Biology final part 2

In the figure above, which number represents an embryo?

11

1. In the phylogenetic trees above, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?

3 and 4

. In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

7

1. The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____.

A) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

1. Deuteromycetes _____.

A) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

1. While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo :

A) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

1. At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

A) plasmogamy

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently:

A) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

Refer to the figure above. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group?

E, F, and G

1. Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane

1. What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms

a double internal fertilization

in a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is

a shared ancestral character

1. Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.

adaptive radiation

which of the following pairs are the best best examples of homologous structures?

bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

according to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants

charophytes

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong?

chytrids

which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched

ciliates- red tide organisms

which porcess in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size

conjugation

1. Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____.

convergent evolutions

A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?

cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

all protists are

eukaryotic

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.

ferns

a snail-like coiled, porous test of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of

foraminferans

why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil

fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules

1. When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.

fungicide might also kill mycirrhizae

the closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruces trees are

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

the most direct ancestor of land plants were probably

gren algae

according to the fossil record, plans colonized terrestrial habitats

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.

ingesting it

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.

inhibit herbivory

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

stamens, sepals, petals, carpels and pinecone scales are all

modified leaves

1. Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

mutualistic

which of the following is unique to animals

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movements

Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following expect

plants

in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed producing plant

pollen

dinoflagellates

possess two flagella

1. Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to _____.

possession of analogous traits

what do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common

presence of Hox genes

based upon cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and therefore unacceptable

protista

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

rRNA genes

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of _____.

red algae

the best classification system is that which is moat closely

reflects evolutionary history

which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came most recently?

rise and diversification of angiosperm

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves _____.

share a very recent common ancestor

which of the following statements best describe the rationale for applying the principle or parsimony in constructing phylogenic trees

similarity due to common ancestry should be more common that similarity due to convergent evolutions.

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

soredia

which of these are spore-producing structures?

sporophyte capsule of moss

the term homoplasy is moat applicable to which of the following features

the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizzards

which these is a major tend to land plant evolutions

the trend towards a sporophyte dominated life cycle

which of the following is a characteristic of ciliates

they are often multinucleate

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the bryophytes. besides not having vascular tissue, what do they have in common?

they require water for reproduction