Biology Final

Has no effect on phenotype in a heterzygous

recessive

Use of 16sRNA as a molecular chronometer changed the way biologist thought about life in a number of ways. Describe three consequences of 16s rRNA phylogeny.

1- Helped us discover that mitochondria and chlorophyll were once bacteria 2- Helped us discover the domain Archaea 3- Showed us that photosynthesis was an example of convergent evolution

Describe two disadvantages that occur when classifying organisms via the morphological species concept technique.

1- Traits are weighed equally 2- Time consuming

List each of the five conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be met.

1. No gene flow 2. No mutations 3. No natural selection 4. Has to have random mating 5. Has to have a large population

Describe the process of adaptive evolution

Adaptive evolution is a result of natural selection. Organisms that have survived and reproduced through natural selection are now better adaptive to their environment. Over the generations the organisms has better adapted to the environment because of natural selection. Adaptive evolution is when more fit organisms reproduce more. Traits that made them successful passed on at higher frequencies and become more common over time.

Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur on an island close to a continental mainland or on a more isolated island of the same size? Explain your prediction.

Allopatric speciation would more likely occur on a isolated island of the same size. This is because the species from one island could possibly separate to another island. If the island is more isolated then there is abetter chance for allopatric speciation because there is more of a barrier between the two.

What are the three domains of biological life?

Bacteria Archaea Eukaraya

The classical definition of a species does not always work well to define a species. What types of organisms cannot be defines by this definition and why?

Bacteria, because they reproduce asexually through binary fission.

In general, why is exponential growth rare in nature?

Because of things like disease and limited resources.

How do bioremediation and biological augmentation differ?

Biological augmentation is the use of organisms to add nutrients to an area. Bioremediation use of organisms to remove toxins from the environment

Describe how the use of fertilizer in Iowa can impact ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico.

Chemicals run off into the Mississippi River that then flow down into the gulf of Mexico that cause algal bloom in the Gulf. As die off decomposition uses O2 and creates a dead zone.

Describe how habitat loss/ fragmentation can lead to biodiversity loss over time.

Habitat fragmentation/ loss can lead to biodiversity loss overtime because it acts as an allopatric barrier. When we take their area species get separated into subpopulations. Since these subpopulations have a much smaller population, this leads to genetic drift, causing less genetic diversity, genetic variation, and loss of biodiversity.

A hinny is sterile offspring that is the result of a mating between a stallion with a jenny (female donkey).

Hybrid Fertility

Two species of frogs are capable of mating but the resulting fertilized eggs are unable to develop and hatch properly.

Hybrid viability

What are the two main processes that produce genetic variation? Explain how each process increases levels of genetic variation.

Meiosis/sexual reproduction: During meiosis there is crossing over, independent assortment and random fertilization. These all help contribute to genetic variation. Crossing over will create more variation because there are now more alleles. Also during sexual reproduction any egg can be fertilized with any sperm creating more variation Mutations: mutations can create more variation because it creates new DNA sequence that can have a new function, code for a new amino acid, lose functions, or more

What are molecular chronometers and what role does it play in phylogenetics?

Molecular chronometer is a DNA or protein sequence that establishes evolutionary relatedness in species.

Which series is correctly layered from top to bottom in an ocean biome (away from coastline) a. Photic, aphotic, abyssal, benthic b. Aphotic, Photic, abyssal, benthic c. Pelagic, photic, neritic, benthic d. Aphotic, photic, benthic, abyssal

a. Photic, aphotic, abyssal, benthic

An organisms's observable appearance or traits

Phenotype

REMEMBER

STDUY HARDY WEINBERG

Identify the terrestrial biome in which we currently live in and why?

We live in temperate grassland. Some characteristics it has; cold long winters, but also hot summers. It has seasonal precipitation in fall and spring. Also had grazing animals like deer.

What is the classical Linnaean definition of a species?

Within a population members have the potential to interbreed producing viable, fertile offspring

"You have really evolved your body", why is this statement incorrect?

You cannot evolve over a lifetime. Evolution takes place over generational in a population. One single person does not evolve, a species does.

According to the evolutionary definition of fitness, which of these organisms has shown they are the fittest at the current moment in time in each of these descriptions below? a. A female humpback whale that has calved four calved, but is now at the end of her life b. A male salmon that has made his once in a lifetime upstream swim ahead of all other males as well as females and released all his gametes c. A young male elephant seal who for the first time has successfully defended a harem of female elephant seals, giving him his first chance d. A male liger that has mated a number of times without a pregnancy resulting e. All these organisms have the same level of fitness

a. A female humpback

Which of the following BEST describes an example of a population? a. Ants living in a colony b. A farm field that includes cows and the plants on which they graze c. A greenhouse in which various species of orchids are grown for commercial purpose. d. The water in a lake, algal species living in that water, and fish grazing on the algae. d. All of the buildings on MMU's campus

a. Ants living in a colony

An organisms obtaining energy form inorganic chemicals and carbon from CO2 is: a. a chemoautotroph b. a chemoheterotroph c. a photoautotroph d. a photohetertroph e. none

a. a chemoautotroph

What is the MAIN reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? a. atmosphere b. fossilized plant life c. bacteria d. sedimentary rock and soil e. oceans

a. atmosphere

This causes an increase in the intensity of UV light radiation reaching Earth's surface. a. depletion of the ozone layer b. acid precipitation c. greenhouse affect d. biological magnificaiton e. cultural eutrophication

a. depletion of the ozone layer

What anatomical resemblance due to common ancestry called? a. Homologous structures b. vestigial structures c. analogous structures d. convergant structures

a. homologous structures

The template strand in the middle of the coding sequence of a gene includes the sequence: 3'- TACTTGTCCGATATC 5'. It is mutated to: 3' TACTTGTCCCATATC 5'. What type of mutation is this? a. missense mutation b. Frameshift mutation c. silent mutation d. nonsense mutation e. psuedo mutation

a. missense mutation

A group of taxa that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants species is: a. paraphyletic b. polyphyletic c. monophyletic d. protophyletic e. phylogenetic

a. paraphyletic

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles take place on a local scale? a. phosphorous cycle b. nitrogen cycle c. carbon cycle d. water cycle e. all of the above

a. phosphorous cycle

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? a. red squirrels, who actively defend territories b. cattail, which are plants that grow primarily at the edges of lakes and streams c. dwarf mistletoes, a plant which parasitizes a particular species of forest tree d. moths in a brightly lit city at night e. lake trout, which seek out deep colder water preferentially

a. red squirrels, who actively defend territories

Which of the following is a point mutation that typically results in neutral variation? a. silent mutation b. nonsense mutation c. missense mutation d. frameshift mutation

a. silent mutation

What is the primary limiting factor for the terrestrial productivity? a. water b. light availability c. herbivores d. lack of nutrients e. competition

a. water

An alternative version of a gene

allele

Which type of terrestrial biome makes up most of the surface area of Earth? a. Pelagic zone b. Northern coniferous forest c. tundra d. Temperature broadleaf forest e. Tropical dry forest

b. Northern coniferous forest

As population size approaches carrying capacity, which of the following is predicted by logistic growth model? a. The growth rate will not change b. The growth rate will approach zero c. The population will increase exponentially d. The carrying capacity of the environment will increase

b. The growth rate will approach zero

Natural selection can BEST be defined as: a. the best adapted individuals live to a very old age b. differential reproduction c. differential population growth rates d. enhanced survival of those individuals with favorable acquired phenotypic traits e. the elimination of the weak by the strong

b. differential reproduction

Both ants and aphids are sometimes found living in different areas, but when overlapping the ants help protect aphids from predication and the aphids provide sugary fluids that ants eat. This is BEST described as: a. objective mutualism b. facultative mutualism c. commensalism d. ectoparisitism e. endoparasitism

b. facultative mutualism

The reason the paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same pool, whereas orthologous gene diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that: a. having multiple copies of genes is essential for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild. b. gene duplications result in the formation of paralogous, but not orthologous genes. c. orthologous genes can result from gene duplications events, where a second copy of the gene can accumulate modifications without loss of the original gene product d. polyploidy is a necessary precondition for the occurrence of orthologous genes

b. gene duplications result in the formation of paralogous, but not orthologous genes.

Molecular chronometers must have all the following properties for the phylogenetic analysis of organisms EXCEPT: a. it is present in all organisms being compared b. have different functions in different organisms c. it has regions of high sequence similarity between organisms d.it has regions of high sequence variability between organisms e. all of the above are properties

b. have different functions in different organisms

Which of the following is the best description of an ecological niche? a. the location of an organism b. how an organism interacts with the biotic and abiotic resources in a community c. the trophic level in which an organism is located d. the way that an organism interacts with other members of the community e. the number of members of a species that the local local environment can support

b. how an organism interacts with the biotic and abiotic resources in a community

Where would ab ecologist find the most phytoplankton in a lake? a. benthic zone b. photic zone c. phytoplankton only in oceans d. aphotic zone

b. photic zone

The influence of genetic drift on allele frequencies increase as: a. gene flow increases b. population size increases c. mutation rate decreases d. the number of heterozygous loci increases e. all of the above

b. population size increases

To cycle nutrients efficiently, an ecosystem must have been at minimum: a. producers only b. producers and decomposers c. producers, primary consumers, and decomposers d. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers

b. producers and decomposers

Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. Ultimately, these are responsible for a. the greenhouse effect b. rain with a pH as low as 3 c. rain with a pH as high as 11 d. ozone depletion e. cultural eutrophication

b. rain with a pH as low as 3

16s rRNA is found in the: a. membrane b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. chromosomes e. chronometer

b. ribosomes

In cattle, coat color is controlled by a single gene locus, with roan coat color (mixed red and white) occurring in heterozygous, while red and white coat colors occur in either homozygote respectively. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in a ratio of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white? a. red x white b. roan x raon c. white x roan d. red x roan e. none.

b. roan x roan

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that: a. there is more ice at the poles b. sunlight strikes the poles at a low angle of incidence c. both of the poles are further from the sun d. the polar atmosphere is thinner than equatorial atmosphere e. the presence of cool ocean currents

b. sunlight strikes the poles at a low angle of incidence

Suppose that the number of bird species in a community is large determined by the number of vertical layers in the environment. If so, which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of birds? a. savanna b. tropical rain forest c. temperature grassland d. desert e. tundra

b. tropical rain forest

Male fireflies use elaborate patterns of flashing lights pulses to attract mates, but different firefly species use different patterns.

behavioral isolation

When crossing an organism that possesses a recessive phenotype with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive genotype? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100%

c. 50%

Most temperate grassland experience regular fires, typically every few years which is considered moderate levels of disturbance. In a hypothetical situation, suppose a typical grassland suddenly had no fires for 100 years. Which of the following might you expect to have happened over the course of these 100 years? a. An increase in the species diversity within the area b. A stabilization around an intermediate number of species c. It is likely that a decrease in species diversity has taken place d. This would not have an effect on species diversity

c. It is likely that a decrease in species diversity has taken place

Having two different alleles for a gene

heterozygous

Which statement about variation is true? a. All variation has a genetic component b. All genetic variation results in a change of an organisms phenotype c. Only genetic variation can be passed onto the next generation d. Nucleotide variation always results in a loss-of-function allele being produced

c. Only genetic variation can be passed onto the next generation

If large carnivores in an ecosystem are killed off, the number of primary producers in the area may also decrease dramatically, even though the carnivores don't eat the primary producers. How do you explain this effect? a. It is the result of a trophic inversion in energy cycling b. The death of the carnivores leads to increased decomposition which pollutes the primary producers c. The carnivores are most likely keeping the herbivore population in check d. Angular stratification of the grazer biome is retrofired when the carnivores are killed

c. The carnivores are most likely keeping the herbivore population in check

Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not turnover during the spring and fall season. What would be the most likely outcome from the list below? a. The lake would be uniformly cold during the winter and summer b. The lake would freeze over permanently c. The lake would suffer nutrient depletion in its upper surface layers d. The pH of the lake would become increasingly acidic e. An algal bloom would cause cultural eutrophication of the lake

c. The lake would suffer nutrient depletion in its upper surface layers

Upon undergoing change, which of these genes is probably most likely to result in punctuated speciation while a geographic barrier separated two populations of flowering plant species? a. a gene that affects the rate of chlorophyll synthesis b. a gene that affects the amount of plant growth hormone produced over time c. a gene that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts d. a gene that affects the average depth to which roots grow down in the doil e. a gene that affects how flexible stems are

