Biology II, Unit 5: Tissues
Endocrine Glands
? are glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
Collagenous Fibers
? are grouped in long, parallel bundles, and are flexible but only slightly elastic
Collagenous Fibers
? are important components of body parts that hold structures together such as ligaments and tendons
Fibroblasts
? are large star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matric of connective tissues
Cells
? are the most basic units of structure within a human organism
Collagenous Fibers
? are thick threads of collagen proteins
Macrophages
? can move about and function as scavenger and defensive cells that clear foreign particles from tissues
Macrophages
? carry on phagocytosis
Elastic
? cartilage has a dense network of elastic fibers and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage
Hyaline
? cartilage has very fine collagenous fibers and looks like white glass
Hyaline
? cartilage is the most common type of ?
Elastic
? cartilage provides framework for the external ears and for parts of the larnyx
Skin; Stomach and Intestines
? cells and cells that line the ? and ? are continually damaged and replaced
Simple Columnar Epithelium
? cells are elongated (longer than they are wide)
Mast
? cells are large and widely distributed in connective tissues
Goblet
? cells are specialized, flask-shaped glandular cells that are scattered among the columnar cells of simple columnar epithelium
Mast
? cells are usually near blood vessels
Simple Squamous Epithelium
? cells fit tightly together, somewhat like floor tiles
Wandering
? cells move through and appear in tissues temporarily, usually in response to an ? or ?
Fixed
? cells reside in the tissue for an extended period of time
Goblet, Mucus
? cells secrete a protective fluid, called ?, onto the free surface of the tissue
Mast
? cells secrete herapin and histamine
Ligaments
? connect bones to bones
Tendons
? connect muscles to bones
Dense
? connective tissue consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers
Reticular
? connective tissue helps to provide the framework of certain internal organs, such as the liver and the spleen
Reticular
? connective tissue is composed of thin, collagenous fibers in a 3D network
Dense
? connective tissues are more flexible
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium, Lumen
? consists of 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a ?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
? consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; they usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei
Simple Squamous Epithelium
? consists of a single layer of thin, flattened cells
Perichondrium, Diffusion
? contains blood vessels that provide cartilage cells with nutrients by ?
Cutaneous
? epithelial membranes are most commonly called the skin
Serous
? epithelial membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside; consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
Mucous
? epithelial membranes line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities and the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
Elastic, Complex Networks
? fibers are composed of elastin proteins; these thin fibers branch and form
Reticular, Spleen
? fibers are very thin collagenous fibers; they are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks in a variety of tissues including the ?
Collagenous
? fibers hold structures together with great tensile strength
Reticular
? fibers lend delicate support
Elastic
? fibers stretch easily
Lamellae
? forms concentric patterns around tiny longitudinal tubes called central/haversian canals
Fibrocartilage
? forms pads (intervertebral discs) between the individual bones (vertebrae) of the spinal column; cushions bones in the knees ad pelvic girdle
Apocrine
? glands lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion
Holocrine
? glands release their entire cells that in turn disentegrates to release cell secretions
Collagenous Fibers
? have great ? strength
Blood
? helps maintain stable internal environmental conditions
Bone; Cranial and Thoracic
? internally supports body structures and protects vital parts in the ? and ? cavities
Cartilage
? is a rigid connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
? is a shock absorber for structures that are subjected to pressure
Fibrocartilage
? is a very tough tissue has many collagenous fibers
Bone
? is an attachment for muscles
Extracellular Matrix
? is composed of protein fibers and a ground substance consisting of non-fibrous protein, other molecules, and fluid
Free (Apical) Surface
? is one that is exposed to the outside or to an open surface internally
Perichondrium
? is the connective tissue that encloses and covers cartinaginous structures
Bone
? is the most rigid connective tissue
Serous Fluid
? is typically watery and has a high concentration of enzymes
Phagocytosis
? is when a cell takes in solids
Epithelial
? membranes are thin, sheet-like structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue covering body surfaces and lining body cavities
Smooth
? muscle tissue does not have striations
Cardiac
? muscle tissue is found only in the heart
Microphages
? produce fibers
Cartilage
? provides support, frameworks, and attachments, protect underlying tissues, and forms structural models for many developing bones
Neurons
? sense certain types of changes in their surroundings; they respond by transmitting impulses along cellular processes
Areolar
? tissue cells are located some distance apart and are separated by a gel-like extracellular matrix containing many collagenous and elastic fibers that fibroblasts secrete
Adipose
? tissue develops when adipocytes store fat as droplets in their cytoplasm and enlarge
Areolar
? tissue forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body
Adipose
? tissue is fat tissue
Adipose
? tissue lies beneath the skin, in spaces between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, in certain abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart, and around certain joints
Muscle
? tissues are able to contract; as they contract, muscle fibers pull at their attached ends, and this action moves body parts
40
?% of skeletal muscle tissue is skeletal muscle
Synovial
Another type of membrane is a ? membrane, which lines joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue
Organs, Muscles
Areolar tissue binds the skin to the underlying ? and fills spaces between ?; it lies between most layers of epithelium, where its many blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells
Dense
As parts of tendons and ligaments, ? connective tissue binds muscle to bone and bone to bone
Keratin
As skin cells age, they accumulate a protein called ? and they harden and die
Thick
Because the noncilated simple columnar epithelium cells are elongated, the tissue is ?
