbiosis

causes amebic dysentery, the third-leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites

Entamoeba histolytica

parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

Entamoebas

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely.

Maximum parsimony

___ which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Mixotrophs

_____produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

Molds

uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

Molecular clock

Fungi consist of ______networks of branched ______ adapted for absorption

Mycelia, Hyphae

______ are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots, deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants , vascular plants

Mycorrhizae

includes animals, fungi and several groups of protists

Opisthokonts

Example of humans and mice diverge about 65 millions years ago, and 99% of our genes are ?

Orthologous

Are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species , they can diverge only after speciation occurs

Orthologous genes

causes potato late blight, which contributed to the Irish famine of the 19th century

P. infestans

Which of the following taxonomic categories includes the fewest number of species? A. Animalia B. Panthera C. Felidae D. Carnivora E. Mammalia

Panthera

Gene duplication , found in more than one copy in the genome. They can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions

Paralogous genes

When describing a group of animals, you speak about an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants. This is an example of a A. monophyletic group. B. polyphyletic group. C. paraphyletic group.

Paraphyletic group

grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Paraphyletic group

Protists , the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes include

Photoautotrophic, Heterotrophs, Mixtophs

_____provides important information about similar characteristic in closely related species

Phylogeny

____ can actually "aim" and shoot their sporangia toward bright light

Pilobolus

Which of the following broad taxonomic groups is not one of the three domains of life? a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Plantae d. Eukarya

Plantae

the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

Plasmogamy

grouping includes distantly related species, but does not include their most recent common ancestors

Polyphyletic group

Informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

Protist

Marine protists, have delicate symmetrical internal skeletons that are usually made of silica. Use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis. Radiates from the central body

Radiolarians

The tree includes the most recent common ancestor of all living species of bears (branch point 1). What does this tell you about this phylogenetic tree? a. This phylogenetic tree contains homoplasies. b. This phylogenetic tree is rooted. c. The Ursidae family is a paraphyletic group. d. The Ursidae family is a polyphyletic group.

This phylogenetic tree is rooted

How is Apicomplexans spread

Through their host as infectious cells

The formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation is an example of

Ulva

Slime molds, Tabloids, Entamoebas, Nucleariids, Fungi, Choanoflagellates and animals are all examples of

Unikonta

includes animals, fungi and some protists, includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts

Unikonta

fungus occurs inside the cells of the plant root as a highly branched shrubby structure called

arbuscule

You are given a fungus to identify, it has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? a. zygomycete b. chytrid c. deuteromycete d. ascomycete

ascomycete

Identify the sister taxon to the polar bear. a. the brown bear b. the ancestor represented by branch point 7 c. the Asian black bear d. the American black bear

brown bear

A ______ clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

clade

tuberculosis-like symptoms

coccidioidomycosis

Many fungi produce antibiotics, for example, penicillin that are effective at stopping bacterial growth. Which do you think is the evolutionary advantage to the fungus of secreting antibacterial chemicals? a. defense: preventing bacteria from infecting the fungus b. defense: preventing bacteria from killing spores c. symbiosis: attracting helpful bacteria d. competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food. e. predation: eventually consuming the bacteria

competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food

All of the following are lineages of fungi except a. chytrids b. zygomycetes c. glomeromycetes d. ascomycetes e. conidia

conidia

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called

conidia

Conidia are not formed inside sporangia; they are produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae called

conidiophores

Genetic variation results from___, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

conjugation

The more elements that are similar in two complex structures, the more likely it is that they are

homologous

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called

homoplasies

Ringworm and athlete's foot are examples of

human mycoses

Giant seaweeds, called ___________live in deep parts of the ocean

kelps

A valid clade is _______, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

monophyletic

Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives form the ______ clade

opisthokonts

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called____ to communicate their mating type

pheromones

Amoebas are protists that move and feed by ____, extensions of the cell surface

pseudopodia

causes yeast infections

Candia albicans

The repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division is an example of

Caulerpa

Plasmodium causes

Malaria

Many forarms have

endosymbiotic algae

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called

homologies

the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms

Alternation of generations

___have membrane enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

Alveolata

______ is similarity due to convergent evolution

Analogy

___are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases

Apicomplexans

Super group that includes red algae, green algae and land plants

Archeplastida

Live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Produce sexual spores in a saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps

Ascomycetes

sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci; vast numbers of asexual spores (condia) produced

Ascomycota (ascomycetes)

Three domain systems adopted

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

include mushrooms, club fungi , puffballs, and shelf fungi. Many are decomposers of wood

Basidomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota)

Include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopida, common in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems

Cercozoans

Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness in humans, another pathogenic trypanosome causes what disease? a. HIV b. Malaria c. Chagas

Chagas

most closely related to land plants

Charophytes

Named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called test

Foraminiferans or forarms

Heterotrophs and absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies, uses enzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

Fungi

a fungus that produces hydrocarbons similar to diesel fuel, could be used to produce biofuels

Gliocladium roseum

Once considered zygomycetes , now classified in a separate clad, form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants

Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)

Typically biflagellated, with both flagella near one end. All are photosynthetic and some are mixotrophs. Most unicellular but some can be colonial

Golden Algae

______ which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Heterotrophs

____ can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity

Homology

Movement of genes from one genome to another. Occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and fusion of organisms. Key role in the evolution of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Horizontal gene transfer

