Biology II, Test 3, ch. 26-29

Small intestine

1. If you were developing a diet pill that blocked the absorption of a portion of nutrients, where would you likely target this drug to have the greatest effect?

The oxygen-rich blood goes from the lungs to the heart, where it is pumped through the arteries to all parts of the body. Once the blood has delivered the oxygen to the body, the deoxygenated blood makes its way back to the heart through a system of veins, where it is pumped by the heart to the lungs to receive more oxygen.

1. Trace the route of blood flow through the cardiovascular system. (Starting with oxygenated blood coming from the lungs, describe the path that the blood takes through the body, ending with the deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs)

true

1. True or False: Arteries move blood away from the heart.

The pulmonary circuit allows blood to pick up oxygen from the lungs and leave carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body in the breath.

1. What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?

sensors, blood vessels below the skin to contract

1. When the body gets too cold, the _____ send(s) signals to the hypothalamus, which in turn signal(s) the _____.

acid - kills food-borne bacteria

1. Which of the following correctly pairs a secretion of the digestive system with its function?

Capillaries of the circulatory system closely associate with alveoli, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the two

1. With which respiratory structure does the circulatory system directly interact to oxygenate blood?

cockroach

A _____ is an example of an animal that has a tracheal system instead of lungs as a respiratory surface.

Hormone:

A chemical signaling molecule that is released by a cell or gland and travels through the bloodstream to exert an effect on target cells.

stroke

A disruption in blood supply to the brain

diarrhea and dehydration

A failure to absorb water in the large intestine can result in _____.

glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes an increase in blood sugar.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes a decrease in blood sugar

Erythropoetin

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

These enzymes are likely functioning poorly or at reduced capacity, or these enzymes may not be functioning at all.

A man with a fever of 106°F has been rushed to the hospital. Due to the increased temperature in his body, what might be happening to the enzymes within this man's cells?

HYPOTHALAMUS

A master coordinator region of the brain responsible for a variety of physiological functions.

FEEDBACK LOOP

A pathway that includes input from a sensor, a response via an effector, and detection of the response by the sensor

glucagon

A person has fasting blood glucose levels that are abnormally low. What hormone might help him or her maintain normal blood sugar levels between meals?

blood sugar

A person whose pancreas cannot produce insulin will not be able to regulate _____.

hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells specialized for transporting oxygen.

diaphragm

A sheet of muscle that help in breathing by contracting and relaxing

gastric bypass

According to Infographic 27.7, which of these may result in weight loss?

small intestine

After leaving the stomach, chyme then travels to the _____.

alveoli

Air sacs in the lung across which gases diffuse between air and blood

sweating, shivering, vasoconstriction

All of the processes below are involved in maintaining an appropriate body temperature in humans

urinary bladder

All of these are important components of the digestive system EXCEPT the _____. small intestine liver pancreas urinary bladder gallbladder

sleeve gastrectomy allows food to pass through the stomach and bypass the small intestines

All of these statements are true regarding weight loss surgery EXCEPT _____. a. gastric bypass requires patients to follow a strict diet b. plansleeve gastrectomy helps patients feel full faster c. a calorie-restricted diet is recommended to obese patients before weight loss surgery d. sleeve gastrectomy allows food to pass through the stomach and bypass the small intestines e. sleeve gastrectomy surgery can be reversed

have an increased ability to use aerobic respiration

An athlete with an increase in maximum oxygen uptake would benefit because he or she would _____.

stomach

An expandable muscular organ that stores, mechanically breaks down and digests proteins in food.

gastrovascular cavity

An incomplete digestive cavity where nutrients are digested and absorbed in a sea anemone is called a _____.

pancreas

An organ that helps digestion by producing enzymes (such as lipase) that act in the small intestine and by secreting a juice that neutralizes acidic chyme

Pancreas

An organ that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon and digestive enzymes

calcium

Atherosclerotic plaques may harden as they accumulate _____.

Patients can continue to eat large amounts of food after the surgery.

Bariatric surgery is often recommended for morbidly obese persons. Which statement regarding bariatric surgery is false? a. Patients may suffer from other health issues as a result of bariatric surgery b. Patients often lose 30%-50% of their excess weight within 6 months of the surgery. c. Patients often must take vitamin and mineral supplements. d. Patients can continue to eat large amounts of food after the surgery.

10 years

Based on Infographic 27.7, the long-term beneficial effects of gastric bypass (with respect to weight loss) are maintained with 21% more weight lost at _____ after surgery.