c. a gene that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts

Which of the following options factually completes the statement, "If population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium..." a. there can be no more than two alleles b. the two alleles will be present at equal frequencies c. allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next d. the dominant allele will be more common

c. allele frequencies will not change form one generation to the next

Which of the following terms refers to geographical separation leading to the formation of two or more species? a. sympatric speciation b. habitat differentiation c. allopatric speciation d. reinforcement e. hybrid speciation

c. allopatric speciation

To apply maximum parsimony when constructing a phylogenetic/taxonomic tree, a. base the tree only on fossil records, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution b. choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared traits/ characteristics as possible c. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequence or morphology d. choose the tree with the fewest branch points

c. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology

Based upon morphological similarities, the lesser panda and the giant panda were initially placed closely together on phylogenetic trees. Molecular data has since placed the giant panda in the bear family (Usidae) but placed the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to: a. sexual selection b. possession of homologous structures c. convergent evolution d. inheritance of shared derived characteristics

c. convergent evolution

Un seedcracker finches from Cameroon, small and large billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long term climate change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch populations? a. stabilizing slection b. frequency dependent selection c. directional selection d. disruptive selection e. no selection would operate

c. directional selection

In the nitrogen cycle, the biological process that removes nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is: a. nitrification b. denitrificaiton c. nitrogen fixation d. nitrous oxidation e. nitrogenesis

c. nitrogen fixation

Which type of biome consists of marine areas away from the coastlines that contain phytoplankton? a. estuary b. wetland c. pelagic zone d. benthic zone e. intertidal zone

c. pelagic zone

Species richness increases as: a. altitude increases b. as islands becomes more distant from midland c. you move from polar to equatorial regions d. as community size decreases

c. you move from polar to equatorial regions

Which of these biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? a. savanna- low temperature, uniform precipitation throughout the year b. tundra- long summers, mild winters c. temperate broadleaf forest- relatively short growing seasons, mild winters d. tropical forest- nearly constant day length and temperature e. temperate grassland- relatively warm winters, most rainfall in late summer

d. tropical forest- nearly constant day length and temperature

What of the following is TRUE about mutations? a. Mutations are base substitutions in the RNA b. Mutations always result in new phenotypic variation c. Since most mutations are harmful, they cannot be the basis for improvement of fitness of individuals of a population. d. Many mutations are neutral, and therefore neither harm nor help the individual that possesses them e. Degeneracy in the genetic code leads to higher rates of missense mutations.

d. Many mutations are neutral, and therefore neither harm nor help the individual that possesses them

Which of the following does NOT describe a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? a. There is only one parent in asexual reproduction while there are two in sexual reproduction b. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, while asexual does not c. Asexual reproduction typically produces genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction does not d. Mutations occur during asexual reproduction, but does not during sexual reproduction

d. Mutations occur during a sexual reproduction, but not during sexual reproduction

Which two levels of the taxonomic hierarchy are used in binomial nomenclature? a. Genus and domain b. Domain and kingdom c. Class and species d. Species and genus e. Family and species

d. Species and genus

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? a. Two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern b. An insect that resembles a twig c. Two species of rattle snakes that both rattle their tails d. Two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl eyes e. A brightly colored poisonous frog

d. Two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl eyes

The phenomenon of stability is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and: a. their chromosomes are no longer homologous/ similar enough to permit successful fertilization b. an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids are produced over the course of generations c. a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids are produced over the course of generations. d. a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids are produced over the course of generations

d. a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids are produced over the course of generations