Given the DNA sequence data in the table, which phylogenetic tree is the most parsimonious? Site in DNA Sequence Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I A G C A A G T II G G A A G G T III G A C T A C T IIII G A C A G C G A. I II III IV B. I III II IV C. I IV II III

I II III IV

The haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells, short lived and undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores called

Karyogamy

Threadlike pseudopodia, include radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans

Rhizarian

insulin-like growth factor can be produced in the fungus

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chlorarachniophyte protists likely evolved when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a green alga is an example of

Secondary endosymbiosis

Example of Phylogeny is

Shows that legless lizards and snakes evolved from different lineages of legged lizards

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Sister taxa

Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of a. HIV/AIDS b. Malaria c. Giardiasis d. Trichomoniasis e. Sleeping sickness

Sleeping sickness

Apicomplexans are parasites that spread through their host as infectious cells called

Sporozoites

Includes diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae. Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum

Stramenopiles

SAR clade stands for

Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Rhizarians

System in which would recognize only grpous that include a common ancestor and all its descendants

Systematists

Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name for humans?

The name should be written in italics with the genus capitalized and the species lowercase

According to this tree, is the sun bear more closely related to the sloth bear or the polar bear? a. The polar bear b. The sloth bear c. The sloth bear and the polar bear are equally distant relatives of the sun bear

The polar bear

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is false? a. They are important in natural systems and agriculture b. Almost all vascular plants have them c. Foresters inoculate pine seedling with them to promote growth d. They colonize soils by dispersing spores that form new mycelia e. They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants

They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants

Fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

Zygomycetes

Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

Zygomycota (zogomycetes)

resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions, site of karyogamy and then meiosis , named for their sexually produced

Zygosporangia

A_______ diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

basal taxon

The phylum is defined by a clublike structure called _____, a transient diploid stage in the life cycle

basidium

Which of the following pairs are homologous? a. struts in dragonfly wing and bones in penguin flipper b. struts in dragonfly wing and bones in bat wing c. bones in bat wing and bones in seal flipper d. seal flipper and penguin flipper e. bones in penguin flipper and bones in bat wing

bones in penguin flipper and bones in bat wing

Brown bear polar bear American black bear Asian black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of all bears? a. branch point 1 b. branch point 2 c. branch point 3 d. the most recent common ancestor to all living bears is not shown in trees

branch point 1

Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of the sloth bear and the spectacled bear? a. branch point 1 b. branch point 2 c. branch point 3 d. the sloth bear and the spectacled bear do not share a common ancestor

branch point 2

Which branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of the Asian black bear and the brown bear? a. branch point 2 b. branch point 3 c. branch point 4 d. branch point 5

branch point 4

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a

branching phylogenetic tree

An order of snails has less genetic diversity than an order of mammals is an example of what

broader taxa

In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off tow to a cell; such a mycelium is said to be

dikaryotic

The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are ?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. A. evolved from the same ancestor B. are headed for extinction C. by chance had similar mutations in the past D. are not related E. have increased genetic diversity

evolved from the same ancestor

Unique fungi have specialized hyphae called ______allows them to penetrate the tissue of their host

haustoria

Chytrids are unique among fungi in that they a. have flagellated spores b. form mutualistic relationships with amphibians c. have led to the decline of sheep and cattle population d. have chitinous cell walls

have flagellated spores

In most fungi, the haploid nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away; they coexist in the mycelium called

heterokaryon

Which is false about Phylogenetic trees *2 answers* a. Phylogenetic trees show patterns of decent b. Phylogenetic trees show phenotypic similarity c. Phylogenetic trees indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage d. It should not be assumed that taxon evolved from the taxon nest to it

phylogenetic tress show phenotypic similarity phylogenetic trees indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage

What was used to identify the species of whale from which "whale meat" originated

phylogeny

A_____is a branch from which more than two groups emerge (unresolved pattern of divergence)

polytomy

You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus? a. presence of mitochondria b. absence of chloroplasts c. presence of nuclei d. presence of chitinous cell walls

presence of chitinous cell walls

The largest group of eukaryotic organisms is the a. vertebrates b. animals c. plants d. protists e. fungi

protists

A _____ character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

shared ancestral

Hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates is an example of a. shared derived character. b. shared ancestral character. c. paraphyletic character. d. polyphyletic character.

shared derived character

Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation or the formation of _______, small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

soredia

Mycorrhizal fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells called

spores

Which of the following groups of species is a monophyletic group, or clade? a. all species of living bears b. brown bear, polar bear, ancestral species 4, ancestral species 7 c. sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 6 d. sun bear, sloth bear, spectacled bear

sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 6

Lichens are a. mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots b. symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi c. a type of plant pathogen d. a type of marine eukaryote e. single celled, flagellated protist ancestors of fungi

symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi

The practical uses of fungi include all of the following except a. systemic mycoses b. reducing high blood pressure c. stopping maternal bleeding after childbirth d. treating bacterial infections e. fuel production

systemic mycoses

Taxon is

taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Which species is the basal taxon in this tree? a. the polar bear b. the spectacled bear c. the sloth bear d. the giant panda

the giant panda

Which of the following would make the most suitable outgroup species for a cladogram relative to all the other species? A. frog B. tuna C. snake D. penguin E.bat

tuna