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Blood cells specialized for transporting O2 throughout the body.

artificial increases in RBCs or hemoglobin

Blood doping results in _____.

oxygen-poor and traveling to the lungs

Blood exiting the right ventricle is _____.

arteries

Blood vessels, except the coronary, that carry blood away from the heart

reduce the size of the upper portion of the stomach

Both sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass surgeries

blocked plumbing

Cardiovascular disease is analogous to _____.

Veins and also pulmonary arteries

Carries oxygen-poor blood

arteries and pulmonary veins

Carries oxygen-rich blood

raised LDL levels

Cholesterol-lowering drugs are used in some cases when lifestyle changes alone are not enough to reduce the risk of heart disease. These drugs would NOT lower the risk of heart disease if they _____.

duodenum

Chyme exiting the stomach first enters into the _____.

bone marrow to make more red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin

Decreasing oxygen levels at high altitudes stimulates the _____.

pancreas; gallbladder; small intestine

Ducts from the _____ and _____ enter into the _____.

LDL can accumulate in blood vessels.

During a recent physical exam, Mary had her blood cholesterol level checked. Her physician was happy to see that her overall cholesterol level was at a healthy level and that her LDL level was low. Why was Mary's physician happy to see that her LDL level was low?

increases; decreases

During an endurance event, muscle cells use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. As a result, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood _____ and pH _____.

passed into the bloodstream

During digestion, epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients, which are then _____.

contracts; down; increase

During inhalation, the diaphragm _____ and moves _____ to _____ the chest cavity volume.

semilunar; open

During ventricular systole, the _____ valves_____.

diastole

During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?

blood vessels

Each villus has _____ within it.

hypertension

Elevated (high) blood pressure

They don't want to develop decreased oxygen consumption before big races. They don't want to reduce the surface area-to-volume ratio in their lungs. They don't want to increase the level of toxins they take in before big races

Elite athletes do not usually engage in smoking of any kind. Why?

by decreasing the amount of oxygen absorbed

Emphysema is a disease that reduces the surface area of alveoli by causing alveolar walls to burst. How might emphysema affect the respiratory system?

pancreas and the small intestine

Enzymes that act in the small intestine are made in the _____.

red blood cells

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of:

oxygen

Essential to cell survival

glycogen; liver

Excess sugar that is not immediately used to fuel the body can be stored as _____ in the _____.

stomach acid

Facilitate the process of protein digestion by turning three-dimensional proteins into linear chains of amino acids.

saturated: LDL

Foods high in _____ fats contribute to high _____ levels, which increase your risk of cardiovascular disease.

platelets

Fragments of cells, involved in blood clotting

reproductive

Gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced by the _____ system.

3 in 4 (75%)

Gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy surgery can be dangerous procedures. One reason for these types of surgery is a reduction in the development of type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery reduces the incidence of diabetes by more than _____ over a follow-up period of 15 years.

blood sugar drops too low

Glucagon is released from the pancreas when _____.

veins

Have valves to control direction of blood

vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the extremities and lets them cool down too much

Heat conservation by the body can actually lead to frostbite because _____.

arteries

High-pressure vessels

hypothermia

Hikers on Mt. Everest often die when their body temperature drops too low. This condition is called _____.

very little oxygen is available at higher elevations, and humans risk freezing to death in extreme cold

Hiking Mt. Everest is a dangerous journey because _____.

circulatory

Hormones released from the pituitary gland act on many tissues throughout the body. Hormones travel to other tissues through the _____ system.

If the hypothalamus is damaged, it can't properly sense and respond to changes in temperature.

How can a brain injury cause someone to be perpetually cold?

Organs are made up of tissues, Tissues are made up of cells, so organs are made up of both cells and tissues

How can an organ be made up of both cells and tissues?

It limits nutrient uptake, thereby limiting Calories taken in.

How does bypassing part of the small intestine reduce Caloric intake in gastric bypass patients?

Eating more fruits and vegetables positively affects blood cholesterol levels.

How does eating more fruits and vegetables impact one's chance of developing heart disease?

Through hemoglobin (a blood protein)

How is oxygen transported throughout the body?

more than one

How many tissue types are in an organ?

a mouth and an anus

Humans have a complete digestive system. A complete digestive system is one with _____.

little or no symptoms but deadly effects

Hypertension is often called a silent killer because it often has _____.

trouble swallowing

If a drug taken for one condition (e.g., bone loss) also inhibits smooth muscle contraction, what side effects might the drug have?

fight bacterial infections

If a person cannot produce sufficient amounts of stomach acid, he or she may have a higher risk for developing an inability to _____.

