Biology Exam Study Guide
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
1. energy investment stage 2. energy capturing stage
How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorus-32 (32P) atom (See figure above?
17
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of __________ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
2
How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C2H4?
2
What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in a particular environment?
adaptations
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9. Which of the following would you do to a neutral fluorine atom to complete its valence shell?
add 1 electron
What is the cleaving enzyme in Glycolysis?
aldolase
Tissues form:
an organ
What results from the chemical reaction illustrated above? The reactants have no charge?
a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of -1
Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when
a cell grows and duplicates its DNA
Pheromones, which are chemicals released by many animals i an effort to attract members of the opposite sex, are an example of
a chemical stimulus
What is the name of the protein that becomes oxidized in the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that:
a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has 5 carbons
What is the intermediate molecule of the Calvin cycle? What is the regenerated molecules ?
PGAL is the intermediate and RuBP is the regenerated
What is the cell surface protein that allows passage for large molecules?
carrier proteins
Cytokenesis in plant cell mitosis occurs by the formation if a
cell plate
What is the most important photosynthetic pigments?
chlorophyll a
What is the reaction center for Photosystem 1 and only accepts wavelengths of what?
chlorophyll b and accepts 700 nanometers
What is a cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells?
chloroplast
Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?
chloroplasts
What are structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3?
cristae
final electron acceptor of ETC
cysta a (cytochrome A3
What is the primary electron acceptor in photosystem 1?
ferrodoxin
Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as:
fluorescene
What do the group of thylakoid discs make up?
granum
A eukaryotic cell:
has a variety of membranous organelles
ATP is formed when __________ the thylakoid lumen.
hydrogen ions leave
What is the process of turning an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat?
hydrogenation
A good hypothesis
is falsifiable
What are microtubules that extend from the poles of a cel to the center of the centromeres during cell division?
kinetochores
Besides the ability of some cancer cells to overproliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor?
lack of appropriate apoptosis
What is one difference between a normal cell and a center cell is that a cancer cell?
move in liquid/ grow in liquid
How would you rid your muscles of the painful latin acid build-up after strenuous exercise?
participate in light exercise while breathing deeply
Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:
producers
What are plants, algae, and certain bacteria that produce their own food from simple raw materials?
producers/ autotrophs
When multiple polypeptides are combines, a ______________ is formed.
protein
If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?
protein synthesis
Refer to Figure 4-2. The cellular structure indicated by the arrow is responsible for:
protein synthesis
There are two groups of bases. Those with two rings in their structure are called ___________ and those with one ring in their structure are called ____________
purines, pyrimidines
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of:
pyruvic acid
What is data collected using one of the 5 senses?
qualitative data
What are two current treatments for cancer?
radiation and chemotherapy
Genetic variation arises within asexual organisms by:
random mutation within the DNA of individuals
Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:
reactants move faster within membrane-bounded organelles
You have just discovered a new flower species that has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be relish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?
red and yellow
Aerobic respiration is classified as
redox process
NADH and FADH2 are the products of:
reduction reactions
What is the most abundant enzyme in nature?
rubisco
In which phase of the cell cycle do the organelle of cells replicate?
s phase
Different centrifugation is a process that:
separates components of the cell that have a different chemical makeup
functions of plasma membrane include what?
separating cell's internal environment from its external environment and regulating the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
The greatest number of plants and animals reproduce by what?
sexual reproduction
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents
shortening of microtubules
An atom has 4 electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming?
single, double, or triplet
Lactic acid production in muscle cells is:
temporary and due to oxygen deficiency
Which of these organisms are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose? a. humans b. termites c. cockroaches d. fungi e.all of the above
termites
If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:
the quartenary structure of a protein
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? a. they are isomers b.they are isotopes c. they contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively d. They each contain only 1 neutron
they are isotopes
Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:
thylakoid membrane
The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:
to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 2 CO2
In the Kreb's acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to:
4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 ATP
What are thylakoid membrane involved in?
ATP synthesis
How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?
4
What is the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4?
