Biology Exam Study Guide

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

1. energy investment stage 2. energy capturing stage

How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorus-32 (32P) atom (See figure above?

17

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of __________ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

2

How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C2H4?

2

What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in a particular environment?

adaptations

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9. Which of the following would you do to a neutral fluorine atom to complete its valence shell?

add 1 electron

What is the cleaving enzyme in Glycolysis?

aldolase

Tissues form:

an organ

What results from the chemical reaction illustrated above? The reactants have no charge?

a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of -1

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when

a cell grows and duplicates its DNA

Pheromones, which are chemicals released by many animals i an effort to attract members of the opposite sex, are an example of

a chemical stimulus

What is the name of the protein that becomes oxidized in the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that:

a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has 5 carbons

What is the intermediate molecule of the Calvin cycle? What is the regenerated molecules ?

PGAL is the intermediate and RuBP is the regenerated

What is the cell surface protein that allows passage for large molecules?

carrier proteins

Cytokenesis in plant cell mitosis occurs by the formation if a

cell plate

What is the most important photosynthetic pigments?

chlorophyll a

What is the reaction center for Photosystem 1 and only accepts wavelengths of what?

chlorophyll b and accepts 700 nanometers

What is a cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells?

chloroplast

Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?

chloroplasts

What are structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3?

cristae

final electron acceptor of ETC

cysta a (cytochrome A3

What is the primary electron acceptor in photosystem 1?

ferrodoxin

Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as:

fluorescene

What do the group of thylakoid discs make up?

granum

A eukaryotic cell:

has a variety of membranous organelles

ATP is formed when __________ the thylakoid lumen.

hydrogen ions leave

What is the process of turning an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat?

hydrogenation

A good hypothesis

is falsifiable

What are microtubules that extend from the poles of a cel to the center of the centromeres during cell division?

kinetochores

Besides the ability of some cancer cells to overproliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor?

lack of appropriate apoptosis

What is one difference between a normal cell and a center cell is that a cancer cell?

move in liquid/ grow in liquid

How would you rid your muscles of the painful latin acid build-up after strenuous exercise?

participate in light exercise while breathing deeply

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:

producers

What are plants, algae, and certain bacteria that produce their own food from simple raw materials?

producers/ autotrophs

When multiple polypeptides are combines, a ______________ is formed.

protein

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

Refer to Figure 4-2. The cellular structure indicated by the arrow is responsible for:

protein synthesis

There are two groups of bases. Those with two rings in their structure are called ___________ and those with one ring in their structure are called ____________

purines, pyrimidines

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of:

pyruvic acid

What is data collected using one of the 5 senses?

qualitative data

What are two current treatments for cancer?

radiation and chemotherapy

Genetic variation arises within asexual organisms by:

random mutation within the DNA of individuals

Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:

reactants move faster within membrane-bounded organelles

You have just discovered a new flower species that has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be relish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?

red and yellow

Aerobic respiration is classified as

redox process

NADH and FADH2 are the products of:

reduction reactions

What is the most abundant enzyme in nature?

rubisco

In which phase of the cell cycle do the organelle of cells replicate?

s phase

Different centrifugation is a process that:

separates components of the cell that have a different chemical makeup

functions of plasma membrane include what?

separating cell's internal environment from its external environment and regulating the passage of materials between the cell and its environment

The greatest number of plants and animals reproduce by what?

sexual reproduction

Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents

shortening of microtubules

An atom has 4 electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming?

single, double, or triplet

Lactic acid production in muscle cells is:

temporary and due to oxygen deficiency

Which of these organisms are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose? a. humans b. termites c. cockroaches d. fungi e.all of the above

termites

If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:

the quartenary structure of a protein

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? a. they are isomers b.they are isotopes c. they contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively d. They each contain only 1 neutron

they are isotopes

Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:

thylakoid membrane

The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:

to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 2 CO2

In the Kreb's acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to:

4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 ATP

What are thylakoid membrane involved in?

ATP synthesis

How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

4

What is the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4?

A :thylakoids

When there is enough ATP stored, ______________ will not enter the Citric Acid Cycle. This process is _____________

Acetyl CoA and feedback inhibition

In the ABCD's of moles A stands for _____________, b stands for _______________, C stands for _______________, and the D stands for ___________

Asymmetrical, borders, color, diameter

Which of these is NOT a formula for a monosaccharide? a. C2H402 b. C4H8O4 c. C6H12O6 d. C7H14O7 E. C5H10O5

C2H4O2

What is the summary equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP

If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?

D: thylakoid

Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA? a. RNA is a protein and DNA is a nucleic acid b. DNA is a polymer and RNA is a monomer c. DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis d. RNA is a single stranded form of DNA e, DNA is the primary energy currency of all cells

DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis

T or F Glycolysis is an aerobic biochemical pathway

False

T or F The enzyme needed to add a phosphate to glucose is aldolase

False

What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?

NADP+

The molecular fragment represented in Figure 03-03 is:

RNA

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

a polar covalent bond

What can cell growth out of control can lead to?

cancer

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

carbon fixation

What are the structures in the micrograph?

cilia and flagella

What is the most important member of any ecosystem?

decomposer

What is the change of protein shape accompanied by the loss of biological activity?

denature

What process does one function of peroxisomes involve?

detoxification

A very important enzyme called _________ transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid

enolase

These amino acids cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts to meet our dietary needs ______________

essential elements

Sequence A in Figure 01-01 represents:

experimental group

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.

extracts no ATP from pyruvic acid

What is the primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 9-1?

gas exchange

plants store excess glucose in the form of ___________

glucose

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? a. calcium b. iodine c. sodium d. phosphorus

iodine

Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:

maintain a constant internal environment

In living organisms, the process such as growth, repair, and nutrition are what?

metabolism

The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:

metabolism

The theory of evolution states that:

organisms living today descended with modifications from previously existing forms

The energy of a photon of light is least for what?

red

Plants may respond to all of the following stimuli except what? a. touch b. sound c. water d. light

sound

A ___________ is an example of a polypeptide contains a helix and a pleated sheet in its secondary structure

spider web

All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles except: a. maintaining hydrostatic (turgor) pressure b. waste storage and recycling c. storage of proteins d. breakdown of unneeded cellular materials e. storage of nucleic acids

storage of nucleic acids

Ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q

transfers electrons

If 66 molecules of water are produced during cellular respiration, how many molecules of glucose were broken down? ______________ How many ATP were made in the process ___________

11 and 396

A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?

23

Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

437

When do chromosomes appear singly?

G1, anaphase, telophase

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:

Golgi complex

Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions? a. NADPH b. Phosphoglycerate (PGA) c. PGAL d. glucose e. ribulose -1,5-biphosphate

NADPH

What will be oxidized in the Calvin cycle? What is the molecule that gets reduced?

NADPH gets oxidized and GAP gets reduced

Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:

PGAL

in glycolysis, fructose- 1, 6-biphosphate splits forming two molecules of

PGAL

What is the scientific name for the bonobo

Pan paniscus

Which chemical has the most energy? a. phosphoglycerate (PGA) b. ribulose 1,5-biphospahte (RuBP) c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) D. glucose e. disphosphoglucerate (GAP)

glucose

Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

glucose, fats, proteins, polysaccharides

In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? a.fatty acids + glycerol= fat b. glucose + fructose= sucrose c. glycogen = glucose d. alanine + glycine = dipeptide e. glucose= cellulose

glycogen = glucose

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells?

glycolysis

Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle?

glycolysis -- mitochondrion

Which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? a. blue b. red c. violet d. orange e. green

green

What does the domain Eukarya include?

green algae, mushrooms, bears, mosses

The functions of mitotic cell division in the life cycles of an organism may include:

growth, replacement of older cells, repair of injured tissue, asexual reproduction

In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine will form hydrogen bonds with

guanine

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks the enzyme aldolase. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. The reason he cannot do this is because:

human cells also undergo glycolysis, so the drug might also poison them

Water molecules are attracted to one another by what?

hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is not one of the stages of cell respiration? a. glycolysis b. formation of Acetyl CoA c. hydrolysis d. citric acid cycle e, electron transport

hydrolysis

What is a concussion based on past knowledge and not current observations?

inference

Mature nerve cells, which don't undergo cell division are arrested in ____ of the cell cycle

metaphase of mitosis, prophase of mitosis, G2 of cell cycle, S phase of cell cycle

What is the movement of cancer cells?

metastasize

Every protein in the human body begins with the amino acid, ___________

methinine

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

mitochondria

The ______ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during _________ of mitosis

mitotic sindle; anaphase

Among other things, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by what?

not having a nucleus

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung. The most likely change that would have caused this conditions took place in the:

nucleus

substrate-level phosphorylation

occurs during glycolysis

The regenerated molecule in the Kreb's cycle is

oxaloacetic acid

In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:

cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does fermentation occur? _________ glycolysis? _________ Krebs cycle? ____________ electron transport chain? _____________

cytoplasm, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and mitochondria

In an experiment, the control group:

does not contain the variable being tested

What is the first event in photosynthesis?

donation of an electro from the photosystem to an acceptor

Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are _____.

non polar covalent bonds

Sequence B in Figure 01-01 represents

none of the above

The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is: a. the first step in the citric acid cycle b. the energy producing step of glycolysis c. fermentation d. part of the electron transport chain e. none of the above

none of the above

Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids? a. waxes b. steroids c. cholesterol d. estrogen e. none of the above, all are lipids

none of the above, all are lipids

Movement, as defined for living organisms, includes all of the following except: a. free-swimming larvae of sessile adults b. the movements of flood and water by cilia c. locomotion via slow oozing of a cell (amoeboid motion) d. plants orientating their leaves toward the sun e. None of the above, all are types of movement in living organisms

none of the above, all are types of movement in living organisms

This molecule transmits heredity information:

nucleic acid

Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a. sucrose b. cellulose c. glucose d. fructose e. galactose

sucrose

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-1,5 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-1,4 because the atomic number of nitrogen-1,5 contains what?

sulfur

What is the limiting factor for the size of the cell?

surface area/ volume ratio

Which of the following statements represents a good hypothesis? a. shoofly pie tastes good b. swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temepratures c. there is life after death d. Hemophilia is also known as bleeder's disease e. since sparrows, robins, hawks, and pigeons are all birds and have wings, all birds have wings

swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temperatures

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

synthesis of ATP

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

Two hormones in the human body are considered to be steroids. They are _______

testosterone and estrogen

Which of the following is NOT associated with they thylakoid membrane? a. photosystems 1 and 2 b. the Calvin cycle c. electron transport chain d. ATP synthase e. cytochrome complex

the Calvin cycle

Genomics is:

the analysis of the complete DNA sequence of an organism

A cell is in metaphase if:

the chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell

A glucose molecules that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:

the citric acid cycle

The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because:

the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP

When molecules are broken apart in respiration

the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP

cyclin-dependent kinase

the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules

A molecule of a saturated triacyclglycerol contains:

the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains

Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? a. the number of electrons in the element b. the number of protons in the element c. the number of protons plus neutrons in the element d. the number of protons plus electrons in the element

the number of protons plus neutrons in the element

What is the enzyme needed needed to form PGAl through the oxidation reactions?

GAP dehydrogenase

What can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center?

Golgi complex

Noncylic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from what?

H20

Oxygen produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis comes directly from:

H20

Which of the following are compounds? a. H20, 02, and CH4 b. H20 and 02 c. O2 and CH4 d. H20 and CH4, but not O2

H2O and CH4, but not O2

One product of the initial (first) reaction of the Krebs cycle is:

citric acid

Which monomer is incorrectly matched with the corresponding polymer? a. amino acids are used to build proteins b. Monosaccharides are used to build polysaccharides c. Fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids d. Glucose molecules are used to build starches e. All of these monomers are correctly matched with the corresponding polymer

Fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids

Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why?

Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?

accepting vesicles from ER

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?

approximately 16 daltons

The cell theory states that all living organisms what?

are composed of basic units called cells

All organisms are classified into 2 general trophic groups. These two groups are what?

autotrophs and heterotrophs

What is one thing you can do to remove built up lactic acid?

breathing (stretching, arms up while breathing)

Which of the followings the most basic level of chemical organization? a. cell b.molecule c. atom d. tissue e. organism

cell

DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called

chromatin

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:

cis face to medial region to trans face

Select the process that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule

citric acid cycle -- 4 ATP

regulatory proteins

control the expression of specific genes

What is the main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3?

conversion of food molecules into ATP

What does an isomerase enzyme do?

converts a molecule into its isomer

Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?

covalent bonds between carbon atoms

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?

cyclic electron flow

Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins? a. hydrophobic interactions b. non polar covalent bonds c. ionic interactions d. hydrogen bonds e. polar covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

A culture of mouse cells is treated with a chemical that interferes with the activity of microfilaments. Which of the following will probably be affected the most?

mitosis

A biological molecule with six carbons, five hydroxyl groups, and an aldehyde or ketone group is classified as:

monosaccharide

The major difference between a structural lipid, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact the structural lipid:

most commonly contains phosphate

Which of the following terms includes the fewest species of organisms? a. ecosystem b. community c. biosphere d. population e. none of these include any species

none of these include any species

All of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except: a. ionic bonds b. hydrogen bonds c. hydrophobic interactions d. disulfide bonds e. peptide bonds

peptide bonds

Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?

peroxisomes

The most abundant molecules in this structure are:

phospholipids

Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:

photons

The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:

photosynthesis

What is a collection of pigment molecules found in the thylakoid membrane?

photosystem

By definition, substances that absorb visible light are called what?

pigments

Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem? a. producers=consumers=decomposers b. decomposers=producers=consumers c. consumers=producers=decomposers d. decomposers=consumers=producers e. producers=decomposers=consumers

producers=consumers=decomposers

In the experimental evaluation of a new drug, a placebo serves the purpose of what?

removing the potential psychological bias of the patient in the study

Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:

ribosomes

The first step of the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to:

ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

synthesizes lipids

Which of the following is not a concept or term related to information transfer of living organisms? a. genes b. taxon c. proteins d. neurotransmitters e. hormones

taxon

The science of classifying organisms is what?

taxonomy

The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the:

three-dimensional shape due to bonding of the individual R groups

Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?

two

How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

two

The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is:

two

Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvic acids yield:

two acetyl groups + two Co2

A sampling error could occur from?

very few individuals in the control group

When are atoms most stable?

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled

In all organisms, hereditary information is encoded within:

DNA molecules

What is the center of the endoplasmic reticulum through which the proteins and lipids travel?

ER Lumen

What series of proteins acts to transfer high energy electrons through the thylakoid membrane in P2?

ETC- electron transport chain

Can the atomic mass of an element vary?

Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.

What is the primary electron acceptor for the Cytochrome A complex? What is he final electron acceptor?

a complex is pheophytin and final electron acceptor is plastocynanin

The organism in the accompanying figure can be classified as

a mammal

When the atoms involved in covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?

a non polar covalent bond

The type of connection between the atom at the point labeled 1 in Figure 03-03 is:

a phosphodiester linkage

What is a hypothesis?

a proposed explanation

To prevent disastrous consequences the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by what?

a series of cell cycle checkpoints

The most abundant steroid in the human body is ____________

cholesterol

What is the steroid found in the cell membrane that keeps the cells from freezing?

cholesterol

What is a series of enzyme catalyzed cyclic biochemical reactions requiring two kinds of energy?

Calvin cycle

What is the intermediate molecule formed in the Krebs cycle?

succinct acid

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:

basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry

How many ATP does gylcolysis gross? How many ATP are used in the process?

4 ATP and it uses 2 ATP

How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?

6

What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms can be covalently bonded in a molecule?

6

How many molecules of glucose would be made if 72 molecules of water were added?

12

From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has

15 protons and 15 electrons

in humans, 5 glucose molecules would produce _______ ATP

180

How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule NADP+ to NADPH?

2

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds than an oxygen atom with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen?