Heart muscle cells in the left ventricle would start to die.

If coronary arteries supplying blood to the left ventricle are blocked, what would you expect to occur?

erythrocytes

If someone has iron deficiency anemia that affects his or her ability to carry oxygen, the blood cells affected are _____.

tennis court

If the alveoli in your lungs were spread flat, they would occupy a space similar to the size of a(n) _____.

four

If the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is decreased, hemoglobin with pick up _____ molecules of oxygen from alveoli.

increase.

If there is a high concentration of CO2 or carbonic acid in the lungs or blood your breathing rate will:

heart

In a human body, blood leaving the lungs heads first to the _____.

blood glucose and blood pH

In addition to thermoregulation, the human body also works to maintain which of these set points?

They live in different environments.

In humans and other animals, the respiratory and circulatory systems are very efficient at delivering oxygen to tissues. Why do other creatures have different systems, such as tracheae or gills?

right atrium

In humans, deoxygenated blood returning from the brain will first enter into the _____ of the heart.

pulmonary artery

In humans, which vessel transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

homeostasis

In order to maintain ideal internal conditions, the human body works to maintain _____.

Where the partial pressure is low, hemoglobin drops off oxygen easily.

In the human body, partial pressure of oxygen changes dramatically as blood moves from the lungs to the tissues. How does this affect oxygen binding on hemoglobin?

Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues by capillaries.

In what ways are the circulatory systems of humans, fish, and frogs the same?

carbon dioxide

Increasing the amount of _____ in the blood does NOT increase aerobic capacity.

increase carbon dioxide being carried to alveoli

Increasing the number of capillaries associated with alveoli would be expected to _____.

The cells will not be as efficient at delivering oxygen.

Individuals affected by sickle-cell anemia develop red blood cells that lack the normal distinctive biconcave shape seen in these cells. How might this affect someone?

muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood and produce glycogen

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin causes _____.

leukocytes

Involved in immune response

Yes, an increase in body temperature causes oxygen to be released more easily.

Is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin controlled by body temperature?

stomach acidity

Kill bacteria and other microorganisms that are present on the food we ingest

platelets

Lack a nucleus, carry oxygen

plasma

Liquid composed of water and protein

a tracheal system

Lungs are only one example of a respiratory surface. Another example, found in insects, is a system of tubes called _____.

red blood cells

Mitochondria are organelles that use oxygen during aerobic cellular respiration. To prevent them from using the oxygen that they carry throughout the body, _____ lack mitochondria.

as carbonic acid in plasma

Most carbon dioxide is transported through the body _____.

bound to hemoglobin

Most oxygen is transported through the body _____.

Positive feedback loops rapidly amplify the positive response to an input.

Negative feedback loops are common in maintaining homeostasis. Which statement is the best explanation of positive feedback loops?

pulse

Nurses use two fingers on your wrist to see how fast your heart is beating. The nurse is looking for your _____.

the stomach

Of the components of the upper digestive tract, which is the most acidic?

decrease in pH

One physiological change that occurs in tissues during exercise and causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen in tissues is a(n) _____.

It could ultimately increase lung capacity.

One training device currently sold is a face mask that restricts air flow. The idea behind this device is that chest muscles will be forced to work harder to pull air in and push air out. How might this device be beneficial?

larynx

Our vocal chords are housed within the _____.

alveoli

Oxygen diffuses across two cell layers to enter blood from the ___________.

respiratory; cardiovascular

Oxygen enters a human body through the _____ system and is transported throughout the body by the _____ system.

alveoli

Oxygen is exchanged between the body and the environment at the _____.

diffusion; capillaries

Oxygen uses the process called _____ to move from a higher concentration of oxygen in _____to a lower concentration in tissues.

eat only once daily

Patients who have undergone gastric bypass surgery must do all of the following EXCEPT _____. a. change their eating habits b. monitor micronutrient levels regularly c. eat only once daily d. eat small meals e. take supplemental vitamins

Your blood pH would decrease.