A :thylakoids
When there is enough ATP stored, ______________ will not enter the Citric Acid Cycle. This process is _____________
Acetyl CoA and feedback inhibition
In the ABCD's of moles A stands for _____________, b stands for _______________, C stands for _______________, and the D stands for ___________
Asymmetrical, borders, color, diameter
Which of these is NOT a formula for a monosaccharide? a. C2H402 b. C4H8O4 c. C6H12O6 d. C7H14O7 E. C5H10O5
C2H4O2
What is the summary equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP
If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?
D: thylakoid
Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA? a. RNA is a protein and DNA is a nucleic acid b. DNA is a polymer and RNA is a monomer c. DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis d. RNA is a single stranded form of DNA e, DNA is the primary energy currency of all cells
DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis
T or F Glycolysis is an aerobic biochemical pathway
False
T or F The enzyme needed to add a phosphate to glucose is aldolase
False
What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?
NADP+
The molecular fragment represented in Figure 03-03 is:
RNA
What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
a polar covalent bond
What can cell growth out of control can lead to?
cancer
What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?
carbon fixation
What are the structures in the micrograph?
cilia and flagella
What is the most important member of any ecosystem?
decomposer
What is the change of protein shape accompanied by the loss of biological activity?
denature
What process does one function of peroxisomes involve?
detoxification
A very important enzyme called _________ transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid
enolase
These amino acids cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts to meet our dietary needs ______________
essential elements
Sequence A in Figure 01-01 represents:
experimental group
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.
extracts no ATP from pyruvic acid
What is the primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 9-1?
gas exchange
plants store excess glucose in the form of ___________
glucose
Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? a. calcium b. iodine c. sodium d. phosphorus
iodine
Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:
maintain a constant internal environment
In living organisms, the process such as growth, repair, and nutrition are what?
metabolism
The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:
metabolism
The theory of evolution states that:
organisms living today descended with modifications from previously existing forms
The energy of a photon of light is least for what?
red
Plants may respond to all of the following stimuli except what? a. touch b. sound c. water d. light
sound
A ___________ is an example of a polypeptide contains a helix and a pleated sheet in its secondary structure
spider web
All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles except: a. maintaining hydrostatic (turgor) pressure b. waste storage and recycling c. storage of proteins d. breakdown of unneeded cellular materials e. storage of nucleic acids
storage of nucleic acids
Ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q
transfers electrons
If 66 molecules of water are produced during cellular respiration, how many molecules of glucose were broken down? ______________ How many ATP were made in the process ___________
11 and 396
A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?
23
Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?
437
When do chromosomes appear singly?
G1, anaphase, telophase
Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:
Golgi complex
Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions? a. NADPH b. Phosphoglycerate (PGA) c. PGAL d. glucose e. ribulose -1,5-biphosphate
NADPH
What will be oxidized in the Calvin cycle? What is the molecule that gets reduced?
NADPH gets oxidized and GAP gets reduced
Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:
PGAL
in glycolysis, fructose- 1, 6-biphosphate splits forming two molecules of
PGAL
What is the scientific name for the bonobo
Pan paniscus
Which chemical has the most energy? a. phosphoglycerate (PGA) b. ribulose 1,5-biphospahte (RuBP) c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) D. glucose e. disphosphoglucerate (GAP)
glucose
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?
glucose, fats, proteins, polysaccharides
In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? a.fatty acids + glycerol= fat b. glucose + fructose= sucrose c. glycogen = glucose d. alanine + glycine = dipeptide e. glucose= cellulose
glycogen = glucose
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells?
glycolysis
Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle?
glycolysis -- mitochondrion
Which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? a. blue b. red c. violet d. orange e. green
green
What does the domain Eukarya include?
green algae, mushrooms, bears, mosses
The functions of mitotic cell division in the life cycles of an organism may include:
growth, replacement of older cells, repair of injured tissue, asexual reproduction
In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine will form hydrogen bonds with
guanine
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks the enzyme aldolase. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. The reason he cannot do this is because:
human cells also undergo glycolysis, so the drug might also poison them
Water molecules are attracted to one another by what?
