Biology - Final Exam
biodiversity hotspots make up only _______ percent of the total land mass but house ________ %of all plant species and 43 % of all ______________ species.
2.4, 50%, vertebrate
In 2004, Conservation International declared _____ Correcthotspot regions ______________
36, around the globe
is a process that occurs to allow organisms to survive in their changing environments.
Adaptation
Choose the group of vertebrates that is best described as being ectothermic, that has a three-chambered heart, and whose reproduction is tied to water environments.
Amphibians
The life cycle of which of the following groups of plants involves the production of an endosperm?
Angiosperms
The loss of biodiversity has led to a new geological time period called the
Anthropocene
The success of which of the following is associated with the evolution of jointed legs?
Arthropods
Which of the following possess bilateral symmetry?
Arthropods & Molluscs
Which of the following phyla of fungi generally engage in symbiotic relationships with algae to form lichens?
Ascomycota
The fungi that produce white and portabello mushrooms belong to the phylum
Basidiomycota.
is the variety of species present on this planet.
Biodiversity
Which of the following is the main cause of coral bleaching?
Climate change
Which phylum is the only one with members that exhibit radial symmetry and the first to have true tissue?
Cnidaria
The fifth mass extinction, _______________ extinction, occurred about 65 MYA. This extinction eliminated all ____________________ and many reptiles and allowed for the rise of mammals.
Cretaceous , dinosaurs
The decline of tropical rain forests is due primarily to which of the following?
Deforestation
Approximately 360 MYA, at the end of the ________________ period, the second mass extinction wiped out 50% percent of animal species on land and in seas.
Devonian
Which of the 3 domains do animals belong to?
Domain Eukarya
____________ is the loss of a species or taxonomic group from the planet.
Extinction
Currently, there are approximately 8.7 million species that have been identified and described.
False
If you include bacteria and viruses, recent studies have indicated a realistic estimation of total biodiversity is up to 100 million species.
False
The presence of vascular tissue allows this group of plants to be the first group to more efficiently transport water and nutrients.
Ferns
Choose which of the following statement(s) are incorrect regarding speciation.
In the punctuated equilibrium model, species arise regularly over time & Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical barriers.
Of the choices below, which represents the most general classification (most inclusive)?
KIngdom
MPAs are
Marine areas, included biodiversity hotspots in the ocean, are areas of conservation and research
______________ fungi are particularly important because they assist the plant with the uptake of water and nutrients, _________________ the surface area of the roots.
Mycorrhizal, increasing
Only covering ___________ % of the world's surface, ______________ are the most diverse ecosystem on the planet.
0.1, coral reefs
Which supergroup consists of protists that are photosynthetic and includes green and red algae?
Archaeplastida
Which of the following is the oldest group of organisms on the planet?
Bacteria
Which of these terms would not be used to describe our species, Homo sapiens?
Ectothermic
Which of the following is the single-greatest factor contributing to the extinction of a species?
Habitat loss
Fossil evidence indicates that as few as four different species within the genus __________ existed one to two million years ago.
Homo
Today, modern _______________________ is the only member of the genus to have survived and has replaced other hominin species on Earth.
Homo sapiens
Why does conservation focus on biodiversity hotspots?
Hotspots have a large number of plants and animal species in a small area.
Which of the following is the cause of the current extinction crisis?
Human activities that involve altering habitats, changes in sea levels, and changes in weather patterns on a global scale are causing mass extinctions.
Gradualistic Model
Ideas was supported by Charles Darwin
What is unique about the the sixth mass extinction event?
It is caused by human activity.
Gradualistic Model
Over time, small varations, such as longer teeth, larger ears, and a heightened sense of smell became the normal characterics of a wolf population
___________________ fungi, which describes a relationship in which fungi benefits and the host is harmed, are known to cause diseases in both plants and animals.
Parasitic
The mass extinction at the end of the ____________ period (about 250 MYA) is thought to have killed off as many as _______ percent of the animal species.
Permian, 83%
Which of the following terms best describes the relationships among an organism, species, and population?
Populations are groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area.
Which of these is not considered a eumetazoan?
Porifera
is the ultimate source of species diversity and occurs over time as organisms respond to changes in the environment.
Speciation
The fourth mass extinction occurred about 200 MYA at the end of the _____________ period. It eliminated ___________ of all existing animnal species.
Triassic, 48%
The total number of species on the planet is an estimated calculation offered by scientists.
True
Wildlife corridors allow terrestrial species to move more easily within their historical ranges and also reduce the chances of inbreeding.
True
All of the mass extinction events on the planet share what common cause?
climate change
Unfortunately, these areas are under threat from climate change and ____________________ coastal pollution and __________________ runoff, and ________________ of the fishes that reside there.
coral bleaching, nitrogen, overharvesting
Climate change
increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are altering earth's tempuratures
Overexploitation
individuals from a wild population are being removed from an enviroment faster than they can be replaced
The record that has been left behind and used to describe the evolution of life has noted several sudden and global extinction events, known as
mass extinction
Background Extinction
natural, ongoing low-level extinction of species
Reptiles
turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and birds
Which of the following supergroups includes animals, and thus humans?