Blood Plasma
Blood is composed of formed elements suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called ?
Platelets
Blood plasma includes formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called ?
Concentrix
Lamellae forms ? circles
Fibroblasts and Mast Cells
List 2 examples of fixed cells:
-Clear -White -Yellow or Green -Brown or Orange
List all the possible colors of mucus:
-Mostly have good blood supply -Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells
List some distinguishing characteristics of connective tissues:
-Lack blood vessels, readily divide -cells are tightly packed
List some distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues:
Cells communicate with each other and with other body parts
List some distinguishing characteristics of nervous tissues:
Able to contract in response to specific stimuli
List some of the distinguishing characteristics of muscle tissues:
1) Connective Tissue Proper 2) Specialized Connective Tissue
List the 2 categories connective tissues are classified in:
1) Merocrine 2) Apocrine 3) Holocrine
List the 3 different types of exocrine glands:
1) Serous 2) Mucous 3)Cutaneous
List the 3 types of Epithelial Membranes:
1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Muscle 4) Nervous
List the 4 major types of human body tissues:
-Bind -Support -Protect -Fill spaces -Store fat -Produce blood cells
List the function(s) of connective tissues:
-Protection -Secretion -Absorption -Excretion
List the function(s) of epithelial tissues:
Movement
List the function(s) of muscle tissues:
Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, and reception
List the function(s) of nervous tissues:
-Protection -Secretion -Movement of Mucus
List the function(s) of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
-Absorption -Secretion -Protection
List the function(s) of simple columnar epithelium:
-Cover the ovaries -Line most of the kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands (salivary, thyroid, pancreas, and liver)
List the function(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:
Secretion and Absorption
List the function(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:
-Filtration -Diffusion -Osmosis -Cover's Surface
List the function(s) of simple squamous epithelium:
-Walls of capillaries -Line the insides of blood and lymph vessels -Covers the membranes that line body cavities
List the function(s) of simple squamous equilibriums:
Protection and Secretion
List the function(s) of stratified columnar epithelium:
Protection
List the function(s) of stratified cuboidal epithelium:
Protection
List the function(s) of stratified squamous epithelium:
-Brain -Spinal Cord -Nerves
List the location(s) of nervous tissues:
Lining of respiratory passages
List the location(s) of pseudostratifed columnar epithelium:
Linings of: -Uterus -Stomach -Intestines
List the location(s) of simple columnar epithelium:
-Surface of ovaries -Linings if kidney tubules -Linings of ducts of certain glands
List the location(s) of simple cuboidal epithelium:
-Air sacs of lungs -Walls of Capillaries -Linings of blood and Lymph Vessels
List the location(s) of simple squamous epithelium:
Parts of the male Urethra and Pharnyx
List the location(s) of stratified columnar epithelium:
-Linings of larger ducts of Mammary Glands -Sweat Glands -Salivary Glands -Pancreas
List the location(s) of stratified cuboidal epithelium:
-Outer layer of the skin -Linings of the oral cavity -Throat -Vagina
List the location(s) of stratified squamous epithelium:
(Larger parts of) -Mammary Glands -Sweat Glands -Salivary Glands -Pancreas
List the parts that stratified cuboidal epithelium lines:
-Oral Cavity -Esophagus -Vagina -Anal Canal
List the parts that the stratified squamous epithelium lines:
-Brain -Spinal Cord -Peripheral Nerves
List the place(s) where nervous tissue is found:
Areolar and Adipose
Loose connective tissue includes ? and ? tissue
-Areolar -Adipose -Reticular
Loose connective tissues include:
Wandering
Macrophages is an example of ? cells
White
Macrophages, or histocytes, originate as ? blood cells
Apocrine
Mammary glands and ceruminous glands that line the external ear canal are examples of ? glands
Heparin
Mast cells release ? which prevents blood clotting and histamine which promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies
Connective
Nutrients diffuse to epithelium to underlying ? tissues, which have abundant blood vessels
Spaces
One function of connective tissue is it can fill ?
Blood Cells
One function of connective tissue is it can produce ?