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is not one of the stages of cell respiration? a. glycolysis b. formation of Acetyl CoA c. hydrolysis d. citric acid cycle e, electron transport
hydrolysis
What is a concussion based on past knowledge and not current observations?
inference
Mature nerve cells, which don't undergo cell division are arrested in ____ of the cell cycle
metaphase of mitosis, prophase of mitosis, G2 of cell cycle, S phase of cell cycle
What is the movement of cancer cells?
metastasize
Every protein in the human body begins with the amino acid, ___________
methinine
Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?
mitochondria
The ______ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during _________ of mitosis
mitotic sindle; anaphase
Among other things, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by what?
not having a nucleus
A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung. The most likely change that would have caused this conditions took place in the:
nucleus
substrate-level phosphorylation
occurs during glycolysis
The regenerated molecule in the Kreb's cycle is
oxaloacetic acid
In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:
cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Where does fermentation occur? _________ glycolysis? _________ Krebs cycle? ____________ electron transport chain? _____________
cytoplasm, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and mitochondria
In an experiment, the control group:
does not contain the variable being tested
What is the first event in photosynthesis?
donation of an electro from the photosystem to an acceptor
Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are _____.
non polar covalent bonds
Sequence B in Figure 01-01 represents
none of the above
The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is: a. the first step in the citric acid cycle b. the energy producing step of glycolysis c. fermentation d. part of the electron transport chain e. none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids? a. waxes b. steroids c. cholesterol d. estrogen e. none of the above, all are lipids
none of the above, all are lipids
Movement, as defined for living organisms, includes all of the following except: a. free-swimming larvae of sessile adults b. the movements of flood and water by cilia c. locomotion via slow oozing of a cell (amoeboid motion) d. plants orientating their leaves toward the sun e. None of the above, all are types of movement in living organisms
none of the above, all are types of movement in living organisms
This molecule transmits heredity information:
nucleic acid
Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a. sucrose b. cellulose c. glucose d. fructose e. galactose
sucrose
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-1,5 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-1,4 because the atomic number of nitrogen-1,5 contains what?
sulfur
What is the limiting factor for the size of the cell?
surface area/ volume ratio
Which of the following statements represents a good hypothesis? a. shoofly pie tastes good b. swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temepratures c. there is life after death d. Hemophilia is also known as bleeder's disease e. since sparrows, robins, hawks, and pigeons are all birds and have wings, all birds have wings
swimming speed of Artemia increases at higher temperatures
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
synthesis of ATP
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Two hormones in the human body are considered to be steroids. They are _______
testosterone and estrogen
Which of the following is NOT associated with they thylakoid membrane? a. photosystems 1 and 2 b. the Calvin cycle c. electron transport chain d. ATP synthase e. cytochrome complex
the Calvin cycle
Genomics is:
the analysis of the complete DNA sequence of an organism
A cell is in metaphase if:
the chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell
A glucose molecules that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:
the citric acid cycle
The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because:
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP
When molecules are broken apart in respiration
the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP
cyclin-dependent kinase
the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules
A molecule of a saturated triacyclglycerol contains:
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? a. the number of electrons in the element b. the number of protons in the element c. the number of protons plus neutrons in the element d. the number of protons plus electrons in the element
the number of protons plus neutrons in the element
What is the enzyme needed needed to form PGAl through the oxidation reactions?
GAP dehydrogenase
What can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center?
Golgi complex
Noncylic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from what?
H20
Oxygen produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis comes directly from:
H20
Which of the following are compounds? a. H20, 02, and CH4 b. H20 and 02 c. O2 and CH4 d. H20 and CH4, but not O2
H2O and CH4, but not O2
One product of the initial (first) reaction of the Krebs cycle is:
citric acid
Which monomer is incorrectly matched with the corresponding polymer? a. amino acids are used to build proteins b. Monosaccharides are used to build polysaccharides c. Fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids d. Glucose molecules are used to build starches e. All of these monomers are correctly matched with the corresponding polymer
Fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids
Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why?
Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons
The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?
accepting vesicles from ER
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?
approximately 16 daltons
The cell theory states that all living organisms what?
are composed of basic units called cells
All organisms are classified into 2 general trophic groups. These two groups are what?
autotrophs and heterotrophs
What is one thing you can do to remove built up lactic acid?
breathing (stretching, arms up while breathing)
Which of the followings the most basic level of chemical organization? a. cell b.molecule c. atom d. tissue e. organism
cell
DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called
chromatin
A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:
cis face to medial region to trans face
Select the process that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule
citric acid cycle -- 4 ATP
regulatory proteins
control the expression of specific genes
What is the main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3?
conversion of food molecules into ATP
What does an isomerase enzyme do?
converts a molecule into its isomer
Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water?
covalent bonds between carbon atoms
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?
cyclic electron flow
Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins? a. hydrophobic interactions b. non polar covalent bonds c. ionic interactions d. hydrogen bonds e. polar covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules
A culture of mouse cells is treated with a chemical that interferes with the activity of microfilaments. Which of the following will probably be affected the most?
mitosis
A biological molecule with six carbons, five hydroxyl groups, and an aldehyde or ketone group is classified as:
monosaccharide
The major difference between a structural lipid, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact the structural lipid:
most commonly contains phosphate
Which of the following terms includes the fewest species of organisms? a. ecosystem b. community c. biosphere d. population e. none of these include any species
none of these include any species
All of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except: a. ionic bonds b. hydrogen bonds c. hydrophobic interactions d. disulfide bonds e. peptide bonds
peptide bonds
Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?
peroxisomes
The most abundant molecules in this structure are:
phospholipids
Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:
photons
The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:
photosynthesis
What is a collection of pigment molecules found in the thylakoid membrane?
photosystem
By definition, substances that absorb visible light are called what?
pigments
Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem? a. producers=consumers=decomposers b. decomposers=producers=consumers c. consumers=producers=decomposers d. decomposers=consumers=producers e. producers=decomposers=consumers
producers=consumers=decomposers
In the experimental evaluation of a new drug, a placebo serves the purpose of what?
removing the potential psychological bias of the patient in the study
Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:
ribosomes
The first step of the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to:
ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
synthesizes lipids
Which of the following is not a concept or term related to information transfer of living organisms? a. genes b. taxon c. proteins d. neurotransmitters e. hormones
taxon
The science of classifying organisms is what?
taxonomy
The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the:
three-dimensional shape due to bonding of the individual R groups
Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?
two
How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?
two
The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is:
two
Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvic acids yield:
two acetyl groups + two Co2
A sampling error could occur from?
very few individuals in the control group
When are atoms most stable?
when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled
In all organisms, hereditary information is encoded within:
DNA molecules
What is the center of the endoplasmic reticulum through which the proteins and lipids travel?
ER Lumen
What series of proteins acts to transfer high energy electrons through the thylakoid membrane in P2?
ETC- electron transport chain
Can the atomic mass of an element vary?
Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.
What is the primary electron acceptor for the Cytochrome A complex? What is he final electron acceptor?
a complex is pheophytin and final electron acceptor is plastocynanin
The organism in the accompanying figure can be classified as
a mammal
When the atoms involved in covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?
a non polar covalent bond
The type of connection between the atom at the point labeled 1 in Figure 03-03 is:
a phosphodiester linkage
What is a hypothesis?
a proposed explanation
To prevent disastrous consequences the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by what?
a series of cell cycle checkpoints
The most abundant steroid in the human body is ____________
cholesterol
What is the steroid found in the cell membrane that keeps the cells from freezing?
cholesterol
What is a series of enzyme catalyzed cyclic biochemical reactions requiring two kinds of energy?
Calvin cycle
What is the intermediate molecule formed in the Krebs cycle?
succinct acid
Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:
basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry
How many ATP does gylcolysis gross? How many ATP are used in the process?
4 ATP and it uses 2 ATP
How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
6
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms can be covalently bonded in a molecule?
6
How many molecules of glucose would be made if 72 molecules of water were added?
12
From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has
15 protons and 15 electrons
in humans, 5 glucose molecules would produce _______ ATP
180
How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule NADP+ to NADPH?
2
What is the maximum number of covalent bonds than an oxygen atom with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen?
2
When pyruvic acid breaks down in the presence of oxygen, a two carbon molecule called ___________ is formed and _______ is released
2 Acetyl group and CO2
In Figure 03-02, ionic attractions would form between the R groups of which amino acid? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 3 and 5 d. 4 and 6 e. none of the above
2 and 4
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Where will chloroplasts be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 9-1 labeled: a. 1 and 2 b. 3 and 4 c. 4 and 5 d. 6 and 7 e. 7 and 8
3 and 4
Hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in Figure 03-02? a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 5 c. 3 and 6 d. 2 and 4 e. 3 and 5
3 and 6
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ___________ thus forming fructose 1,6 -biphosphate
ATP
Which process does not match the products? a. electron transport - ATP, H20 b. citric acid cycle - C02, NADH, FADH2, ATP c. formation of Acetyl CoA- Acetyl CoA, CO2 d. glycolysis-purivic acid, ATP NADH e. all of the processes match the products
All of the processes match the products
Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3H2 reverses 2NH3 a. The reaction is nonreversible b.Hydrogen and nitrogen are the reactants of the reverse reaction c. Ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously d. Only the forward or reverse reactions can occur at one time
Ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously
Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure? a. an atom is a solid mass of material b. the particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other c. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble d. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble
Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble
Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP
What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?
CO2, ATP, NADPH
Who developed a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between charged atoms
Which of the following statements is false? a. DNA is usually composed of two nucleotide strands b. DNA contains deoxyribose c. DNA does not normally contain uracil d. The nucleotides of DNA are linked by phosphodiester linkages e. DNA does not formally contain a phosphate group
DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group
Most cells spend the majority of their lives in
Interphase
Only _____ is not a stage of mitosis a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase
Interphase
The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride?
MgCl2
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers from 92-100. Therefore, which of the following can be true? a. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons b. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 protons c. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 electrons d. Istopes of molybdenum have different numbers of electrons
Molybdenum atoms can have 50 and 58 neutrons
Which of the following statements is true of proteins? a. Proteins lose some or all of their normal activity is their tree-dimensional structure is disrupted b. Proteins are composed of ribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base c. The activity of proteins is independent of temperature and pH d. Denaturation is usually reversible e. All proteins are enzymes
Proteins lose some or all of their natural activity their three-dimensional structure
There are 20 different amino acids in the proteins the make up the tissues of living organisms. The primary difference between these amino acids is in their:
R or functional groups
What enzyme is needed to phosphorylate phosphglycerate (PGA)?
Ribulose Kinase
The following (P through U) are the main steps of ATP synthesis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Which answer places them in the correct order? P. H+ concentration gradient established Q. H+ diffuses through a transport protein R. Carriers use energy from electrons the move H+ across membrane S. Electrons from photosystem II mass along electrons transport chain T. Light excites electrons in photosystem II U. Energy of H+ flow and ATP Synthetase makes ATP a. PQTSRU b. STPQRU c.TSRPQU d. TSRUQP e. PQUSTR
TRSPQU
Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct? a. They are more common in animals b. They have no double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids c. They are generally liquids at room temperature d. They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms e. They have fewer fatty acids per fat molecule than do saturated fats
They are generally liquids at room temperature
Which of the following statements concerning centrioles if false? a. They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells b. They are duplicated before cell division c. they played a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis d. They are found in the centrosome e. They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly
They played a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis
Cells from advanced malignant tumors often have very abnormal chromosomes and an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?
Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells, cell cycle checkpoints are to in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities, cancer cells are no longer density-dependent
T or F Every living organism carries out cellular respiration
True
What is a typeof tumor that stays in the area it originated from?
benign
Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?
a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport
Chlorophyll
absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light
The graph in Figure 9-2 represents the:
absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b
Which process is a transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?
acetyl CoA formation
Which of the following statements is false? a. Carbon, hrydogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter b. some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms c. all life requires the same essential elements d. iron is needed by all humans
all life requires the same essential elements
What would be the ultimate effect on the ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated?
all life would eventually cease as nutrients would no longer be available
Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type? a. sperm cells have flagella b.nerve cells have long, thin extensions c. Epithelial cells are rectangular d. white blood cells can change shape e. All of these are correct
all of these are correct
When Citric acid loses a carbon dioxide it becomes a fiver carbon molecule called what?