2

When pyruvic acid breaks down in the presence of oxygen, a two carbon molecule called ___________ is formed and _______ is released

2 Acetyl group and CO2

In Figure 03-02, ionic attractions would form between the R groups of which amino acid? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 3 and 5 d. 4 and 6 e. none of the above

2 and 4

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Where will chloroplasts be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 9-1 labeled: a. 1 and 2 b. 3 and 4 c. 4 and 5 d. 6 and 7 e. 7 and 8

3 and 4

Hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in Figure 03-02? a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 5 c. 3 and 6 d. 2 and 4 e. 3 and 5

3 and 6

In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ___________ thus forming fructose 1,6 -biphosphate

ATP

Which process does not match the products? a. electron transport - ATP, H20 b. citric acid cycle - C02, NADH, FADH2, ATP c. formation of Acetyl CoA- Acetyl CoA, CO2 d. glycolysis-purivic acid, ATP NADH e. all of the processes match the products

All of the processes match the products

Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3H2 reverses 2NH3 a. The reaction is nonreversible b.Hydrogen and nitrogen are the reactants of the reverse reaction c. Ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously d. Only the forward or reverse reactions can occur at one time

Ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously

Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure? a. an atom is a solid mass of material b. the particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other c. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble d. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble

Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble

Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP

What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?

CO2, ATP, NADPH

Who developed a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms?

Carolus Linnaeus

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between charged atoms

Which of the following statements is false? a. DNA is usually composed of two nucleotide strands b. DNA contains deoxyribose c. DNA does not normally contain uracil d. The nucleotides of DNA are linked by phosphodiester linkages e. DNA does not formally contain a phosphate group

DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group

Most cells spend the majority of their lives in

Interphase

Only _____ is not a stage of mitosis a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase

Interphase

The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride?

MgCl2

Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers from 92-100. Therefore, which of the following can be true? a. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons b. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 protons c. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 electrons d. Istopes of molybdenum have different numbers of electrons

Molybdenum atoms can have 50 and 58 neutrons

Which of the following statements is true of proteins? a. Proteins lose some or all of their normal activity is their tree-dimensional structure is disrupted b. Proteins are composed of ribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base c. The activity of proteins is independent of temperature and pH d. Denaturation is usually reversible e. All proteins are enzymes

Proteins lose some or all of their natural activity their three-dimensional structure

There are 20 different amino acids in the proteins the make up the tissues of living organisms. The primary difference between these amino acids is in their:

R or functional groups

What enzyme is needed to phosphorylate phosphglycerate (PGA)?

Ribulose Kinase

The following (P through U) are the main steps of ATP synthesis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Which answer places them in the correct order? P. H+ concentration gradient established Q. H+ diffuses through a transport protein R. Carriers use energy from electrons the move H+ across membrane S. Electrons from photosystem II mass along electrons transport chain T. Light excites electrons in photosystem II U. Energy of H+ flow and ATP Synthetase makes ATP a. PQTSRU b. STPQRU c.TSRPQU d. TSRUQP e. PQUSTR

TRSPQU

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct? a. They are more common in animals b. They have no double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids c. They are generally liquids at room temperature d. They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms e. They have fewer fatty acids per fat molecule than do saturated fats

They are generally liquids at room temperature

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles if false? a. They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells b. They are duplicated before cell division c. they played a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis d. They are found in the centrosome e. They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly

They played a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis

Cells from advanced malignant tumors often have very abnormal chromosomes and an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?

Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells, cell cycle checkpoints are to in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities, cancer cells are no longer density-dependent

T or F Every living organism carries out cellular respiration

True

What is a typeof tumor that stays in the area it originated from?

benign

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport

Chlorophyll

absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light

The graph in Figure 9-2 represents the:

absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b

Which process is a transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA formation

Which of the following statements is false? a. Carbon, hrydogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter b. some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms c. all life requires the same essential elements d. iron is needed by all humans

all life requires the same essential elements

What would be the ultimate effect on the ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated?