People can control their breathing rate voluntarily. How would intentionally slowing your breathing rate during exercise, using voluntary hypoventilation, affect your body?

absorbed

Rabbits eat their own feces. This is material that has NOT been _____.

circulatory system and endocrine system

Receptors in the heart and blood vessels signal the hypothalamus when blood pressure becomes too high or too low. This is an example of which two organ systems working together?

carbohydrates

Salivary amylase breaks down _____ in the mouth.

hardened tissue

Several hundred types of cells make up the tissues found in humans and animals. All of these are tissues found in humans and animals EXCEPT _____. nervous tissue; hardened tissue; epithelial tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

homeostasis

Shivering is the human body's way of producing heat when the internal temperature falls below a set point. This is an attempt to maintain _____.

absorption cannot occur

Some Escherichia coli bacterial infections destroy villi. These infections result in diarrhea because _____.

organ

Someone who has a liver transplant after liver cancer is having a(n) _____ transplant.

arteries

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart

left ventricle; right ventricle

The _____ pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body, and the _____ pumps oxygen-poor blood returning from the body to the lungs.

left ventricle

The _____ pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

more than 75% of individuals cured of type 2 diabetes

The bariatric surgery group compared with the nonsurgical weight loss group experienced _____.

pulmonary veins

The blood vessels returning oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart are called the _____.

white blood cells

The cells that provide protection against infection and respond to injuries are _____.

mouth

The chemical breakdown of food begins in the _____.

bacteria

The colon is responsible for absorption of all of these EXCEPT _____. minerals bacteria salts water vitamins

oxygenated; heart muscle

The coronary arteries carry _____ blood to the _____.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down the food we eat into usable subunits. Which list correctly places the parts of the digestive system in order starting in the mouth?

gallbladder; pancreas

The duodenum receives secretions from the _____ and _____.

organ; organ system

The heart is a(n) _____ found in the circulatory _____.

right atrium

The heart's natural pacemaker is located in the _____.

low oxygen levels

The hormone erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia. What does the term "hypoxia" mean?

Endocrine system

The hormone-secreting glands and organs with hormone-secreting cells

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

The human body is organized in a hierarchy of components. Which list correctly places these components in order from simplest to most complex?

alternates relaxing and contracting continuously throughout life

The human heart _____.

the skeletal system

The hypothalamus is NOT connected to _____.

a loop whose circuit output brings the body back to a set point

The hypothalamus is part of a homeostatic feedback loop that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Which phrase best describes a negative feedback loop?

thermoreceptors

The hypothalamus relies on _____ in the skin to signal internal and external changes in temperature.

increasing water excreted in the urine

The kidneys respond to a decrease in osmolarity by _____.

aorta

The largest artery in the human body carries blood from the left ventricle to the body and is called the _____.

plasma

The liquid part of your blood is _____.

HOMEOSTASIS

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.

osmoregulation

The maintenance of relatively stable volume, pressure, and solute concentration of bodily fluids, especially blood.

under systolic pressure

The maximum pressure in arteries occurs _____.

digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into subunits, enabling the absorption of nutrients

peristalsis

The muscular contraction used to push food down the esophagus and to mix chyme in the stomach is called _____.

37

The normal temperature of the human body (i.e., its "set point") is at _____ °C.

LARYNX:

The opening to the lower respiratory tract; also known as the voice box.

storage of bile

The pancreas is NOT responsible for _____.

Systolic pressure

The pressure in arteries at the time the ventricle contracts

Diastolic pressure

The pressure in arteries when the ventricle is relaxed

absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

The primary function of the small intestine is to _____.

Gas exchange

The process of taking up and releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide.

right; lungs

The pulmonary circuit of the heart carries blood from the _____ side of the heart to the _____.

incomplete

The sea anemone has one digestive opening. This is an example of a(n) _____ digestive system.

capillaries

The smallest blood vessels.

producing salivary amylase

The stomach is an important part of the digestive system. Which function is NOT performed by the stomach?

windpipe

The structure called the trachea is commonly known as the _____.

alveoli

The structures in the lungs that are closely associated with capillaries and permit gas exchange are called _____.

physiology

The study of the way a living organism's physical parts function

capillaries

The thin-walled vessels that exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood cells and tissue cells are called _____.

pharynx

The throat

increase the surface area and absorption of nutrients by the small intestines

The villi that line the wall of the small intestines serve to _____.

hypoxic chamber

To improve his performance, Michael Phelps sleeps in a device that creates an artificial low-oxygen environment. This device is called a(n) _____.

conserve heat and decrease the amount of heat lost from the skin into the environment

To maintain homeostasis, the human body constricts peripheral blood vessels in order to _____.

air → nasal passage → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus(lung) → capillaries.