alpha ketoglutanic acid
Biological-growth involves
an increase in the number of cells and an increase in the size of individual cells
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____.
an isotope
Catabolic reactions:
are generally explosive, usually produce ATP, are part of metabolism, may produce monosaccharides from polysaccharides
Mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in ____.
asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes and growth and tissue repair in multicelled species
What is the structure that anchors the cilia and flagella the cell?
basal body
A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure?
blue and red light
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.
carbon dioxide
About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Cell respiration is most accurately described as a __________ process
catabolic
The major functions of proteins includes:
catalyzing chemical reactions, controlling the expression of genes, strengthening and protecting cells and tissues
In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and _____.
catenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves
Which of the following is not a concept or term related to evolution? a. adaptation b. genetic mutation c. cellular respiration d. gene pool e. natural selection
cellular respiration
All of the following molecules are proteins except: a. hemoglobin b. antibodies c. collagen d. enzymes e. cellulose
cellulose
Which of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex? a. sucrose b. fructose c. cellulose d. glucose e. a disaccharide
cellulose
What is a basal body most commonly related to?
centriole
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. chloroplast-storage of enzymes b. lysosome-powerhouse of the cell c. centrosome-cell division d. plastids- structural support of the cell e. Golgi complex- production of energy
centrosome-cell division
Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration occurs during a process known as
chemiosmosis
The exoskeletons of arthropods are formed from the structural polysaccharide
chitin
The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts in supported by all of the following EXCEPT: a. chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells b. chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA c. chloroplasts and mitochondria have small ribosomes for protein synthesis d. chloroplasts and mitochondria have approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells e. chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same shape as prokaryotic cells
chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells
Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a. each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge b. ammonia has an overall positive charge c. Ammonia has an overall negative charge d. the nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge
each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge
Van der Waals interactions may result when _____.
electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule
In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? They have the same number of what?
electrons in their valence shells when neutral
The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an __________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of __________ down their concentration gradient.
endergonic; protons
The first four stages of glycolysis are considered to be _______________ because it requires an expenditure of energy
energy investing stage
If a particular protein were being produced in excess of the cell's needs, then __________ mechanisms intervene to stop production.
feedback
Select the aerobic pathway:
fermentation
Which of the following events does not occur in prophase?
formation of a new cell membrane
Which of the following correctly describes all chemical equilibrium? a. Forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products b. Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants c. There are equal concentrations of products and reactants while forward and reverse reactions continue d. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped
forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products
In intervals of interphase, G stands for ____
gap
What are segments of DNA that control specific characteristics of an organism such as insulin production and skin color?
genes
Information in living organisms can be transmitted by:
genes, hormones, electrical activity, neurotransmitters
Human saliva contains enzymes that hydrolyze starch. If a baby chews up a cracker, what is the starch broken down into in the baby's mouth?
glucose
What is the molecule that gets phosphorylated in the first stage of cellular respiration?
glucose
The first molecule that is phosphorylized during glycolysis is ______________ and is assisted by the enzyme ___________
glucose, hexokinase
A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells is:
glycogen
When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals) what reserves will be used first?
glycogen
The Human Genome Project:
has mapped the complete set of genes that make up the human genome
A cell in G2
has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus
Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source?
heterotroph-light energy sources
What family does the gorilla belong to?
homnidaie
Which of the following is a chemical compound that transmits information from one organ to another within a multicellular organism? a. neuron b. blood c. DNA d. RNA e. hormone
hormone
If an atom has a charge of +1, which of the following must be true? a. It has two more protons than neutrons b.it has the same number of protons as electrons c. it has one more electron than it does protons d. it has one more proton than it does electrons
it has one more proton than it does electrons
Analysis of a certain complex compound shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound? a. it is most likely ribonucleic acid b. It is DNA c. it is an inorganic compound d. it contains thymine .e. it is a polypeptide
it is most likely ribonucleic acid
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? a. it is probably a lipid b. it should dissolve in water c. it should dissolve in a non polar solvent d. it won't form hydrogen bonds with water e. it is hydrophobic
it should dissolve in water
The spindle attaches to chromosomes at the _____.
kinetochore of the centromere
The kinetochore serves which of the following functions?
kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis
What are the reactions that occur in the thylakoid membrane?
light-dependent reactions
The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into what two stages?
light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions
Glucose is converted into glycogen primarily in the
liver
What is a type of cell that would have an unusually large number of peroxisomes?
liver cells
An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a __________ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.
low energy; high energy
The chromosomes align at the midpoint of the spindle during what?
metaphase
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms? a. adapt to their environment b. reproduce c. respond to stimuli d. multicellular e. movement
multicellular
The ultimate source of genetic variation within a population is:
mutations in DNA
Decarboxylations
occur as part of the citric acid cycle, produce CO2 that is then inhaled via breathing, involve the removal of a carbon dioxide from a substrate, are one general type of reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration
A covalent bond is likely to be polar when
one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include what?
organelle enclosed by membranes and a nucleus enclosed by a membrane
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
outer-shell electrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both
What state are you in when you breathe out more oxygen than you can take in?
oxygen debt
When you expend more oxygen than you can take in, you are said to be in _______________
oxygen debt
In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to:
oxygen in a series of steps
What is the meshlike network of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell?
plasmodesmata
What is the organelle featured in Figure 4-3?
plays a central role in packaging materials to be secreted
The present system of biological classification contains six kingdoms. Which of the following does not belong to any of the six kingdoms? a. bacteria b. polio virus c. baker's yeast d. green algae e. elephants
polio virus
At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?
primary
Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2?
protein synthesis
According to the graph in Figure 9-2, chlorophyll a absorbs light most strongly in the:
red and blue wavelengths
In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is called what?
redox reaction
During aerobic respiration, oxygen is:
reduced
In the process of carbon fixation. RuBP attaches a carbon dioxide to produce a six carbon molecules, which is then split to produce two molecules of phosphglycerate (PGA). After phosphorylation and reduction produces PFAL what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?
regeneration of RuBP
If the experiments do not support the hypothesis, then the theory is said to be what?
rejected
Which of the following is not a term or concept related to the flow of energy through living organisms? a. cellular respiration b. consumers c. decomposers d. photosynthesis e. sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
The functions of lipids include:
storing energy, serving as structural components of cellular membranes, serving as hormones
In a chloroplast, there is an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called what?
stroma
Reductionism refers to the method of investigating structures by
studying the parts of the structures
Which of the following steps in the Kreb's cycle directly produce molecule of ATP?
succinate = fumaric acid
Which of the following correctly describes a reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? a. the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction b. all of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction c. all of the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction d. Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped, with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products
the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
After mitosis, the chromosome number of a descendant cell is _____ the parent cell's.
the same as
The chemical interactions of large hydrocarbons are largely determined by:
their functional groups
Which of the following statements is not an observation about natural selection? a. there is some variation within a population b. competition between populations increases variation c. Individuals with advantageous characteristics tend to survive d. survivors pass their advantageous characteristics to their offspring e. most species overproduce offspring
there is some variation within a population
All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis except a. the energy source utilized is the ATP and NADPH obtained through the night b. these reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise c. the 5 carbon sugar RuBP is constantly being regenerated d. the intermediate product is PGAL e. the reactions are all enzyme mediated
these reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise
The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located where?
thylakoid membrane
Ester linkages would be formed during condensation reactions that produce:
triacylglcerols
Three molecules of fatty acid joined to an alcohol is:
triglyceride
A duplicated chromosome has ______ chromotaids
two
All of the following bases are found in DNA except: a. thymine b. adenine c. uracil d. guanine e. cosine
uracil
Autotrophs (or producers):
usually rely on sunlight as an energy source, produce food molecules such as sugars, include algae, mosses, and vascular plants, and synthesize complex molecules from CO2, water, and energy
What is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is of medium wavelengths?
visible light
In another experiment, mice were allowed to breathe oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. In this experiment the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in:
water