Biology Final

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

Mitochondria

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?

Chitin

The carboxyl group of an amino acid placed in a very acidic environment (pH=2.0) would look like which of the following choices?

B.

Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from

Photosystem 2

Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...

autotrophs

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?

0

Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?

A lysosome

You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of...

Alaskan salmon's skin cell

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP?

All these answers are correct

Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?

B and D

Caspases are apoptosis-inducing proteins activated by tumor suppressor proteins such as p53

True

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), how many ATPs per molecule of glucose would you expect to be produced?

2

The making of ATP from ADP is an exergonic reaction

False

The p53 gene is known as a proto-oncogene

False

The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria

False

Upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein converts a GDP into a GTP

False

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as

Hydrolysis

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation?

It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

True

Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells

False

Nitrogen has an atomic number of 14. An uncharged species of nitrogen the has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion

False

Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants

False

The cells found in the liver of an elephant are about 100 times larger than the cells found in your liver.

False

The fluid-filled space between grana, in chloroplasts is known as "stoma"

False

In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. How many different gametes can this male produce?

4

What is the molecule represented below?

A phospholipid

The plasma membrane is best described as:

A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules are known as...

kinases

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?

Fructose

The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values?

-5 to -100 millivolts

DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component

True

In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. How many different types of gametes can the female produce

1

In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. If you wanted to draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible outcomes of such a cross, how many rows and columns would your Punnett square have. Please answer this question by entering the number of rows first, followed by a space, and then the number of columns (example: 3 rows and 4 columns would be indicated as 3 4)

1 4

Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is

1000 times as acidic as distilled water

At the end of the G2 phase, a diploid cell with an n=4 has a total of _____ chromosomes

16

In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?

Both A and D are correct answers

Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis

Both A and E are correct

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = degrees 40 C)?

Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees could denature the enzyme

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?

Both answers A and B are correct

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

Both answers C and D are correct

Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of

Both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen

The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of calcium, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Calcium would move out of cell

Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called

Covalent bonds

Epinephrine and cortisol are both considered stress-related hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone, while epinephrine is a protein that binds to G protein-coupled receptors. Based on this statement, which hormone would you expect to elicit the fastest response?

Epinephrine

Bacterial cells divide by mitosis

False

Based on the difference is organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a prawn (shrimp)

False

Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle

False

The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...

Gap junctions

The molecules represented below are best described as...

Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers)

A Gram positive bacterium would...

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

In diploid flying unicorns, having a long horn (H) is a trait that is dominant over short horn (h), and white fur (F) is a dominant trait over pink fur (f). A short horned pink female unicorn mates with a long-horned white male whose parents are a long-horned white father, and a short-horned pink mother. What is the male's genotype?

HhFf

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be

Higher than in a healthy cell

You are transported to an alternate universe where DNA may or may not replicate differently. As an avid biologist, naturally your first quest in this new universe is to replicate Meselson and Stahl's experiment. After two generations of replication, you see one band of DNA in your centrifuged test tube (represented above) in position 2. How does DNA replicate in this alternate universe?

In a dispersive manner

Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?

Integrin proteins

Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?

Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble.

Less

The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are

Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

Water has its highest density when it is in its

Liquid state

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by

Lysosomes

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?

Lysosomes

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?

Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

Based on cellular respiration only, would you have to breathe if your cells did not have mitochondria?

No

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?

Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

We established that many growth factors activate the cell cycle by binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Sometimes, these RTKs get mutated, and permanently turned "ON." As a result, the cell cycle is stimulated even in the absence of growth factors. In light of this information, you would label the genes that encode for these RTKs as

Proto-oncogenes

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be

The same as in a healthy cell

In the replication fork represented above the lagging strand would be the

Top strand

A human karyotype is composed of 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

True

A nucleosome is composed of 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)

True

ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis.

True

The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of water, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Water would move into the cell

The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...

beta oxidation

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

A test tube similar to the one represented above was used for Meselson & Stahl's experiments. When bacteria were grown on nitrogen 15 only, they observed 1 band of DNA in position 5 of this tube. When bacteria were grown on nitrogen 14 only, they observed 1 band of DNA in position 1 of this tube. In Meselson and Stahl's experiment, what type of banding pattern would the scientists have observed after 1 round of replication on nitrogen 14 if DNA replication were a conservative mechanism? In your answer, indicate the number where (a) band(s) would be observed. If more than one band were observed, indicate the various numbers with a space between them. Please, write the lowest number first. (Example 1 band at the top of the tube and 1 band in the middle would be indicated as "1 3", whereas a single band at the top would be indicated as "1")

1 5

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available or not is approximately

18-fold

At the beginning of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, NADH releases

2 electrons and 1 proton

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

4

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?

A nucleotide

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called

A reducing agent

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?

ATP synthase

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that

Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect O2 consumption to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In the replication fork represented above, you would expect Okazaki fragments to be found

On the top strand

The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of oxygen , as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Oxygen would move out of the cell

During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of

Secondary active transport

The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is

Signal amplification and speed

The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as

Substrate-level phosphorylation

The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules will be able to cross the cell membrane while others won't. Which of the following answers best describes the net movement of chloride, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride

Cells may simultaneously express and activate/deactivate receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, and ion channels.

True

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?

Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

You would expect the pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be

Very low

Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low?

W B R G

Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain ii. Secondary x. linear sequence of amino acids iii. Tertiary y. assembly of subunits into functional protein iv. Quaternary z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix)

i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y

Enzymes that dephosphorylate other molecules are known as...

phosphatase