Support and Protection
One function of connective tissue is it can provide ? and ?
Frameworks
One function of connective tissue is it can serve as ?
Fat
One function of connective tissue is it can store ?
Structures
One function of connective tissues is it can bind ?
Tissue
One function of connective tissues is it can help repair ? damage
Infections
One function of connective tissues is it can protect against ?
Adipose
Overeating and a lack of exercise increases the size of ? cells
Canaliculi
Bone cells have many cytoplasmic processes that extend outward and pass through very small tubes in the extracellular matrix called ?
Red Marrow
Bone contains ? which forms blood cells
Lamellae
Bone matrix is deposited in thin layers called ?
Calcium and Phosphorus
Bone stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as ? and ?
Injuries heal rapidly as new cells come in to replace lost and damaged cells
What happens as a result of epithelial cell division?
The tissue stretches, and the physical relationships among the cells change
What happens when an organ line by transitional epithelium distends?
Function
Each type of tissue is composed of similar cells specialized to carry on a particular ?
No
YES or NO: The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium can appear stratified or layered, but are they?
Weaker
Elastic fibers are ? than collagenous fibers but they stretch easily and can resume their original lengths and shapes
Yellow
Elastic fibers are sometimes called ? fibers because tissues well supplied with them appear with this color
Mucous and Goblet
? and ? cells secrete mucus, but in different parts of the body
Osteocytes
? are bone cells located in the lacunae, which are rather evenly spaced within lamellae
Chondrocytes
? are cartilage cells that occupy small chambers called ? and lie completely within the extracellular matrix
Involunrtarily
Cardiac muscle is controlled ? like smooth muscle cells
Tissues
Cells are organized into groups and layers called ?
Gland
Cells within the glandular epithelium are usually found within columnar or cuboidal epithelium, and one or more of these substances constitute a ?
Goblet
Cilia within pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues sweep away ? cells that secrete mucus
Airways
Cilia within pseudostratified columnar epithelium moves mucus and its captured particles upward and out of ?
Epithelial, Extracellular
Connective tissue cells are farther apart than ? cells, and they have an abundance of ? matrix between them
Cuboidal
Cube shaped epithelial cells are ?
Fibroblasts
Dense connective tissues have few cells, most of which are ?
Cartilage
Different types of extracellular matrix distinguish 3 types of ?
Vascularity, Blood
Divisible connective tissue cells have varying degrees of ?, but most have good ? supplies and are well nourished
Shape and Number
Epithelial cells are classified according to ? and ? of layers of cells
Divide
Epithelial cells can readily ?
Stratified
Epithelial cells with 2 or more layers are called ?
Secretion and Absorption
Epithelial tissues function in ? and ?
Squamous
Epithelial tissues that are composed of thin, flattened cells are ?
The way the glands secrete their products
Exocrine glands are classified according to what?
Widely distributed throughout the body
Explain the location(s) of connective tissues:
-Covering body surfaces -Covering and lining internal organs -Composing glands
Explain the location(s) of epithelial tissues:
Attaches to the bones in the walls of hollow internal organs; Heart
Explain the location(s) of muscle tissues:
-Lines the uterus and most organs of the digestive tract, including the stomach and the small and large intestines
Explain the location(s) of noncilated simple columnar epithelium:
3
Fibroblasts produce ? types of connective tissue fibers and reticular fibers; the most abundant are ? and ? fibers
Exocrine Gland
Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces such as the skin or digestive tract are called ?
Endocrine
Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood are called ? glands
Produce and Secrete
Glandular Epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to ? and ? substances into ducts or into body fluids
According to the way they secrete their products
How are exocrine glands classified?
Osteon
In a bone, the osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix, which are concentrically clustered around a central canal, form a cylinder-shaped unit called an ?, or haversian system
Red Marrow
Most blood cells form in ? within the hollow parts of certain long bones
Divide
Most connective tissue cells can divide
Merocrine; Serous fluid or Mucous
Most exocrine secretory cells are ? and they can be further sub-classified based on their secretion of ? fluid or ?
Mucin
Mucous is rich in glycoprotein ? and is abundantly secreted by cells
Digestive, Respiratory, and Reproductive
Mucus is abundantly secreted by cells, for protection, in the inner linings of the ?, ?, and ? systems
Dust and Microorganisms
Mucus-covered linings within pseudostratified columnar epithelium are sticky and trap ? and ? that enter with the air
Cilia
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells commonly have ?, which extend from the free surfaces of the cells
Shape, Basement Membrane
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells vary in ? but all reach the ?
