Biology Final

All of the following are associated with storage of long-term memory, EXCEPT __________.

limbic system

Short - term memory is associated with the -_______________- whereas long term memory is associated with cerebral cortex

limbic system

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

limbic system

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.

resting

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in potential

resting.

An action potential _____.

reverses the + and charges at the membrane

The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following EXCEPT which one?

sensory division

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

sodium-potassium pump

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

somatic division

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage in the

spinal cord

All of the following are directly involved in synaptic transmission, EXCEPT __________.

voltage-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

The reticular formation is associated with

wakefulness, posture, and muscle tone

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following

An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

FALSE

Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

FALSE

The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.

FALSE

True or false? The CNS consists of the brain.

FALSE

An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium potassium pumps of neurons.

False

An action potential is long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons

False

The function barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

False

The strength and duration of the stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential

False

Which of the following would occur in a neuron if calcium could NOT enter the axon terminal?

inability to release neurotransmitters

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

increased blood pressure

An _______ neurotransmitter cases ________ of the postsynapice membrane

inhibitory, hyperpolarization

An __________ neurotransmitter causes __________ of the postsynaptic membrane.

inhibitory; hyperpolarization

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

interneurons

An action potential -__________________- propagating.

is both all or none and self

All of the following are associated with storage of long term memory, Except

Limbic system

All of the following are associated with storage of long-term memory, EXCEPT

Limbic system

Which part of the central nervous system is associated with emotions?

Limbic system

Short-term memory is associated with the _____, whereas long-term memory is associated with the _____?

Limbic system, cerebral cortex

__________________ - when neurons are permanently changed

Long term memory occurs

By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which of the following

Stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Preganglionic motor neurons of the ____ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Sympathetic

"True or false? When you are taking an exam, the sympathetic nervous system is dominant."

TRUE

True or false? The sodium-potassium pump creates the + and difference across the cell membrane.

TRUE

Which part of the brain functions like a switchboard for the brain?

Thalamus

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

arachnoid

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

corpus callosum

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

hindbrain

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

hypothalamus

Graded potentials __________.

occur in a local area of the membrane

Which of the following must occur immediately before neurotransmitter can be released into the synaptic cleft?

opening of calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

parasympathetic division

Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?

neuroglial cells

An- inhibitory-- ________________- of the postsynaptic membrane.

neurotransmitter causes - hyperpolarization

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential?

Action potentials are initiated by deporiizational of the membrane to threshold.

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

Are a type of neuroglial cell

Which of the following statements regarding infections of the nervous system is accurate?

Bacterial meningitis is generally more severe than viral meningitis.

During synaptic transmission, the influx of - _____________- causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing

Ca+2, neurotransmitter.

Which of one of the following evens associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

Chemically gated channels for sodium open

Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

Chemically gated channels for sodium open.

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which of the following?

Corpus callosum

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structure is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

Hindbrain

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period.

The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?

The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Which of the following characteristics of the neurons cell membrane contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potentials.

The sodium potassium pump transports three sodium ions of of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps into the cell.

Which of the following characteristics of the neuron cell membrane contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential?

The sodium-potassium pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps into the cell.

Which of the following does NOT apply to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

The somatic division controls smooth muscle activity.

Which of the following does NOT apply to the peripheral nervous system?

The somatic division controls smooth muscle activity.

Which of the following is characteristic of psychoactive drugs?

They alter levels of neurotransmitters.

What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?

They both damage the myelin sheath, slowing action potential transmission.

All of the following are directly involved in synaptic transmissions, EXCPET

Voltage-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

Which of the following statements correctly, characterizes an potential?

action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold

In the primary somatosensory area, __________.

body parts that are extremely sensitive are represented by a greater area than less sensitive body parts

Which of the following influence(s) the speed of an action potential?

both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.

bulbs

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

cerebral cortex

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?

endorphins

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

medulla oblongata

White matter of the spinal cord contains __________, while gray matter contains __________.

nerve tracts; cell bodies

Which of the following cell types makes up majority of cells in the nervous system?

neuroglial cells

An action potential: is both all-or-none and self

propagating

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?

rabies

The sensory neurons of the central nervous system function in _____.

receiving impulses

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

Salutatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons