Exam Chapter 1,2,3,4

compound sentence

A sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, a semicolon, or a conjunctive adverb. It contains two complete but related thoughts. A. May be joined by conjunction such as and, but, or or; B. a semicolon; or C. a conjunctive adverb such as however, consequently and therefore. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity, and she responded immediately. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity; she responded immediately. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity; consequently, she responded immediately.

Supporting sentences

A sentence that illustrates, explains, or strengthens the topic sentence.

topic sentence

A sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph.

trite business phrases

A stale phrase or expression borrowed from a period when the "language of business" was exceedingly formal and flowery.

paragraphs

A group of sentences about one idea.

ragged right

A margin style in which every line begins at the left margin, without right margin justification.

justified

A margin style in which lines are flush at both the left and right margins.

dangling modifiers

A modifier dangles when the word or phrase it describes is missing from the sentence (e.g., Using a search tool, the website site was found).

Grammar checker

A part of a word processing program that analyzes aspects of writing style, including readability level and use of passive voice, trite expressions, split infinitives, and wordy expressions.

misplaced modifiers

A sentence error that occurs when a modifier is not close to the word or phrase it describes (e.g., After being in the refrigerator for a week, Brian said the milk tasted bad).

fragment

A sentence error that results when a broken-off part of a complex sentence is punctuated as if it were a complete sentence.

Comma splice

A sentence error that results when a writer joins two independent clauses with a comma.

Run-on Sentence

A sentence error that results when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined (fused) together without a conjunction or a semicolon; also called a fused sentence.

Fused sentence

A sentence error that results when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined (fused) together without a conjunction or a semicolon; also called a run-on sentence.

fused sentence

A sentence error that results when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined (fused) together without a conjunction or a semicolon; also called a run-on sentence.

complex sentence

A sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause, often introduced by a subordinate conjunction.

compound-complex sentence

A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

simple sentence

A sentence that contains one complete thought with a subject and a predicate. Example The Entrepreneur saw an opportunity.

slang

Informal words with arbitrary and extravagantly changed meanings that quickly go out of fashion.

lead-in

Introductory words that unnecessarily lengthen a sentence (e.g., This is to let you know that Monday is a holiday).

Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Select one: a.Japan b.Norway c.Germany d.United States

Japan Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture.

conciseness

Saying something in as few words as possible.

passive voice

Sentences in which the subject is acted upon (e.g., The report was written by Lisa).

Microblogging

Short messages exchanged on social media networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr.

One of the most important questions you can ask yourself as you begin to compose a message is What do I hope to achieve? Select one: True False

True As you begin to compose your message, you should ask yourself two important questions: Why am I sending this message? and What do I hope to achieve? Your responses will determine how you organize and present your information.

Empathic writers Select one: a.try to give something to the receiver. b.think about their needs before the receiver's needs. c.use more first-person pronouns than second-person pronouns in their messages. d.All answer choices reflect techniques used by empathic writers.

a. try to give something to the receiver. Empathic writers think about how a receiver will decode a message. They also try to give something to the receiver, solve the receiver's problems, save the receiver money, or just understand the feelings and position of the other person.

Nonverbal communication includes Select one: a.only cues that reveal agreement with or contradiction of the verbal message. b.all unwritten and unspoken messages, intended or not c.only body language and gestures that accompany a spoken message. d.only eye contact and facial expressions that support the meaning of the words.

all unwritten and unspoken messages, intended or not. Nonverbal communication is all communication except the actual words (verbal communication). Body language, eye contact, gestures, and facial expressions are only a part of nonverbal communication.

Fragments

are incomplete sentences that can often be identified by the words that introduce them, such as although, as, because, even, except, if, instead, which, when, and that. To correct this error, you may form a complex sentence by joining the dependent clause to the independent clause with a comma.

Run-ons

are two dependent clauses that are not joined by any punctuation.

Comma splices

are two independent clauses joined only by a comma.

Feedback Select one: a.includes only those verbal responses from the receiver. b.is not an important part of the communication process. c.is the process of converting an idea that will convey meaning. d.includes both the verbal and nonverbal responses from the receiver. Clear my choice

includes both the verbal and nonverbal responses from the receiver. includes both the verbal and nonverbal responses from the receiver.

compound sentence

is a sentence that contains two independent clauses (complete sentences) joined by a conjunction, a semicolon, or a conjunctive adverb. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity, and she responded immediately. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity; she responded immediately. The entrepreneur saw an opportunity; consequently, she responded immediately.

simple sentence

is one independent thought containing a subject and a predicate verb.