Respiratory
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the passage of the ? system
Merocrine
Salivary glands, pancreatic glands, and sweat glands of the skin are all examples of ? glands
Holocrine
Sebaceous glands of the skin are examples of ? glands
Visceral and Parietal
Serous cells that secrete fluid and lubricate are commonly associated with the ? and ? membranes of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Nuclei
Simple columnar are composed of a single layer of cells whose ? are elongated, like the shape of themselves
Absorption
Simple columnar cells specialized for ? often have many tiny cylindrical processes extending from their surfaces
Fluids, Foods
Simple columnar epithelium also secretes digestive ? and absorbs nutrients from digested ?
Basement Membrane
Simple columnar epithelium cells are usually located in about the same level, near the ?
Secretion and Absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue functions in ? and ? in the kidneys
Products
Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue secrete glandular ? in glands
Protective Barriers
Since epithelial cells are tightly packed, they form effective ? in such structures as the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the mouth
Free (Apical) Surface
Since epithelial tissues cover organs, form inner linings of body cavities, and line hollow organs, it always has a ?
Damaged
Since simple squamous equilibrium is so thin and delicate, it is easily ?
Simple
Single-layered epithelial cells are called ?
Urethra, Ductus Deferns, and Pharnyx
Small amounts of stratified columnar epithelium are found in the male ? and ? and in parts of the ?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Some ? cells do not contact the free surface
Bone and Cartilage
Some connective tissues, such as ? and ?, are quite rigid
Ovarian and Seminferous
Stratified cuboidal epithelium forms the lining of developing ? follicles and ? tubules which are parts of the female and male reproductive systems
Thick
Stratified squamous epithelium makes tissue relatively ?
Diffusion and Filtration
Substances pass rather easily through simple squamous epithelium, which is common at sites of ? and ?
Columnar, Cuboidal
Superficial cells are ?, whereas the basal layers consist of ? cells
Columnar
Tall, elongated epithelial cells are ?
40-50
The average adult has between ? billion fat cells
Cilated or Noncilated
The cells of simple columnar epithelium can be ? or ?
Fluid to Semisolid
The consistency of extracellular matrix varies from ? to ? to solid
Protect underlying tissues
What does noncilated simple columnar epithelium's thick cells enable it to do?
Bone
The hardness of ? is largely due to mineral salts such as calcium phosphate (CO3PO4)2 and calcium carbonate (CACO3), between cells
Slowly, Chondrocytes
The lack of a direct blood supply to cartilage tissue is why torn cartilage heals ? and why ? do not divide frequently
Protection
The layering of the cells within stratified cuboidal epithelium provides more ? than the single layer afffords
Striations
The long thread-like cells of skeletal muscle have alternating light and dark cross-markings called ?
Broad and Thin
The nuclei of simple squamous epithelium is usually ? and ?
Keratinized
The parts that are lined by stratified squamous epithelium are not ?; they stay soft and moist and the cells on its free surfaces remain alive
Basement Membrane
The underside of tissue is anchored to connective tissue by a thin, nonliving layer, called the ?
Barrier
Transitional Epithelial forms a ? that helps prevent the contents of the urinary tract from diffusing back into the environment
Bladder; Uterus and Urethra
Transitional Epithelium forms the inner lining of the urinary ? and lines the ? and the superior ?
Tension
Transitional Epithelium is specialized to change in response to increased ?
-Proper connective tissue -Dense connective tissue
What are the different types of connective tissue proper:
-Cartilage -Bone -Blood
What are the different types of specialized connective tissue:
Support soft body parts and bind structures together
What do connective tissues do for the body?
Form protective coverings
What do epithelial tissues do for the body?
Blood Vessels
What do epithelial tissues lack?
Produce body movements
What do muscle tissues do for the body?
Conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities
What do nervous tissues do for the body?
The tissue consists of several layers of cuboidal cells
What happens when the wall of one of the organs lined by transitional epithelium contracts?
-Produces a covering of dry, tough, protective material -Prevents water and other substances from escaping underlying tissues -Blocks various chemicals and microorganisms from entering
What is the job of 'Keratinization' and what does it prevent?
Fibroblasts
What is the most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue?
Epidermis
What is the outer layer of the skin called?
Microvilli
What process increases the surface area of the cell membrane where it is exposed to substances being absorbed?
Intercalated Disc
Where cardiac muscle tissue touches another cell is specialized intercellular junction called an ?
Epithelial
Which type of cells are tightly packed?
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue consists of several layers of cells?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the skin?
Merocrine
Which type of exocrine gland releases fluid by exocytosis?
Epithelial
Which type of human body tissue is formed throughout the body?
Phagocytosis
White blood cells are specialized to carry on ?
The nuclei are at 2 or more levels in a row of aligned cells
Why does pseudostratified columnar epithelium have a layered effect?
Deeper, Flatten
Within stratified squamous epithelium, cells divide in the ? layers and newer cells push older ones farther outward, where they ?
