Biology Final
All of the following are associated with storage of long-term memory, EXCEPT __________.
limbic system
Short - term memory is associated with the -_______________- whereas long term memory is associated with cerebral cortex
limbic system
Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?
limbic system
A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.
resting
A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in potential
resting.
An action potential _____.
reverses the + and charges at the membrane
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following EXCEPT which one?
sensory division
Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?
sodium-potassium pump
Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?
somatic division
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage in the
spinal cord
All of the following are directly involved in synaptic transmission, EXCEPT __________.
voltage-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane
The reticular formation is associated with
wakefulness, posture, and muscle tone
Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following
Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following
An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.
FALSE
Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
FALSE
The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.
FALSE
True or false? The CNS consists of the brain.
FALSE
An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium potassium pumps of neurons.
False
An action potential is long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons
False
The function barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.
False
The strength and duration of the stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential
False
Which of the following would occur in a neuron if calcium could NOT enter the axon terminal?
inability to release neurotransmitters
Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?
increased blood pressure
An _______ neurotransmitter cases ________ of the postsynapice membrane
inhibitory, hyperpolarization
An __________ neurotransmitter causes __________ of the postsynaptic membrane.
inhibitory; hyperpolarization
Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?
interneurons
An action potential -__________________- propagating.
is both all or none and self
All of the following are associated with storage of long term memory, Except
Limbic system
All of the following are associated with storage of long-term memory, EXCEPT
Limbic system
Which part of the central nervous system is associated with emotions?
Limbic system
Short-term memory is associated with the _____, whereas long-term memory is associated with the _____?
Limbic system, cerebral cortex
__________________ - when neurons are permanently changed
Long term memory occurs
By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?
A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.
Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which of the following
Stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons
Preganglionic motor neurons of the ____ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic
"True or false? When you are taking an exam, the sympathetic nervous system is dominant."
TRUE
True or false? The sodium-potassium pump creates the + and difference across the cell membrane.
TRUE
Which part of the brain functions like a switchboard for the brain?
Thalamus
During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?
arachnoid
The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?
corpus callosum
The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells
form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell
From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?
hindbrain
Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the
hypothalamus
Graded potentials __________.
occur in a local area of the membrane
Which of the following must occur immediately before neurotransmitter can be released into the synaptic cleft?
opening of calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane
Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?
parasympathetic division
Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?
neuroglial cells
An- inhibitory-- ________________- of the postsynaptic membrane.
neurotransmitter causes - hyperpolarization
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential?
Action potentials are initiated by deporiizational of the membrane to threshold.
Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they
Are a type of neuroglial cell
Which of the following statements regarding infections of the nervous system is accurate?
Bacterial meningitis is generally more severe than viral meningitis.
During synaptic transmission, the influx of - _____________- causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing
Ca+2, neurotransmitter.
Which of one of the following evens associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?
Chemically gated channels for sodium open
Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?
Chemically gated channels for sodium open.
The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which of the following?
Corpus callosum
From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structure is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?
Hindbrain
All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?
Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata
All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?
The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission
Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period.
The neuron cannot generate an action potential.
Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?
The neuron cannot generate an action potential.
Which of the following characteristics of the neurons cell membrane contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potentials.
The sodium potassium pump transports three sodium ions of of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps into the cell.
Which of the following characteristics of the neuron cell membrane contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential?
The sodium-potassium pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps into the cell.
Which of the following does NOT apply to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The somatic division controls smooth muscle activity.
Which of the following does NOT apply to the peripheral nervous system?
The somatic division controls smooth muscle activity.
Which of the following is characteristic of psychoactive drugs?
They alter levels of neurotransmitters.
What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?
They both damage the myelin sheath, slowing action potential transmission.
All of the following are directly involved in synaptic transmissions, EXCPET
Voltage-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane
Which of the following statements correctly, characterizes an potential?
action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold
In the primary somatosensory area, __________.
body parts that are extremely sensitive are represented by a greater area than less sensitive body parts
Which of the following influence(s) the speed of an action potential?
both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon
Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.
bulbs
Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?
cerebral cortex
Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?
endorphins
Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the
medulla oblongata
White matter of the spinal cord contains __________, while gray matter contains __________.
nerve tracts; cell bodies
Which of the following cell types makes up majority of cells in the nervous system?
neuroglial cells
An action potential: is both all-or-none and self
propagating
Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?
rabies
The sensory neurons of the central nervous system function in _____.
receiving impulses
During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?
repolarization
Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?
stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons
Saltatory conduction is
the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons
Salutatory conduction is
the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons