Biology final part 2
In the figure above, which number represents an embryo?
11
1. In the phylogenetic trees above, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?
3 and 4
. In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte?
7
1. The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____.
A) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
1. Deuteromycetes _____.
A) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage
1. While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo :
A) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage
1. At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?
A) plasmogamy
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently:
A) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells
Refer to the figure above. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group?
E, F, and G
1. Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?
The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane
1. What do all deuterostomes have in common?
The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms
a double internal fertilization
in a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is
a shared ancestral character
1. Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.
adaptive radiation
which of the following pairs are the best best examples of homologous structures?
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
according to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants
charophytes
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong?
chytrids
which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched
ciliates- red tide organisms
which porcess in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size
conjugation
1. Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____.
convergent evolutions
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
all protists are
eukaryotic
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.
ferns
a snail-like coiled, porous test of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of
foraminferans
why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil
fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules
1. When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.
fungicide might also kill mycirrhizae
the closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruces trees are
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
the most direct ancestor of land plants were probably
gren algae
according to the fossil record, plans colonized terrestrial habitats
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.
ingesting it
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.
inhibit herbivory
Which set contains the most closely related terms?
megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
stamens, sepals, petals, carpels and pinecone scales are all
modified leaves
1. Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
mutualistic
which of the following is unique to animals
nervous system signal conduction and muscular movements
Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following expect
plants
in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed producing plant
pollen
dinoflagellates
possess two flagella
1. Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to _____.
possession of analogous traits
what do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common
presence of Hox genes
based upon cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and therefore unacceptable
protista
What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?
rRNA genes
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of _____.
red algae
the best classification system is that which is moat closely
reflects evolutionary history
which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came most recently?
rise and diversification of angiosperm
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves _____.
share a very recent common ancestor
which of the following statements best describe the rationale for applying the principle or parsimony in constructing phylogenic trees
similarity due to common ancestry should be more common that similarity due to convergent evolutions.
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
soredia
which of these are spore-producing structures?
sporophyte capsule of moss
the term homoplasy is moat applicable to which of the following features
the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizzards
which these is a major tend to land plant evolutions
the trend towards a sporophyte dominated life cycle
which of the following is a characteristic of ciliates
they are often multinucleate
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the bryophytes. besides not having vascular tissue, what do they have in common?
they require water for reproduction