Darwin surmised that a few finches migrated to the Galapagos from the mainland. These finches then gave rise to the many different species of finches now seen on this group of islands today. Which of the following terms below apply to the above scenario? a. adaptive radiation b. biogeographic evidence for evolution c. founder effect d. all of the above e. answers a and c

d. all of the above

The formation of a new plant species by hybridization between two different parent species, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of: a. hybrid fertility b. autopolyploidy c. hybrid breakdown d. allopolyploidy e. symploidy

d. allopolyploidy

What is the process in which chemicals can become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in the food chain? a. critical load b. greenhouse effect c. assisted migration d. biological magnification

d. biological magnification

Which of the following would cause a population to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? a. increased birth rates b. removal of predators c. decreased death rate d. competition for resources e. favorable climatic conditions

d. competition for resources

The growing season would generally be the shortest in which of the following biomes? a. temperature grassland b. savanna c. tropical rain forest d. coniferous forest e. chaparral

d. coniferous forest

A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white flowered pea plant results in all offspring possessing purple flowers. This demonstrates: a. evolution b.a dihybrid cross c. true breeding d. dominance e. codominance

d. dominance

When does the process of gene duplication most often occur? a. crossing over and recombination during mitosis b. during DNA replication c. after exposure to gamma radiation d. during meiosis I

d. during meiosis I

MRSA, is a bacterium that is most commonly associated with skin lesions ( and less commonly flesh-eating bacteria disease). This is BEST described as: a. obligate mutualism b. facultative mutualism c. commensalism d. ectoparisitism e. endoparisitism

d. ectoparisitism

Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects? a. polygenic inheritance b. codominance c. sex linked inheritance d. pleiotrophy e. multiple alleles

d. pleiotrophy

You are studying two closely related species of predatory insects, the two-spot and three-spot avenger beetles. You notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap the two spot beetle hunts at night and the three spot beetle in the morning. You have discovered an example of: a. facilitation b. mutualism c. commensalism d. resource partitioning e. competitive exclusion

d. resource partitioning

Convergent evolution takes place: a. two recently diverged species successfully produce a viable and fertile hybrid b. descendants of a common ancestor share similar traits c. Many related species show variations on common anatomical features d. similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar structures amongst unrelated species

d. similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar structures amongst unrelated species

AN average sized baby generally experiences fewer difficulties after and during birth. Large babies are more difficult to pass through the pelvis, and low birth weight babies are more susceptible to infectious disease or other complications. Which of the following terms BEST describes this? a. directional selection b. balancing slection c. disruptive selection d. stabilizing selection e. frequency dependent selection

d. stabilizing selection

Which of the following BEST describes a community? a. All of the deer within a particular forest b. All of the plants and the soil they are rooted into within a particular foret c. Detritivores leaving in the soil of a forest d. An individuals mouse living in a burrow e. All of the producers and consumers within a forest

e. All of the producers and consumers within a forest

In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In the western US, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some fleas develop a preference instead for cattle blood, and mate only with fleas that likewise prefer cattle blood, then overtime which of the following choices would occur? a. sympatric speciation b. reproductive isolation c. habitat differentiation d. prezygotic barriers e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following processes would result in release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? a. cellular respiration b. decomposition c. driving a car d. burning of coal e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Often the lengths of branches in a phenotypic tree can indicate: a.the relative amounts of genetic change between species b. nothing; the length of lines is often just arbitrary c. the amount of time since two species diverged from a common ancestor e. both answers A and C

e. both A and C

Modern technology such as ships and airplanes, has had significant effects upon human populations. Such technology has MOST likely altered the course of human evolution by increasing: a. non random mating b. geographic isolation c. genetic drift d. mutations e. gene flow

e. gene flow

During mating season of a particular species of house finch, females prefer to mare with males with the brightest red feathers. Over several generations, males in the population develop longer feathers with brighter shades of red. This is an example of: a. sexual selection b. random mating c. natural selection d. disruptive slection e. more than one answer above

e. more than one answer above

Climate change is predicted to warm average surface temperatures across Earth gradually. Which terrestrial biomes is most likely to replace tundra given these predictions? a. tropical rain forest b. savannah c. temperate grassland d. temperate broadleaf forest e. northern coniferous forest

e. northern coniferous forest

Pacific salmon (which undergo a group migration and mating before dying) and annual plants are excellent examples of: a. cohort disintegration b. random dispersion c. interoparous reproduction d. sexual selection e. semelparous reproduction

e. semelparous reproduction

A heritable unit that codes for a functional product

gene

All of the versions of all there heritable units of a population of organisms

gene pool

The genetic makeup of an organism

genotype

A variant of a character

trait