Biology II, Unit 5: Tissues

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Endocrine Glands

? are glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

Collagenous Fibers

? are grouped in long, parallel bundles, and are flexible but only slightly elastic

Collagenous Fibers

? are important components of body parts that hold structures together such as ligaments and tendons

Fibroblasts

? are large star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matric of connective tissues

Cells

? are the most basic units of structure within a human organism

Collagenous Fibers

? are thick threads of collagen proteins

Macrophages

? can move about and function as scavenger and defensive cells that clear foreign particles from tissues

Macrophages

? carry on phagocytosis

Elastic

? cartilage has a dense network of elastic fibers and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Hyaline

? cartilage has very fine collagenous fibers and looks like white glass

Hyaline

? cartilage is the most common type of ?

Elastic

? cartilage provides framework for the external ears and for parts of the larnyx

Skin; Stomach and Intestines

? cells and cells that line the ? and ? are continually damaged and replaced

Simple Columnar Epithelium

? cells are elongated (longer than they are wide)

Mast

? cells are large and widely distributed in connective tissues

Goblet

? cells are specialized, flask-shaped glandular cells that are scattered among the columnar cells of simple columnar epithelium

Mast

? cells are usually near blood vessels

Simple Squamous Epithelium

? cells fit tightly together, somewhat like floor tiles

Wandering

? cells move through and appear in tissues temporarily, usually in response to an ? or ?

Fixed

? cells reside in the tissue for an extended period of time

Goblet, Mucus

? cells secrete a protective fluid, called ?, onto the free surface of the tissue

Mast

? cells secrete herapin and histamine

Ligaments

? connect bones to bones

Tendons

? connect muscles to bones

Dense

? connective tissue consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers

Reticular

? connective tissue helps to provide the framework of certain internal organs, such as the liver and the spleen

Reticular

? connective tissue is composed of thin, collagenous fibers in a 3D network

Dense

? connective tissues are more flexible

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium, Lumen

? consists of 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a ?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

? consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; they usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei

Simple Squamous Epithelium

? consists of a single layer of thin, flattened cells

Perichondrium, Diffusion

? contains blood vessels that provide cartilage cells with nutrients by ?

Cutaneous

? epithelial membranes are most commonly called the skin

Serous

? epithelial membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside; consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue

Mucous

? epithelial membranes line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities and the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

Elastic, Complex Networks

? fibers are composed of elastin proteins; these thin fibers branch and form

Reticular, Spleen

? fibers are very thin collagenous fibers; they are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks in a variety of tissues including the ?

Collagenous

? fibers hold structures together with great tensile strength

Reticular

? fibers lend delicate support

Elastic

? fibers stretch easily

Lamellae

? forms concentric patterns around tiny longitudinal tubes called central/haversian canals

Fibrocartilage

? forms pads (intervertebral discs) between the individual bones (vertebrae) of the spinal column; cushions bones in the knees ad pelvic girdle

Apocrine

? glands lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

Holocrine

? glands release their entire cells that in turn disentegrates to release cell secretions

Collagenous Fibers

? have great ? strength

Blood

? helps maintain stable internal environmental conditions

Bone; Cranial and Thoracic

? internally supports body structures and protects vital parts in the ? and ? cavities

Cartilage

? is a rigid connective tissue

Fibrocartilage

? is a shock absorber for structures that are subjected to pressure

Fibrocartilage

? is a very tough tissue has many collagenous fibers

Bone

? is an attachment for muscles

Extracellular Matrix

? is composed of protein fibers and a ground substance consisting of non-fibrous protein, other molecules, and fluid

Free (Apical) Surface

? is one that is exposed to the outside or to an open surface internally

Perichondrium

? is the connective tissue that encloses and covers cartinaginous structures

Bone

? is the most rigid connective tissue

Serous Fluid

? is typically watery and has a high concentration of enzymes

Phagocytosis

? is when a cell takes in solids

Epithelial

? membranes are thin, sheet-like structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue covering body surfaces and lining body cavities

Smooth

? muscle tissue does not have striations

Cardiac

? muscle tissue is found only in the heart

Microphages

? produce fibers

Cartilage

? provides support, frameworks, and attachments, protect underlying tissues, and forms structural models for many developing bones

Neurons

? sense certain types of changes in their surroundings; they respond by transmitting impulses along cellular processes

Areolar

? tissue cells are located some distance apart and are separated by a gel-like extracellular matrix containing many collagenous and elastic fibers that fibroblasts secrete

Adipose

? tissue develops when adipocytes store fat as droplets in their cytoplasm and enlarge

Areolar

? tissue forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body

Adipose

? tissue is fat tissue

Adipose

? tissue lies beneath the skin, in spaces between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, in certain abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart, and around certain joints

Muscle

? tissues are able to contract; as they contract, muscle fibers pull at their attached ends, and this action moves body parts

40

?% of skeletal muscle tissue is skeletal muscle

Synovial

Another type of membrane is a ? membrane, which lines joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue

Organs, Muscles

Areolar tissue binds the skin to the underlying ? and fills spaces between ?; it lies between most layers of epithelium, where its many blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells

Dense

As parts of tendons and ligaments, ? connective tissue binds muscle to bone and bone to bone

Keratin

As skin cells age, they accumulate a protein called ? and they harden and die

Thick

Because the noncilated simple columnar epithelium cells are elongated, the tissue is ?

Blood Plasma

Blood is composed of formed elements suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called ?

Platelets

Blood plasma includes formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called ?

Concentrix

Lamellae forms ? circles

Fibroblasts and Mast Cells

List 2 examples of fixed cells:

-Clear -White -Yellow or Green -Brown or Orange

List all the possible colors of mucus:

-Mostly have good blood supply -Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells

List some distinguishing characteristics of connective tissues:

-Lack blood vessels, readily divide -cells are tightly packed

List some distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues:

Cells communicate with each other and with other body parts

List some distinguishing characteristics of nervous tissues:

Able to contract in response to specific stimuli

List some of the distinguishing characteristics of muscle tissues:

1) Connective Tissue Proper 2) Specialized Connective Tissue

List the 2 categories connective tissues are classified in:

1) Merocrine 2) Apocrine 3) Holocrine

List the 3 different types of exocrine glands:

1) Serous 2) Mucous 3)Cutaneous

List the 3 types of Epithelial Membranes:

1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Muscle 4) Nervous

List the 4 major types of human body tissues:

-Bind -Support -Protect -Fill spaces -Store fat -Produce blood cells

List the function(s) of connective tissues:

-Protection -Secretion -Absorption -Excretion

List the function(s) of epithelial tissues:

Movement

List the function(s) of muscle tissues:

Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, and reception

List the function(s) of nervous tissues:

-Protection -Secretion -Movement of Mucus

List the function(s) of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

-Absorption -Secretion -Protection

List the function(s) of simple columnar epithelium:

-Cover the ovaries -Line most of the kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands (salivary, thyroid, pancreas, and liver)

List the function(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:

Secretion and Absorption

List the function(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:

-Filtration -Diffusion -Osmosis -Cover's Surface

List the function(s) of simple squamous epithelium:

-Walls of capillaries -Line the insides of blood and lymph vessels -Covers the membranes that line body cavities

List the function(s) of simple squamous equilibriums:

Protection and Secretion

List the function(s) of stratified columnar epithelium:

Protection

List the function(s) of stratified cuboidal epithelium:

Protection

List the function(s) of stratified squamous epithelium:

-Brain -Spinal Cord -Nerves

List the location(s) of nervous tissues:

Lining of respiratory passages

List the location(s) of pseudostratifed columnar epithelium:

Linings of: -Uterus -Stomach -Intestines

List the location(s) of simple columnar epithelium:

-Surface of ovaries -Linings if kidney tubules -Linings of ducts of certain glands

List the location(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:

-Air sacs of lungs -Walls of Capillaries -Linings of blood and Lymph Vessels

List the location(s) of simple squamous epithelium:

Parts of the male Urethra and Pharnyx

List the location(s) of stratified columnar epithelium:

-Linings of larger ducts of Mammary Glands -Sweat Glands -Salivary Glands -Pancreas

List the location(s) of stratified cuboidal epithelium:

-Outer layer of the skin -Linings of the oral cavity -Throat -Vagina

List the location(s) of stratified squamous epithelium:

(Larger parts of) -Mammary Glands -Sweat Glands -Salivary Glands -Pancreas

List the parts that stratified cuboidal epithelium lines:

-Oral Cavity -Esophagus -Vagina -Anal Canal

List the parts that the stratified squamous epithelium lines:

-Brain -Spinal Cord -Peripheral Nerves

List the place(s) where nervous tissue is found:

Areolar and Adipose

Loose connective tissue includes ? and ? tissue

-Areolar -Adipose -Reticular

Loose connective tissues include:

Wandering

Macrophages is an example of ? cells

White

Macrophages, or histocytes, originate as ? blood cells

Apocrine

Mammary glands and ceruminous glands that line the external ear canal are examples of ? glands

Heparin

Mast cells release ? which prevents blood clotting and histamine which promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies

Connective

Nutrients diffuse to epithelium to underlying ? tissues, which have abundant blood vessels

Spaces

One function of connective tissue is it can fill ?

Blood Cells

One function of connective tissue is it can produce ?

Support and Protection

One function of connective tissue is it can provide ? and ?

Frameworks

One function of connective tissue is it can serve as ?

Fat

One function of connective tissue is it can store ?

Structures

One function of connective tissues is it can bind ?

Tissue

One function of connective tissues is it can help repair ? damage

Infections

One function of connective tissues is it can protect against ?

Adipose

Overeating and a lack of exercise increases the size of ? cells

Canaliculi

Bone cells have many cytoplasmic processes that extend outward and pass through very small tubes in the extracellular matrix called ?

Red Marrow

Bone contains ? which forms blood cells

Lamellae

Bone matrix is deposited in thin layers called ?

Calcium and Phosphorus

Bone stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as ? and ?

Injuries heal rapidly as new cells come in to replace lost and damaged cells

What happens as a result of epithelial cell division?

The tissue stretches, and the physical relationships among the cells change

What happens when an organ line by transitional epithelium distends?

Function

Each type of tissue is composed of similar cells specialized to carry on a particular ?

No

YES or NO: The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium can appear stratified or layered, but are they?

Weaker

Elastic fibers are ? than collagenous fibers but they stretch easily and can resume their original lengths and shapes

Yellow

Elastic fibers are sometimes called ? fibers because tissues well supplied with them appear with this color

Mucous and Goblet

? and ? cells secrete mucus, but in different parts of the body

Osteocytes

? are bone cells located in the lacunae, which are rather evenly spaced within lamellae

Chondrocytes

? are cartilage cells that occupy small chambers called ? and lie completely within the extracellular matrix

Involunrtarily

Cardiac muscle is controlled ? like smooth muscle cells

Tissues

Cells are organized into groups and layers called ?

Gland

Cells within the glandular epithelium are usually found within columnar or cuboidal epithelium, and one or more of these substances constitute a ?

Goblet

Cilia within pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues sweep away ? cells that secrete mucus

Airways

Cilia within pseudostratified columnar epithelium moves mucus and its captured particles upward and out of ?

Epithelial, Extracellular

Connective tissue cells are farther apart than ? cells, and they have an abundance of ? matrix between them

Cuboidal

Cube shaped epithelial cells are ?

Fibroblasts

Dense connective tissues have few cells, most of which are ?

Cartilage

Different types of extracellular matrix distinguish 3 types of ?

Vascularity, Blood

Divisible connective tissue cells have varying degrees of ?, but most have good ? supplies and are well nourished

Shape and Number

Epithelial cells are classified according to ? and ? of layers of cells

Divide

Epithelial cells can readily ?

Stratified

Epithelial cells with 2 or more layers are called ?

Secretion and Absorption

Epithelial tissues function in ? and ?

Squamous

Epithelial tissues that are composed of thin, flattened cells are ?

The way the glands secrete their products

Exocrine glands are classified according to what?

Widely distributed throughout the body

Explain the location(s) of connective tissues:

-Covering body surfaces -Covering and lining internal organs -Composing glands

Explain the location(s) of epithelial tissues:

Attaches to the bones in the walls of hollow internal organs; Heart

Explain the location(s) of muscle tissues:

-Lines the uterus and most organs of the digestive tract, including the stomach and the small and large intestines

Explain the location(s) of noncilated simple columnar epithelium:

3

Fibroblasts produce ? types of connective tissue fibers and reticular fibers; the most abundant are ? and ? fibers

Exocrine Gland

Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces such as the skin or digestive tract are called ?

Endocrine

Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood are called ? glands

Produce and Secrete

Glandular Epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to ? and ? substances into ducts or into body fluids

According to the way they secrete their products

How are exocrine glands classified?

Osteon

In a bone, the osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix, which are concentrically clustered around a central canal, form a cylinder-shaped unit called an ?, or haversian system

Red Marrow

Most blood cells form in ? within the hollow parts of certain long bones

Divide

Most connective tissue cells can divide

Merocrine; Serous fluid or Mucous

Most exocrine secretory cells are ? and they can be further sub-classified based on their secretion of ? fluid or ?

Mucin

Mucous is rich in glycoprotein ? and is abundantly secreted by cells

Digestive, Respiratory, and Reproductive

Mucus is abundantly secreted by cells, for protection, in the inner linings of the ?, ?, and ? systems

Dust and Microorganisms

Mucus-covered linings within pseudostratified columnar epithelium are sticky and trap ? and ? that enter with the air

Cilia

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells commonly have ?, which extend from the free surfaces of the cells

Shape, Basement Membrane

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells vary in ? but all reach the ?