all life would eventually cease as nutrients would no longer be available

Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type? a. sperm cells have flagella b.nerve cells have long, thin extensions c. Epithelial cells are rectangular d. white blood cells can change shape e. All of these are correct

all of these are correct

When Citric acid loses a carbon dioxide it becomes a fiver carbon molecule called what?

alpha ketoglutanic acid

Biological-growth involves

an increase in the number of cells and an increase in the size of individual cells

If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____.

an isotope

Catabolic reactions:

are generally explosive, usually produce ATP, are part of metabolism, may produce monosaccharides from polysaccharides

Mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in ____.

asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes and growth and tissue repair in multicelled species

What is the structure that anchors the cilia and flagella the cell?

basal body

A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure?

blue and red light

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.

carbon dioxide

About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

Cell respiration is most accurately described as a __________ process

catabolic

The major functions of proteins includes:

catalyzing chemical reactions, controlling the expression of genes, strengthening and protecting cells and tissues

In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and _____.

catenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves

Which of the following is not a concept or term related to evolution? a. adaptation b. genetic mutation c. cellular respiration d. gene pool e. natural selection

cellular respiration

All of the following molecules are proteins except: a. hemoglobin b. antibodies c. collagen d. enzymes e. cellulose

cellulose

Which of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex? a. sucrose b. fructose c. cellulose d. glucose e. a disaccharide

cellulose

What is a basal body most commonly related to?

centriole

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. chloroplast-storage of enzymes b. lysosome-powerhouse of the cell c. centrosome-cell division d. plastids- structural support of the cell e. Golgi complex- production of energy

centrosome-cell division

Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration occurs during a process known as

chemiosmosis

The exoskeletons of arthropods are formed from the structural polysaccharide

chitin

The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts in supported by all of the following EXCEPT: a. chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells b. chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA c. chloroplasts and mitochondria have small ribosomes for protein synthesis d. chloroplasts and mitochondria have approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells e. chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same shape as prokaryotic cells

chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells

Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a. each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge b. ammonia has an overall positive charge c. Ammonia has an overall negative charge d. the nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge

each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge

Van der Waals interactions may result when _____.

electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule

In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? They have the same number of what?

electrons in their valence shells when neutral

The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an __________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of __________ down their concentration gradient.

endergonic; protons

The first four stages of glycolysis are considered to be _______________ because it requires an expenditure of energy

energy investing stage

If a particular protein were being produced in excess of the cell's needs, then __________ mechanisms intervene to stop production.

feedback

Select the aerobic pathway:

fermentation

Which of the following events does not occur in prophase?

formation of a new cell membrane

Which of the following correctly describes all chemical equilibrium? a. Forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products b. Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants c. There are equal concentrations of products and reactants while forward and reverse reactions continue d. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped

forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products

In intervals of interphase, G stands for ____

gap

What are segments of DNA that control specific characteristics of an organism such as insulin production and skin color?

genes

Information in living organisms can be transmitted by:

genes, hormones, electrical activity, neurotransmitters

Human saliva contains enzymes that hydrolyze starch. If a baby chews up a cracker, what is the starch broken down into in the baby's mouth?

glucose

What is the molecule that gets phosphorylated in the first stage of cellular respiration?

glucose

The first molecule that is phosphorylized during glycolysis is ______________ and is assisted by the enzyme ___________

glucose, hexokinase

A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells is:

glycogen

When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals) what reserves will be used first?

glycogen

The Human Genome Project:

has mapped the complete set of genes that make up the human genome

A cell in G2

has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus

Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source?

heterotroph-light energy sources

What family does the gorilla belong to?

homnidaie

Which of the following is a chemical compound that transmits information from one organ to another within a multicellular organism? a. neuron b. blood c. DNA d. RNA e. hormone

hormone

If an atom has a charge of +1, which of the following must be true? a. It has two more protons than neutrons b.it has the same number of protons as electrons c. it has one more electron than it does protons d. it has one more proton than it does electrons

it has one more proton than it does electrons

Analysis of a certain complex compound shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound? a. it is most likely ribonucleic acid b. It is DNA c. it is an inorganic compound d. it contains thymine .e. it is a polypeptide

it is most likely ribonucleic acid

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? a. it is probably a lipid b. it should dissolve in water c. it should dissolve in a non polar solvent d. it won't form hydrogen bonds with water e. it is hydrophobic

it should dissolve in water

The spindle attaches to chromosomes at the _____.