Trace the path of air (oxygen) as it travels from outside to your lungs. The path of the oxygen molecule would look like this:

sleeping in a hypoxia chamber

Training at high altitude is similar to _____.

false

True or False: An individual can always lower all of his or her risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

False

True or False: Erythropoietin treatment increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by increasing the amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.

False

True or False: Oxygen-rich blood travels directly from the lungs to all parts of the body.

False

True or False: The respiratory system is capable of performing its functions without the circulatory system and vice versa.

true

True or False: The use of EPO and hypoxic chambers lead to the same end result.

False

True or False: the circulatory system actually bathes cells in blood for nutrient and oxygen exchange to occur.

True

True/False: Different organs working together for a common function make up an organ system .

conserves

Vasoconstriction ________________ heat.

sweating

Vasoconstriction is to shivering as vasodilation is to _____.

hypothalamus

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are the result of signals sent by what body structure?

Both skeletal muscle contractions and valves prevent backflow.

Veins rely on _____ to transport blood back to the heart.

small intestine, epithelial cells, capillaries

Villi greatly increase the surface area of the ________________ which allows many more nutrients to be taken in by ________________ and deposited into the _______________________.

carbon dioxide

Waste product excreted by cells

platelets, plasma, white blood cells

What are the components of human blood?

The diaphragm and rib muscles relax.

What are the forces involved in exhaling air from the lungs?

blood and bone cells

What cells are connective tissue made of?

heart, veins, arteries, blood, capillaries

What component(s) of the cardiovascular system is (are) essential to maintain bodily function?

Breathing rate increases.

What effect does an increase in carbon dioxide within the blood have on the respiratory system?

It increases blood sugar.

What effect does glucagon have on blood sugar?

None, because it stores bile salts produced by the liver.

What enzyme(s) does the gallbladder produce?

rising carbon dioxide levels

What factor most influences your need to breathe when you hold your breath?

It is compacted and eliminated from the body as stool.

What happens to waste material that collects in the large intestine?

the diaphragm & rib muscle relaxes, the rib cage becomes smaller, air rushes out.

What happens to your diaphragm and rib muscle and rib cage during exhalation?

the diaphragm and rib muscle contracts, the rib cage expands, air rushes in.

What happens to your diaphragm and rib muscle and rib cage during inhalation

blood glucose level, body temperature, blood pH

What is maintained by homeostasis in humans?

Red blood cell production will increase.

What is the biggest benefit of altitude training?

cardiovascular disease

What is the cause of more than half of all deaths in the United States?

contraction

What is the function of muscle tissue?

diaphragm

What is the large muscle that helps to move air in and out of the lungs called?

To deliver oxygen via the blood and remove carbon dioxide waste, also via the blood.

What is the main function of the systemic circuit?

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea

What is the path of carbon dioxide on its way out of the body from the capillaries in the lungs?

to pump blood throughout the body

What is the primary function of the heart?

to increase the surface area for absorption

What is the primary function of villi in the small intestine?

opening and closing of valves between the atria and ventricles

What keeps blood flowing through the heart in one direction only?

pancreas

What organ is responsible for monitoring blood glucose levels?

brain

What structure controls breathing rate?

pharynx

What structure is a common pathway for both food and air?

hemoglobin that has a high affinity for oxygen

When Asian geese fly at high altitudes (e.g., the Himalayas), they breathe thin air where the partial pressure of oxygen is low compared to that at sea level. Which adaption would help the geese efficiently bind oxygen to red blood cells in their lungs when flying at high altitudes?

mechanical digestion

When a mother cuts up food into very tiny pieces for her young children, what digestive function is she performing?

cellular respiration

When muscles carry out _____________________, they release heat as energy.

breath in

When the air pressure in your chest cavity decreases, you will

by increasing the number of red blood cells

When the amount of oxygen available to the respiratory system decreases, how does the body respond to the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

blood recoiling against the closed valves

When the doctor uses a stethoscope, she can listen to your beating heart. She hears "lub-dub, lub-dub." These sounds are created by _____

kidney

When the respiratory system is unable to provide adequate oxygen over an extended period, you would expect to see an increase in the number of red blood cells. Patients with _____ failure may be unable to respond normally.

alveoli

Where does carbon dioxide cross from the circulatory system to the respiratory system (ie exchange of CO2 and O2 take place)?

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between air and blood occur?

capillary beds

Where does gas exchange occur in the body?

small intestine

Where does the majority of chemical digestion take place?

marlins and brown bats

Which animals can generate their own heat?

erythrocytes

Which blood cells lack a nucleus?

left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart would be expected to generate the most force in expelling blood from the heart?

Blood pH decreases.

Which description does NOT accompany an increase in breathing rate?

adding more villi and making each villus longer

Which description would increase the efficiency of absorption in the small intestine?

. Bile salts

Which liver product (stored in the gallbladder) emulsifies fats in the small intestine?

shivering

Which of these generates heat (rather than just conserves heat)?

the hypothalamus

Which of these houses the body's thermostat?

increased barometric pressure

Which of these is NOT a known physiological side effect of climbing at high altitudes?

diet pills

Which of these is NOT a permanent means of weight reduction?

regular exercise

Which of these is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

time of day

Which of these is NOT important in terms of homeostatic regulation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: a. time of day b. blood osmolarity c. glucose concentration d. pH e. temperature

being obese

Which of these is a controllable risk factor for hypertension? being male family history being obese older age being African American

shivering and vasoconstriction

Which of these is a response/are responses to extreme cold?

vasodilation and sweating

Which of these is a response/are responses to extreme heat?

fruits and veggies

Which of these is part of a heart-healthy diet in large amounts?

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Which option correctly lists the pathway that carbon dioxide follows as it leaves the body?

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveol

Which option correctly lists the pathway that oxygen follows as it enters the body?

liver

Which organ is responsible for producing bile salts essential for emulsifying fats in the small intestine?

endocrine system

Which organ system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal glands?

lymphatic system: moves blood into tissues and around body

Which organ system is incorrectly paired with its corresponding function?

nervous system

Which organ system is responsible for sensing and responding to information from all over the body?

colon: produces enzymes to break down fats

Which part of the digestive system is incorrectly paired with its primary function?

stomach

Which part of the digestive tract has the most acidic pH?

the lower portion of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine

Which part(s) of the digestive tract is(are) no longer used in patients who have had gastric bypass surgery?

include the adrenal glands

Which phrase does NOT apply to accessory organs of the digestive system? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: a. synthesize bile salts and lipase b. secrete certain substances into the digestive tract c. include the adrenal glands d. include salivary glands e. are not part of the actual digestive "tube"

drinking large volumes of water and minimizing salt intake

Which situation would contribute to low osmolarity? a. restricting water intake and minimizing salt intake b. restricting water intake and consuming large quantities of salty foods c. drinking large volumes of water and consuming large quantities of salty foods d. drinking large volumes of water and minimizing salt intake

Red blood cells are shaped like concave disks.

Which statement about red blood cells is true?

The body builder has more muscle in which to store glycogen, which can be broken down for fuel.

Which statement best explains why a male bodybuilder with excess muscle mass would survive longer without food than an average male with normal muscle mass?

The small intestine is the primary organ for nutrient absorption.

Which statement best explains why bypassing a portion of the small intestine can significantly increase weight loss? The small intestine is the primary organ for nutrient absorption. The small intestine is the primary organ for mechanical digestion. The small intestine is the primary organ for water absorption. The small intestine is the primary organ for food storage. The small intestine is the primary organ for waste removal.

The stomach is lined with a layer of thick protective mucus.

Which statement best explains why stomach acid does not harm the lining of the stomach?

The enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in our bodies function only within a very narrow temperature range.

Which statement best explains why the human body does not tolerate internal temperature changes very well?

Air moves from lower pressure to higher pressure.

Which statement describes a force that is NOT involved in inhaling air from the lungs?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the pituitary gland.

Which statement describes what is most likely happening when you feel thirsty?

Arteries contain valves that prevent backflow of blood.

Which statement is NOT true about arteries? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: Arteries have thicker walls than veins. Arteries carry blood from the heart to body tissues. Blood is propelled through arteries by the heart. Arteries contain valves that prevent backflow of blood.

Blood is part of the respiratory system

Which statement is NOT true of blood? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: a. Blood cells are suspended in liquid called plasma. b. Blood is part of the respiratory system. c. Blood contains cells called erythrocytes, which carry oxygen. d. Blood contains a variety of blood cells including leukocytes, which are involved in immunity.

Cholesterol is a protein.