Opisthokonts
The first mass extinction occurred at the end of the _____________ period
Ordovician
Place the following levels of organization from the simplest to most complex level.
Organism, Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem
What is not true concerning climate change?
The level of global warming associated with climate change has decreased over the past few years & it does not affect species in aquatic habitats.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding archaeans?
Their cells are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria & Some have the ability to live in environments that are completely free of oxygen.
What is not used to classify rainforests as biodiversity hotspots?
Their location
According to the biological species concept, what determines if two organisms are different species?
They are reproductively isolated from each other.
Which of the following is not correct regarding the bacteria?
They are the closest prokaryotic relatives of the eukaryotes.
Of the described species, approximately 391,000 species are plants, 140,000 are fungi, and 1.5 million species are animals.
True
Scientists generally agree that many more species exist than are formally described, but they disagree about how many there really are.
True
Gradualistic Model
a population accumulates tiny varations slowly and gradually until reproductive isolation occurs
Punctuated Equilibrium Model
a sudden event results in speciation, followed by long periods of no change
Fungi are saprobes. This means they
absorb dead or decaying material for nutrients.
For example, a lichen is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between an ___________ and a fungi in phylum _____________
algae, Ascomycota
Habitat destruction
altering of landmasses and aquatic habitats for agricultural purposes
Which group of vertebrates does not produce an amniotic egg?
amphibians
The Cretaceous extinction, which lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs, was most likely due to
an large asteroid hitting the earth.
Flowering plants
angiosperms only
All members of the __________ family belong to the grouping known as ______________ a special grouping to note ___________ apes
ape, hominids, bipedal
Which of the following does not describe the metabolic capabilities of fungi?
autotrophic
Notochord
becomes part of the vertebral column in vertebrates
Background Extinction
between 0.1 and 2.0 species is lost per million species per year
Areas of the planet that support the highest number of species are known as ___________. Examples include coral reefs and tropical rain forests.
biodiversity hotspots
Small areas that have a large number of endangered and threatened species are referred to as
biodiversity hotspots
Which group of plants lack vascular tissue and include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?
bryophytes
Nonvascular plants
bryophytes only
As habitats become patchy and fragmented, wildlife corridors
can connect isolated populations
Invasive species
can have a deleterious effects on biological communities by preying on native species or competing with them for resources and displacing them
Sticky gel-like coating outside of the cell wall
capsule
Structure that provides support and shapes the cells
cell wall
Notochord
chordate characeterists: supporting rod
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
chordate characteristic: a component of the central nervous system
Postanal tail
chordate characteristic: a tail that extends past the anus
Pharyngeal pouches
chordate characteristic: structure used for feeding
Bacteria
classified by their shape and metabolic abilities
Archaeans
classified by their unique composition of plasma membrane and cell wall
In fact, human-induced ________________ by the increase in _______________ in the atmosphere is the greatest threat to biodiversity.
climate change & greenhouse gases
Punctuated Equilibrium Model
climate change causes the soil pH to change rapidly and many of the worms die, leaving only those able to adapt and survive in the new pH to reproduce
Bacteria
cyanobacteria
Semifluid solution that contains the chemical cellular components of the cell to sustain life
cytoplasm
Climate change
described as the increasing amounts of CO2 in earth's atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
develops into a spinal cord in vertebrates
Pharyngeal pouches
develops into gills in fishes and auditory tubes in tetrapods
Overexploitation
diect threat to biodiversity since this practice targets specific species without sustainable practices
Invertebrate animals
do not have a backbone, include molluscs and arthropods, include flatworms, segmented worms, and round worms
Background Extinction
does not typically result in a large loss of species
Nonvascular plants
dominant gametophyte generation
Vascular plants
dominant sporophyte generation
Background Extinction
due to changes in various environmental factors that reduces a species ability to cope with the change
Kingdom Animalia is a branch on the ______________ Correcttree that contains the _____________, __________________ organisms.
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
Over time, a species may not be able to adapt to a change in its climate, habitat, or food source, and may naturally go
extinct
Reptiles
first group of vertebrates to be fully adapted to life on land, first group to have an amniotic egg
Reptiles
first group to have keratinized skin, first group with well-developed lungs and a heart that prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Rotating filament that propels the cell through the environment
flagellum
Which of the following events occured first in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell?
formation of a nucleus and internal membranes
indicates that species have become extinct throughout the history of life.
fossil record
Mass extinction events tend to not only mark the boundaries of ______________ but also usually represent significant shifts in the evolution of life.
geological time periods
The loss of many species is ____________ and occurs no matter how well adapted those species were before the event.
global
Mass Extinction
global event that wipes out the majority of living organisms on earth
Which of the following is the largest threat to coral reefs?
global warming
Nonvascular plants
grow low to the ground
Seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?
habitat destruction
Which of the following is causing the loss of biodiversity?
habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species, overexploitation
Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation?
habitat differentiation, sexual selection, polyploidy
Fungi also have life cycle that consists of both _____________ & ________________ states, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.
haploid & diploid
The current classification system used by biologists
has three domains, is updated and revised whenever new information becomes available, is used for all living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and protist)
Vascular plants
have roots, leaves, and stems
Nutritionally, all fungi are _________________ organisms that digest organic material outside the body and absorb the molecules released.
heterotrophic
If the rate of species loss is __________________ the rate of speciation, then there is a general ________________ of biodiversity.
higher than, loss
According to the evolutionary tree, the ____________ split from the other apes ________ MYA
hominins, 5-6
Fungi are composed of microscopic, threadlike filaments, called ________________ that form a multicellular, fungal body called ___________
hyphae, mycelium
Several characteristics unique to the Animalias kingdom is the fact that they ____________ their food and their cells lack _______________
ingest, cell walls
After the extinction event, angiosperms spread and modern _____________ appeared
insects
Vascular plants
internal tissue called xylem and phloem
Invasive species
introduced to a new area, it spreadds rapidly and displaces native species
After the extinction event, over 50 percent of marine species went extinct but made way for the first ____________ fishes
jawed
Nonvascular plants
lacks roots, leaves, and stems
In a _____________ the algae that live in the filaments, or the _______________ of the fungus provide the organism with ______________ the end products of photosynthesis.
lichen, hyphae, carbohydrates
The first _________________ and dinosaurs appeared after the Permian period.
mammals
Over 4,000 ____________ are believed to utilizes coral reefs and members of every major ________________ phyla can be found in coral reefs.
marine species, animal
In some instances, impact events, such as an asteroid impact, or rapid changes in the environment do not leave organisms time to adapt and leads to loss of many species very rapidly, called
mass extinctions
Fungi do not have true sexes, but rather what are called
mating types
The organisms found there not only serve as food but increasingly are the sources of new _____________ to fight diseases and infections.
medicines
As the fungi grow and spread, the fungus provides the algae with protection, _______________ and water.
minerals
Mammals
monotremes, marsupials, and placental animals
Archaeans
more closely related to eukaryotes
Flowering plants
most abundant and diverse land plants
It is difficult to determine the exact amount of species loss because
most studies are typically focused on plants and animals, the exact number of current species is unknown, fewer studies involve tracking the biodiversity loss of microbes and fungi
The organisms of the animalias kingdom are typically ______________ and have a _____________ dominated life cycle in which the only haploid cells produced by the organism is the gametes.
motile, diploid
Fungi are typically ___________ eukaryotic organisms.
multicellular
Location of the bacterial chromosome
nucleoid region
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?
nucleus
Mass Extinction
occurs very rapidly
Bacteria
often associated with diseases
Bacteria
oldest organism on the planet
Prokaryotic cells can be classified by their nutritional mode. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses ______ for energy, similar to animals
organic materials
Mammals
organisms possess hair for camouflage and temperature regulations, posses mammary glands that produce milk to nurse young
Mass Extinction
over 50% of the species on planet earth are wiped out after the event
Another type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a fungi and the roots of
plants
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules
plasma membrane
Allopatric speciation occurs when
populations are geographically separated.
Which of the following is not an example of a prezygotic isolation mechanism?
producing a sterile hybrid
Vascular plants
pterophytes gymnosperms, and angiosperms
Which of the following is an example of a biodiversity hotspot?
rainforests, coral reefs, an area with a large number of species that it threatened by habitat destruction
Seed plants
reproduction is no longer tied to water
Nonvascular plants
requires water for reproduction
Habitat destruction
results in patchy and degraded enviroments that do not support native species
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
Fungi's manner of obtaining nutrients makes them especially helpful in many ecosystems since they decompose organic material or are
saprophytic
At the time of the Ordovician period, ___________ would have been dominated by invertebrates and early vertebrates.
sea animals
The adults typically reproduce
sexually
The process of speciation is generally a very _________process, often taking millions of years to occur completely.
slow
The smallest or most specific level of biological classification is
species
The rate of speciation and the rate of _______________ shapes the patterns of diversity on planet Earth.
species loss
Today, the rate of ______________ is comparable to those periods of mass extinctions, and _____________ are considered the driving force behind the current biodiversity crisis.
species loss & human activities
In addition to their diversity, this ecosystem helps protect coastlines from the effects of _____________ such as hurricanes.
storms
Postanal tail
structure that is used for location but may be lost in some vertebrates
Flowering plants
structure used to attract pollinators, protect the embryo, and provide nourishment
Pollution
substance introduced into the enviroment that adversely affects the health of a living organism
Plants
supply us with food and fuel, are used for medicines, produce oxygen.
Fungi are also capable of forming beneficial ______________ relationships with many algae and plant species.
symbiotic
Shortly after the extinction event, the ______________ such as insects, amphibians, and early reptiles, appeared.
terrestrial animals
Archaeans
thermophiles, methanogens, and halophiles
According to the biological species concept, the western spotted skunk and the eastern spotted skunk are two distinct species. This means that the two species
they do not interbreed
Archaeans
typically classified based on where they live
Punctuated Equilibrium Model
typically observed in the fossil record
To qualify as a hotspot, a location must: (1) harbor at least 1,500 endemic _____________ species; and (2) must have less than __________________ percent of its original habitat remaining.
vascular plant, 30
