Biology Final
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?
Chitin
The carboxyl group of an amino acid placed in a very acidic environment (pH=2.0) would look like which of the following choices?
B.
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from
Photosystem 2
Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...
autotrophs
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?
A lysosome
You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of...
Alaskan salmon's skin cell
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP?
All these answers are correct
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?
B and D
Caspases are apoptosis-inducing proteins activated by tumor suppressor proteins such as p53
True
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), how many ATPs per molecule of glucose would you expect to be produced?
2
The making of ATP from ADP is an exergonic reaction
False
The p53 gene is known as a proto-oncogene
False
The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria
False
Upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein converts a GDP into a GTP
False
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation?
It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
True
Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells
False
Nitrogen has an atomic number of 14. An uncharged species of nitrogen the has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants
False
The cells found in the liver of an elephant are about 100 times larger than the cells found in your liver.
False
The fluid-filled space between grana, in chloroplasts is known as "stoma"
False
In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. How many different gametes can this male produce?
4
What is the molecule represented below?
A phospholipid
The plasma membrane is best described as:
A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules are known as...
kinases
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?
Fructose
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values?
-5 to -100 millivolts
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. How many different types of gametes can the female produce
1
In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. If you wanted to draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible outcomes of such a cross, how many rows and columns would your Punnett square have. Please answer this question by entering the number of rows first, followed by a space, and then the number of columns (example: 3 rows and 4 columns would be indicated as 3 4)
1 4
Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is
1000 times as acidic as distilled water
At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ chromosomes
16
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?
Both A and D are correct answers
Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis
Both A and E are correct
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = degrees 40 C)?
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees could denature the enzyme
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?
Both answers A and B are correct
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Both answers C and D are correct
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of
Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of calcium, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Calcium would move out of cell
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
Covalent bonds
Epinephrine and cortisol are both considered stress-related hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone, while epinephrine is a protein that binds to G protein-coupled receptors. Based on this statement, which hormone would you expect to elicit the fastest response?
Epinephrine
Bacterial cells divide by mitosis
False
Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp)
False
Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle
False
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
Gap junctions
The molecules represented below are best described as...
Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers)
A Gram positive bacterium would...
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. What is the male's genotype?
HhFf
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
You are transported to an alternate universe where DNA may or may not replicate differently. As an avid biologist, naturally your first quest in this new universe is to replicate Meselson and Stahl's experiment. After two generations of replication, you see one band of DNA in your centrifuged test tube (represented above) in position 2. How does DNA replicate in this alternate universe?
In a dispersive manner
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrin proteins
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?
Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble.
Less
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
Water has its highest density when it is in its
Liquid state
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by
Lysosomes
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?
Lysosomes
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Based on cellular respiration only, would you have to breathe if your cells did not have mitochondria?
No
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
We established that many growth factors activate the cell cycle by binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Sometimes, these RTKs get mutated, and permanently turned "ON." As a result, the cell cycle is stimulated even in the absence of growth factors. In light of this information, you would label the genes that encode for these RTKs as
Proto-oncogenes
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be
The same as in a healthy cell
In the replication fork represented above the lagging strand would be the
Top strand
A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
True
A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
True
ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis.
True
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of water, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Water would move into the cell
The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...
beta oxidation
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
A test tube similar to the one represented above was used for Meselson & Stahl's experiments. When bacteria were grown on nitrogen 15 only, they observed 1 band of DNA in position 5 of this tube. When bacteria were grown on nitrogen 14 only, they observed 1 band of DNA in position 1 of this tube. In Meselson and Stahl's experiment, what type of banding pattern would the scientists have observed after 1 round of replication on nitrogen 14 if DNA replication were a conservative mechanism? In your answer, indicate the number where (a) band(s) would be observed. If more than one band were observed, indicate the various numbers with a space between them. Please, write the lowest number first. (Example 1 band at the top of the tube and 1 band in the middle would be indicated as "1 3", whereas a single band at the top would be indicated as "1")
1 5
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available or not is approximately
18-fold
At the beginning of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, NADH releases
2 electrons and 1 proton
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?
A nucleotide
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called
A reducing agent
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?
ATP synthase
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect O2 consumption to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In the replication fork represented above, you would expect Okazaki fragments to be found
On the top strand
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of oxygen , as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Oxygen would move out of the cell
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of
Secondary active transport
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is
Signal amplification and speed
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of chloride, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride
Cells may simultaneously express and activate/deactivate receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, and ion channels.
True
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
You would expect the pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
Very low
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low?
W B R G
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain ii. Secondary x. linear sequence of amino acids iii. Tertiary y. assembly of subunits into functional protein iv. Quaternary z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix)
i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y
Enzymes that dephosphorylate other molecules are known as...
phosphatase