During the second phase of the writing process, you conduct research, Select one: a.organize ideas, and compose the message. b.clarify the audience demographics, and edit word choices. c.anticipate audience reaction, and adapt the message. d.evaluate message effectiveness, and revise as needed.

organize ideas, and compose the message. During the drafting stage, you will research and organize your message; then you compose the message. Developing knowledge of the audience occurs in the first stage (prewriting), and evaluating and editing occur in the final stage (revising).

Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that Select one: a.results from a common gene pool. b.teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. c.is created by a structured educational system. d.comes from an orderly system of government and laws.

teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. This culture or common heritage has nothing to do with a common gene pool, formal education, or laws.

Outlines

a hierarchal structure that helps to organize ideas.

low-context cultures

A culture in which communicators tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented; messages are explicit; Swiss, German, and American cultures are considered low-context.

Typeface

A design for a set of text characters such as Times New Roman, Helvetica, and Arial.

typefaces

A design for a set of text characters such as Times New Roman, Helvetica, and Arial.

power distance

A dimension of culture that refers to how people in different societies cope with inequality and how they relate to powerful individuals because of their wealth, position, seniority, or age

KISS formula

"Keep it short and simple".

decoding

Translating a message form into meaning.

Decoding

Translating a message from its symbol form into meaning.

According to research, what percentage of our work time is spent listening? Select one: a.10 percent b.90 percent c.25 percent d.50 percent

50 percent Research has revealed that approximately 50 percent of our work time is spent listening.

Culture

A complex system of shared values, traits, morals, and customs that molds the way people think, behave, and communicate.

Individualism

A cultural dimension that refers to an attitude of independence and freedom from control; common in low-context cultures.

Time orientation

A cultural dimension that refers to how individuals perceive and use time.

Context

A cultural dimension that refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event.

Communication Style

A cultural dimension that refers to the way individuals communicate and use words.

San serif

A typeface that excludes the small features that appear at the end of strokes in serif typefaces; a cleaner typeface that is widely used for headings, signs, and material where continuous reading is not required.

Sans serif

A typeface that excludes the small features that appear at the end of strokes in serif typefaces; a cleaner typeface that is widely used for headings, signs, and material where continuous reading is not required.

Serif

A typeface that has small features at the end of strokes.

Buried verbs

A verb that is needlessly converted to a wordy noun expression, such as the verb consider being converted to give consideration to.

bulleted lists

A vertical list used to highlight items that don't necessarily show a chronology or order.

flabby expressions

A wordy expression, such as due to the fact that instead of because.

Parallelism

A writing technique that uses similar construction to achieve balanced writing (e.g., smiling, listening, and talking).

Which of the following is a benefit of a diverse work environment? Select one: a.Being better ability to create the products desired by consumers b.Experiencing fewer discrimination lawsuits, fewer union clashes, and less government regulatory action c.All are benefits of a diverse work environment. d. Improving employee relationships and increasing productivity

All are benefits of a diverse work environment. Diverse organizations create products demanded by consumers and experience improved employee relationships and increased productivity. In addition, organizations that promote diversity suffer fewer discrimination lawsuits, fewer union clashes, and less government regulatory action.

Which of the following is most acceptable for business writing? Select one: a.Every physician must carry his own malpractice insurance. b.Every physician must carry their own malpractice insurance. c.Every physician must carry his or her own malpractice insurance. d.All physicians must carry their own malpractice insuran

All physicians must carry their own malpractice insurance. The most acceptable option is "All physicians must carry their own malpractice insurance." The use of a plural noun as an antecedent (physicians) matches the plural pronoun (their).

Nonverbal Communication

All unwritten and unspoken messages, whether intended or not; silent signals conveyed by body language, gestures, eye contact, appearance, and other factors.

headings

An effective tool for highlighting information and improving readability.

Cliché

An expression that has become exhausted by overuse.

Redundancy

An expression that repeats meaning or includes unnecessary words.

freewriting

An idea-generating technique that enables writers to record thoughts quickly without analysis or editing.

direct strategy

An organizational pattern in which the main idea comes first, followed by details, an explanation, or evidence. It saves the reader's time, sets a proper frame of mind, and reduces frustration. Example The Management Council has voted to begin a college internship pilot program next fall.

adapting

Choosing the right words and the right tone that will win the audience's approval.

indirect strategy

An organizational pattern in which the main idea comes later in a message, after the details, explanation, or evidence. This approach works well with three kinds of messages bad news, ideas that require persuasion and sensitive news, especially when being transmitted to superiors. It respects the feelings of the audience, facilitates fair hearing, and minimizes a negative reaction. Example For the past several years, our organization has been thinking about how to locate and attract outstanding job candidates whom we could train and who would remain with us for years. One way to do that, as discussed at recent meetings of the Management Council, is to establish an internship program for college students. After considerable investigation, we have voted to begin a pilot program starting next fall.