Which statement is NOT true of cholesterol? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: Cholesterol can accumulate in the lining of blood vessels. Cholesterol is a protein. Cholesterol is made in our bodies. Cholesterol is carried out of the bloodstream by HDL.

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to two molecules of oxygen.

Which statement is NOT true of hemoglobin? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. Hemoglobin gives up oxygen to tissues more readily during exercise. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to two molecules of oxygen. Hemoglobin contains iron.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher than at sea level.

Which statement is NOT true of high altitudes? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: The air pressure is lower. The partial pressure of oxygen is lower than at sea level. More red blood cells are produced. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher than at sea level.

An increase in breathing rate decreases blood pH.

Which statement is NOT true? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: An increase in breathing rate brings more oxygen into the blood. An increase in breathing rate can be stimulated by an increase in carbon dioxide. An increase in breathing rate raises blood pH. An increase in breathing rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide leaving the blood. An increase in breathing rate decreases blood pH.

Arteries have valves and much muscle tissue.

Which statement is false about arteries and veins? a. Arteries have valves and much muscle tissue. b. Arteries are under high pressure. c. Veins are under low pressure. d. Veins have valves and little muscle tissue.

A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too complex for chemicals exchanged by simple diffusion.

Which statement is true about the circulatory system?

Teeth only function in mechanical digestion.

Which statement is true regarding teeth? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: a. Teeth play no role in either chemical or mechanical digestion. b. Teeth only function in mechanical digestion. c. Teeth secrete amylase, which is involved in chemical digestion. d. Teeth absorb nutrients present in food.

The small intestine is highly "vascularized," given the presence of blood capillaries in villi.

Which statement is true regarding the small intestine? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices: a. Unlike the large intestine, the small intestine does not contain villi. b. The small intestine is highly "vascularized," given the presence of blood capillaries in villi. c. The small intestine has a relatively small surface area; however, it contains special nutrient-absorbing structures called villi. d. The small intestine is only involved in nutrient absorption; no digestion (whether mechanical or chemical) occurs in the small intestine.

Fungi have a closed digestive system.

Which statement regarding fungi digestion is false? a. Fungi absorb nutrients directly into their cells. b. Fungi do not have a mouth or stomach pouch. c. Fungi have a closed digestive system. d. Hyphae from fungi release digestive enzymes. e. Fungi have hyphae that serve as digestive organs

The digestive system includes the heart and the small intestine.

Which statement regarding organ systems is false?

The human body has two main organ systems.

Which statement regarding organ systems is false?

The colon is the last portion of the large intestine.

Which statement regarding the digestive system is false? a.The rectum stores waste ready for elimination. b.The colon is responsible for water reabsorption. c.The bacteria in the colon help produce valuable vitamins. d.The colon is the last portion of the large intestine. e.The large intestine acts as a trash compactor.

The stomach stores bile for fat emulsification in the small intestine.

Which statement regarding the stomach is false? a. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. b. The stomach stores bile for fat emulsification in the small intestine. c. Stomach acid helps protect us from food-borne diseases. d. Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach. e. Stomach acid denatures certain proteins in our food.

aorta, arteries, arterioles

Which structures carry blood away from the heart?

capillaries

Which substance is NOT carried by blood? nutrients oxygen capillaries carbon dioxide traces of drugs

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which two gases diffuse across the respiratory surface?

pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

Which vessel(s) is(are) a part of the pulmonary circuit?

death of affected tissue and frostbite

While climbing Mt. Everest, climbers often experience vasoconstriction. Prolonged periods of vasoconstriction can lead to _____.

Gastric bypass removes over half of the small intestines where nutrients and calories are absorbed.

Why are patients who are undergoing gastric bypass more likely to lose a significant amount of weight compared to sleeve gastrectomy?

The digestive tract of sea anemones has a single opening (which functions as the mouth and anus).

Why do we say sea anemones have an "incomplete" digestive tract?

Capillaries are required for gas exchange in all tissues.

Why does the heart require blood vessels to supply its tissue with blood if there is blood within the heart?

Cholesterol is a lipid.

Why is cholesterol carried by specialized proteins in the blood?

Bacteria living in the colon break down fiber for nutrients.

Why is fiber an important part of our diet?

Shivering produces heat when the body temperature becomes too low.

Why is shivering an effective way to maintain homeostasis?

Cells in tissues are using aerobic respiration.