Respiratory

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the passage of the ? system

Merocrine

Salivary glands, pancreatic glands, and sweat glands of the skin are all examples of ? glands

Holocrine

Sebaceous glands of the skin are examples of ? glands

Visceral and Parietal

Serous cells that secrete fluid and lubricate are commonly associated with the ? and ? membranes of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Nuclei

Simple columnar are composed of a single layer of cells whose ? are elongated, like the shape of themselves

Absorption

Simple columnar cells specialized for ? often have many tiny cylindrical processes extending from their surfaces

Fluids, Foods

Simple columnar epithelium also secretes digestive ? and absorbs nutrients from digested ?

Basement Membrane

Simple columnar epithelium cells are usually located in about the same level, near the ?

Secretion and Absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue functions in ? and ? in the kidneys

Products

Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue secrete glandular ? in glands

Protective Barriers

Since epithelial cells are tightly packed, they form effective ? in such structures as the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the mouth

Free (Apical) Surface

Since epithelial tissues cover organs, form inner linings of body cavities, and line hollow organs, it always has a ?

Damaged

Since simple squamous equilibrium is so thin and delicate, it is easily ?

Simple

Single-layered epithelial cells are called ?

Urethra, Ductus Deferns, and Pharnyx

Small amounts of stratified columnar epithelium are found in the male ? and ? and in parts of the ?

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Some ? cells do not contact the free surface

Bone and Cartilage

Some connective tissues, such as ? and ?, are quite rigid

Ovarian and Seminferous

Stratified cuboidal epithelium forms the lining of developing ? follicles and ? tubules which are parts of the female and male reproductive systems

Thick

Stratified squamous epithelium makes tissue relatively ?

Diffusion and Filtration

Substances pass rather easily through simple squamous epithelium, which is common at sites of ? and ?

Columnar, Cuboidal

Superficial cells are ?, whereas the basal layers consist of ? cells

Columnar

Tall, elongated epithelial cells are ?

40-50

The average adult has between ? billion fat cells

Cilated or Noncilated

The cells of simple columnar epithelium can be ? or ?

Fluid to Semisolid

The consistency of extracellular matrix varies from ? to ? to solid

Protect underlying tissues

What does noncilated simple columnar epithelium's thick cells enable it to do?

Bone

The hardness of ? is largely due to mineral salts such as calcium phosphate (CO3PO4)2 and calcium carbonate (CACO3), between cells

Slowly, Chondrocytes

The lack of a direct blood supply to cartilage tissue is why torn cartilage heals ? and why ? do not divide frequently

Protection

The layering of the cells within stratified cuboidal epithelium provides more ? than the single layer afffords

Striations

The long thread-like cells of skeletal muscle have alternating light and dark cross-markings called ?

Broad and Thin

The nuclei of simple squamous epithelium is usually ? and ?

Keratinized

The parts that are lined by stratified squamous epithelium are not ?; they stay soft and moist and the cells on its free surfaces remain alive

Basement Membrane

The underside of tissue is anchored to connective tissue by a thin, nonliving layer, called the ?

Barrier

Transitional Epithelial forms a ? that helps prevent the contents of the urinary tract from diffusing back into the environment

Bladder; Uterus and Urethra

Transitional Epithelium forms the inner lining of the urinary ? and lines the ? and the superior ?

Tension

Transitional Epithelium is specialized to change in response to increased ?

-Proper connective tissue -Dense connective tissue

What are the different types of connective tissue proper:

-Cartilage -Bone -Blood

What are the different types of specialized connective tissue:

Support soft body parts and bind structures together

What do connective tissues do for the body?

Form protective coverings

What do epithelial tissues do for the body?

Blood Vessels

What do epithelial tissues lack?

Produce body movements

What do muscle tissues do for the body?

Conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities

What do nervous tissues do for the body?

The tissue consists of several layers of cuboidal cells

What happens when the wall of one of the organs lined by transitional epithelium contracts?

-Produces a covering of dry, tough, protective material -Prevents water and other substances from escaping underlying tissues -Blocks various chemicals and microorganisms from entering

What is the job of 'Keratinization' and what does it prevent?

Fibroblasts

What is the most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue?

Epidermis

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

Microvilli

What process increases the surface area of the cell membrane where it is exposed to substances being absorbed?

Intercalated Disc

Where cardiac muscle tissue touches another cell is specialized intercellular junction called an ?

Epithelial

Which type of cells are tightly packed?

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue consists of several layers of cells?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the skin?

Merocrine

Which type of exocrine gland releases fluid by exocytosis?

Epithelial

Which type of human body tissue is formed throughout the body?

Phagocytosis

White blood cells are specialized to carry on ?

The nuclei are at 2 or more levels in a row of aligned cells

Why does pseudostratified columnar epithelium have a layered effect?

Deeper, Flatten

Within stratified squamous epithelium, cells divide in the ? layers and newer cells push older ones farther outward, where they ?


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