Grouping

An organizational process that groups similar ideas together.

frontloading

Another name for the direct strategy, which places the main idea first.

Noise

Anything that disrupts the transmission of a message in the communication process.

Which statement about the effect of social media and communication technology on culture is most accurate? Select one: a.Social media always makes individuals of various cultures feel connected. b.Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. c.Developers of social media should use the same design principles for all audiences. d.Social media offers very little potential for intercultural engagement.

Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. Therefore, social media offers the potential for intercultural engagement, which explains the reason why those who design media appeal to each market. However, social media can deepen feelings of isolation and make interpersonal communication more difficult because all contact is mediated electronically.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a.Workers today communicate less than in previous years. b.Technology has not affected how and why we communicate. c.Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. d. Writing is a skill set used only by managers and corporate executives.

Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. Because of technology, all workers will write more on the job and use a wider range of communication channels, including letters, memos, e-mails, wikis, texts, instant messages, and blogs.

proofreading

Checking a document carefully to ensure correct spelling, grammar, punctuation, and format.

Plain language

Clear, concise language that avoids showy words, long sentences, and confusing expressions.

-----involves storing applications and data in remote locations.

Cloud Computing Cloud computing allows businesses to pay for digital storage space and software applications offered by providers online rather than maintain costly hardware and software in-house.

Research

Collecting needed information before writing a message.

is the transmission of information and meaning from a sender to a receiver.

Communication Communication may be defined as the "transmission of information and meaning from a sender to a receiver." The crucial element of this definition is "meaning" because the process is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended it.

Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. They also depend little on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. These communicators represent what kind of culture? Select one: a.Primitive b.High-context c.Low-context d. Ancient

Communicators in low-context cultures tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. They depend little on the context of a situation to convey meaning.

skim value

Content and format that allow a reader to browse a document quickly and grasp main ideas.

Noun conversion

Converting a verb into a noun, such as changing decided to made a decision.

white space

Empty space on a printed page. You can increase the amount of whit space by employing headings, bulleted or numbered lists and effective margins. Short sentences 20 or fewer words and short paragraphs eight or fewer printed lines .

Which of the following sentences demonstrates effective business writing? Select one: a.As per your request, enclosed is our latest catalog. b.The latest catalog is contained under separate cover. c.Enclosed is our latest catalog. d.Pertaining to your request, our latest catalog is enclosed. Clear my choice

Enclosed is our latest catalog. The only effective sentence is "Enclosed is our latest catalog." All other answer choices demonstrate business writing that is overly formal.

soft skills

Essential career attributes that include the ability to communicate, work well with others, solve problems, make ethical decisions, appreciate diversity, and display professionalism.

fillers

Excess word(s) such as there is/are or it is/was that fatten sentences.

Physical barriers to listening include only environmentally produced noises. Select one: True False

False Although many physical barriers to effective listening are environmentally based, such as poor acoustics and noisy surroundings, physical barriers to effective listening may also include hearing disabilities or feelings of fatigue, sickness, or distress.

A business message should be long because quantity enhances quality. Select one: True False

False Business messages should be clear but concise. Business does not reward length in messages. Instead, conciseness and clarity are what count in business.

Individuals in high-context cultures prefer direct verbal interaction, value individualism, rely on logic, say "No" directly, and give authority to written information. Select one: True False

False Individuals in low-context cultures prefer direct verbal interaction, value individualism, rely on logic, say "No" directly, and give authority to written information. They also are generally less proficient in reading nonverbal cues and communicate in highly structured, detailed messages with literal meanings.

Whenever possible in business writing, substitute longer, less familiar words for shorter, simpler words. Select one: True False

False It is false because it state whenever possible. Your business messages will be more readable if you use short, familiar, simple words. In addition, a readable message is more likely to result in a positive response from your audience.

Despite their popularity among teens, social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are rarely used in today's business world. Select one: True False

False New communication technologies, including social networking sites, have dramatically affected the way workers interact. Today's businesses are capitalizing on these technologies to collect information, serve customers, and sell products and services.

Operating a computer is an example of a "soft" skill. Select one: True False

False Soft" skills, which are desirable in all business sectors and job positions, include communicating and working with others, solving problems, making ethical decisions, and appreciating diversity. Operating a computer is a "hard" skill.

Ben Franklin stated this opinion about business messages: To be good, it ought to have a tendency to benefit the reader. His opinion reflects the importance of analyzing the purpose of the message. Select one: True False

False The opinion of Ben Franklin, an early American political leader, reflects the importance of stressing reader benefits in business documents.

As a frontline employee, you can expect to have more managers in the workforce. Select one: True False

False To reduce costs and inefficiencies, today's companies are reducing the levels of management, which means that you can expect to have fewer managers on the job and that you will be making more decisions and communicating these decisions to customers, coworkers, and management.

To emphasize the "you" view in e-mail messages, you must avoid any phrases that include the "I/we" view such as I'm happy or We're delighted. Select one: True False

False Using the "you" view means that you stress the audience viewpoint in the document, but it does not require you to eliminate all first-person pronouns. In fact, the use of first-person pronouns can increase the warmth and sincerity of the message.

When communicating face-to-face with a person from another culture, you can always assume that the other person is understanding your ideas if he or she smiles. Select one: True False

False When orally communicating with a diverse audience, never assume that a "yes," nod, or smile indicates comprehension or agreement. Instead, ask probing questions or encourage the listener to paraphrase your ideas.

Because of today's communication technology, employees in today's workforce can expect to write fewer messages. Select one: True False

False Today's workforce communicates more, not less, because information technology and the Internet have transformed the world of work.

Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is most accurate? Select one: a.When verbal and nonverbal messages contradict, receivers believe that the verbal message is more accurate. b.Nonverbal communication comprises very little of a message that is sent or received. c.Nonverbal communication applies to only intended messages. d.Meanings of nonverbal behaviors are often influenced by the communication context and by one's culture

Meanings of nonverbal behaviors are often influenced by the communication context and by one's culture. Nonverbal communication includes all unspoken and unwritten messages that are intended or not. The interpretations of such messages are often influenced by the communication context and one's culture. In addition, nonverbal messages are usually more reliable than verbal messages when the two contradict.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a.The average person remembers nearly three quarters of what he or she hears following a 10-minute presentation. b.We misinterpret, misunderstand, or change very little of what we hear. c.Very few management problems are related to listening. d.Most people are not very good listeners.

Most people are not very good listeners. Most of us are not very good listeners because we don't remember even half of what we hear following a short presentation and because we misinterpret, misunderstand, or change nearly 70 to 90 percent of what we hear! Effective listening is also important to businesses because over half of management problems are related to listening.

Which of the following is not a physical barrier for listening? Select one: a.Noisy surroundings b.Personal values c.Poor acoustics d.Hearing disabilities

Personal values Physical barriers for listening including hearing disabilities, poor acoustics, and noisy surroundings. Other physical barriers include being ill, tired, or uncomfortable.

anticipating

Predicting how the audience will react to the message.

Your boss is giving instructions for a new method of keeping expense accounts. However, you find it difficult to concentrate because you think the change is unnecessary. What type of barrier to effective listening are you experiencing? Select one: a.Psychological barrier b.Language problem barrier c.Physical barrier d. Nonverbal distraction barrier

Psychological barrier You are experiencing a psychological barrier, which results from having different cultural, ethical, and personal values. Language barriers refer to word choices, physical barriers refer to problems in the setting, and nonverbal barriers refer to body language and other delivery dynamics.

informal research

Research techniques such as looking in files, talking with a supervisor, interviewing a target audience, conducting an informal survey, or brainstorming for ideas.

formal research

Research that may include accessing digital sources, searching manually, investigating primary sources, and conducting scientific experiments.

Which of the following is not an example of a soft skill? Select one: a.Making ethical decisions b.Communicating effectively c.Solving problems d.Tabulating statistical information

Tabulating statistical information Soft skills are essential career attributes that include the ability to communicate, work well with others, solve problems, make ethical decisions, and appreciate diversity.

Buzzwords

Technical expressions such as optimize, incentivize, and leveraging that have become fashionable and often are meant to impress rather than express.

document design

Techniques that improve readability such as appropriate use of white space, margins, typefaces, fonts.

Which of the following demonstrates effective business writing? Select one: a.The office personnel will assist you with your forms. b.All executives and their wives will attend the Reno conference. c.A salesman must meet monthly sales quotas. d.The female attorney graduated from Yale.

The office personnel will assist you with your forms. The most acceptable option is "The office personnel will assist you with your forms." All other answer choices reflect gender bias (executives and their wives, salesman, female attorney).

Encoding

The process of converting the idea of a sender into words or gestures that convey meaning.

Editing

The process of improving the content and sentence structure of a message.

According to Edward T. Hall, which spatial zone is the largest? Select one: a.Social b.Personal c.Public d. Intimate

The public zone represents the largest spatial zone and extends approximately 12 feet and beyond.

Font

The specific typeface within a typeface family, such as bold, uppercase, or italic.

fonts

The specific typeface within a typeface family, such as bold, uppercase, or italic.

active-voice

The use of verbs that make the subject the doer of the action in a sentence (e.g., Lisa wrote the e-mail).

margins

The white space on the left, right, top, and bottom of a block of type, defining the reading area and providing visual relief.

Zach's company does business globally. By associating with people from diverse cultures, Zach can widen his knowledge of intercultural messages and can increase his tolerance of differences. Select one: True False

True Associating with other cultures, both at work and at leisure, can improve your nonverbal skills by widening your knowledge of and tolerance for intercultural nonverbal messages.

Our culture molds the way we think, behave, and communicate. Select one: True False

True Culture is a powerful operating force that molds the way we think, behave, and communicate.

Positive language generally conveys more information than negative language does. Select one: True False

True Improve the clarity and tone of a message and convey more information by using positive rather than negative language. Positive wording tells what "is" and what "can be done" rather than what "isn't" and what "can't be done."

Recruiters often rank communication skills as the highest skill set sought by employers. Select one: True False

True In a poll of recruiters, oral and written communication skills were by a large margin the top skill set sought by employers.

Many of your business messages will be sent digitally. Select one: True False

True Many of your messages will be sent digitally. Today's new media and digital technologies enable you to choose from innumerable communication channels to create, transmit, and respond to messages.

Developing a diverse staff that can work together cooperatively is one of the biggest challenges facing business organizations today. Select one: True False

True One of the biggest challenges facing business organizations today is developing a diverse staff that can work together cooperatively.

transitional expressions

Words (such as meanwhile, although, furthermore, and for example) that show connections and build paragraph coherence.

Major trends in today's dynamic world of work include increased emphasis on self-directed work groups and virtual teams, heightened global competition, innovative communication technologies, new work environments, and focus on Select one: a.business ethics. b.promoting from within. c.creating an entirely online presence. d.increasing levels of management.

business ethics. Because of recent publicized business scandals, companies are now eager to regain public trust and to build ethical environments. Many businesses have written ethical mission statements, installed hotlines, and appointed compliance officers to ensure strict adherence to standards and legislation.

Many of us are poor listeners because Select one: a.All answer choices are correct. b.we tend to "tune out" speakers whose ideas run counter to our own. c.the brain can process information at least three times as fast as people talk. d.we would rather talk than listen.

c. the brain can process information at least three times as fast as people talk. Many of us are poor listeners because our brains can process information faster than speakers talk, because we tend to "tune out" speakers whose ideas run counter to our own, and because we would rather talk than listen.

complex sentence

contains an independent clause (a complete thought) and a dependent clause (a thought that cannot stand by itself). Often introduced by words such as although, since, because, when, and if. Example Since Katherine proofread the recommendation report, you should finish the slide deck for the presentation. When the entrepreneur saw the opportunity, she responded immediately.

compound-complex sentence

contains at least two independent clauses and a dependent clause. Example When the entrepreneur saw the opportunity, she responded immediately; however, she needed capital.

According to a model developed by cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall,-------refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event and is arranged on a continuum from low to high.

context According to a model developed by cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall, context refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event and is arranged on a continuum from low to high.

Putting yourself in the receiver's shoes to better adapt your message to that person's needs is called

empathy Empathy involves putting yourself in the receiver's shoes. This means that you look at the topic of the communication from your receiver's perspective. Using empathy can help you write a more effective message.

The manager noticed that Stephen slammed his desk drawer right after he said that he was happy to work late. The manager should Select one: a.fire Stephen for insubordination. b.respond to the verbal message only and thank him for working late. c.tell Stephen that he should behave more professionally. d.politely seek additional information by saying, I'm not sure that you really want to stay late. Do you have somewhere you need to be?

politely seek additional information by saying, I'm not sure that you really want to stay late. Do you have somewhere you need to be? When you perceive nonverbal cues that contradict verbal meanings, politely probe for more information. You can improve communication and resolve confusion by asking a sincere, polite question.