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen lower in tissues than in the lungs?

an inability to break down fats in the small intestines and an inability to store bile salts

Without a gallbladder, which situation may occur?

South Sudan

You would be least likely to find a hypoxic chamber in the bedroom of an elite athlete living in _____.

integumentary and circulatory

Your skin helps protect against the entry of disease-causing bacteria. Your blood contains cells of the immune system that help fight off infections. Based on this information, what systems are involved in fighting infections?

liver

______________ produces bile salt that is stored in the gall bladder and help emulsify fats before being broken down by the enzyme lipase produced by the pancreas.

shivering

____________________ generates heat

Glucagon

__________________________ signals liver and muscle cells to break down stored glycogen to release glucose in the bloodstream.

Insulin

_________________________________ signals body cells to take in glucose, which will be used as a source of energy, and signals liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it as glycogen.

pulmonary circuit

__________________allows blood to pick up oxygen from the lungs and leave carbon dioxide to be expelled.

hemoglobin

a blood protein containing iron that attaches the oxygen and carries it from the body to the lungs.

TRACHEA

a. A large airway leading to the lower respiratory tract.

heart attack

a. A restriction of blood flow to the heart resulting in damage to the heart muscle.

Organ system

a. A set of cooperating organs that work together to perform a specific function

organ

a. A structure made up of various tissue types working together to carry out a common function.

Respiratory surface

a. A surface across which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves.

liver

a. An organ that aids digestion by producing bile salts that emulsify fats.

tissue

a. An organized collection of one cell type working to carry out a specific function.

veins

a. Blood vessels (except the coronary ) that carry blood toward the heart.

peristalsis

a. Coordinated muscular contractions that force food down the digestive tract.

bronchioles

a. Smaller airways that branch from the bronchi.

VENTRICLES:

a. The chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, the left ventricle pumps blood to the body.

vasodilation

a. The expansion in diameter of blood vessels, which helps to release heat.

heart

a. The muscular pump that generates force to move blood throughout the body.

small intestine

a. The organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs.

Blood pressure

a. The overall pressure in blood vessels, expressed as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure.

vasoconstriction

a. The reduction in diameter of blood vessels, which helps to retain heat.

bronchi

a. Two airways that branch from the trachea that lead into each lung.

gastric banding can be reversed, the food still travels through the rest of the stomach and the upper intestine There are also fewer complications due to gastric banding since it is less invasive and adjustable.

advantages of gastric banding

high pressure.

b. Arteries in the systemic circuit do not need valves to maintain proper blood flow because the blood is flowing under

increases; decreases; more

b. Choose the correct sequence of events. Water volume _____ in blood; release of ADH by the hypothalamus _____; kidneys release _____ water in the urine.

Gastric bypass

b. If a patient needed to lose weight very quickly, which procedure should they receive?

glucagon; an increase

b. The release of _____ by the pancreas into the blood would be followed by _____ in blood-glucose level.

False

b. True or False: The accessory organs of the digestive tract can be removed without harming normal functioning of the digestive tract.

Right atrium

b. Which heart chamber receives oxygen-poor blood from the body?

gastric banding can be temporary and reversible, and more food is digested and absorbed by the digestive tract so it takes longer to lose as much weight as with gastric bypass.

disadvantages of gastric banding

Villi

finger like projections present on epithelial tissue lining the small intestine

gills

how do fish breathe?

Through trachea (air tubes)(tracheal system)

how do insects breathe?

vasodilation

increases the diameter of surface blood vessels and promotes heat loss through the skin.

pancreas

lipase is produced by the ________________

bile salt, lipase

liver produces ___________________ that is stored in the gallbladder and helps emulsify fats before being broken down by the enzyme _________________/

veins

low pressure vessels

vasoconstriction

reduces the diameter of surface blood vessels and redirects blood to the body core.

increases

say whether each given condition would increase or decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: High altitude

decreases

say whether each given condition would increase or decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: Low pH

increase

say whether each given condition would increase or decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: erythropoietin treatment

increase

say whether each given condition would increase or decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: high partial pressure of oxygen0

decreases

say whether each given condition would increase or decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: high temperature

capillaries

site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the blood and tissue cells

pepsin

stomach secretion

capillaries

the site of oxygen and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissue cells

capillaries

the site where cellular waste diffuses into the blood.

connect

what is the function of connective tissue?

covering

what is the function of epithelial tissues?

To transmit signals

what is the function of nerve tissue?