kinetochore of the centromere

The kinetochore serves which of the following functions?

kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis

What are the reactions that occur in the thylakoid membrane?

light-dependent reactions

The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into what two stages?

light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions

Glucose is converted into glycogen primarily in the

liver

What is a type of cell that would have an unusually large number of peroxisomes?

liver cells

An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a __________ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.

low energy; high energy

The chromosomes align at the midpoint of the spindle during what?

metaphase

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms? a. adapt to their environment b. reproduce c. respond to stimuli d. multicellular e. movement

multicellular

The ultimate source of genetic variation within a population is:

mutations in DNA

Decarboxylations

occur as part of the citric acid cycle, produce CO2 that is then inhaled via breathing, involve the removal of a carbon dioxide from a substrate, are one general type of reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include what?

organelle enclosed by membranes and a nucleus enclosed by a membrane

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

outer-shell electrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both

What state are you in when you breathe out more oxygen than you can take in?

oxygen debt

When you expend more oxygen than you can take in, you are said to be in _______________

oxygen debt

In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to:

oxygen in a series of steps

What is the meshlike network of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell?

plasmodesmata

What is the organelle featured in Figure 4-3?

plays a central role in packaging materials to be secreted

The present system of biological classification contains six kingdoms. Which of the following does not belong to any of the six kingdoms? a. bacteria b. polio virus c. baker's yeast d. green algae e. elephants

polio virus

At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?

primary

Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2?

protein synthesis

According to the graph in Figure 9-2, chlorophyll a absorbs light most strongly in the:

red and blue wavelengths

In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is called what?

redox reaction

During aerobic respiration, oxygen is:

reduced

In the process of carbon fixation. RuBP attaches a carbon dioxide to produce a six carbon molecules, which is then split to produce two molecules of phosphglycerate (PGA). After phosphorylation and reduction produces PFAL what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?

regeneration of RuBP

If the experiments do not support the hypothesis, then the theory is said to be what?

rejected

Which of the following is not a term or concept related to the flow of energy through living organisms? a. cellular respiration b. consumers c. decomposers d. photosynthesis e. sexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

The functions of lipids include:

storing energy, serving as structural components of cellular membranes, serving as hormones

In a chloroplast, there is an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called what?

stroma

Reductionism refers to the method of investigating structures by

studying the parts of the structures

Which of the following steps in the Kreb's cycle directly produce molecule of ATP?

succinate = fumaric acid

Which of the following correctly describes a reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? a. the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction b. all of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction c. all of the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction d. Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped, with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products

the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

After mitosis, the chromosome number of a descendant cell is _____ the parent cell's.

the same as

The chemical interactions of large hydrocarbons are largely determined by:

their functional groups

Which of the following statements is not an observation about natural selection? a. there is some variation within a population b. competition between populations increases variation c. Individuals with advantageous characteristics tend to survive d. survivors pass their advantageous characteristics to their offspring e. most species overproduce offspring

there is some variation within a population

All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis except a. the energy source utilized is the ATP and NADPH obtained through the night b. these reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise c. the 5 carbon sugar RuBP is constantly being regenerated d. the intermediate product is PGAL e. the reactions are all enzyme mediated

these reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise

The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located where?

thylakoid membrane

Ester linkages would be formed during condensation reactions that produce:

triacylglcerols

Three molecules of fatty acid joined to an alcohol is:

triglyceride

A duplicated chromosome has ______ chromotaids

two

All of the following bases are found in DNA except: a. thymine b. adenine c. uracil d. guanine e. cosine

uracil

Autotrophs (or producers):

usually rely on sunlight as an energy source, produce food molecules such as sugars, include algae, mosses, and vascular plants, and synthesize complex molecules from CO2, water, and energy

What is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is of medium wavelengths?

visible light

In another experiment, mice were allowed to breathe oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. In this experiment the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in:

water