Biology Lab Quiz 1: Cell Diversity

eukarya

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Stage movement controls

allow you to move the slide

Cross section

big organisms // cut horizontal // across it's width

vital stains

chemicals that can stain living cells without killing them

Eukaryotes

contain membrane bound organelles (nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, etc.) and are the cell type that is found in plants, animals, and fungi

Eyepieces or oculars

house the ocular lenses // some have a pointer // point of reference for finding structures

prokaryotes

lack membrane-bound organelles and include members of the domains Eubacteria and archaea

Simple stains

many colored molecules (dyes) will irreversibly bind to biological molecules, just as they will to fabrics or your hair // Ex. methylene blue

Revolving Nosepiece

mount for the objective lenses; revolves to bring the various objective lenses into position for viewing the object

reflected light

mounted above the stage // for opaque objects

transmitted light

mounted below the stage // for transparent objects

Include in the drawing:

name of the organism, and total magnification used

Stage

platform which the microscope slide is placed under the objective lens

Aperture Diaphragm

regulates light intensity (located just under the stage) control the amount of light transmitted through the slide // common problem is to leave it wide open. When you first use it, close and then slowly open it up

Stage clip

secures your slide for viewing // spring-type clamp or two manual clips

Labels

should be placed to one side of the drawing (right side)

archaea

single-celled organisms that inhabit extreme environments

Arm

supporting body of the microscope

m x ___ = cm

x 100

cm x ____ = mm

x10

mm x _______= muM

x1000

differs from compound

1. facilitates the examination of objects too large to view with a compound 2. useful when studying surface structures of 3d objects

Animal cell

- no rigid cell wall - no vacuole - no chloroplasts

Plant cell

- rigid cell wall - large central vacuole - chloroplasts

Domains

1. archaea 2. eubacteria 3. eukarya // living organisms that nest kingdoms, based on genetic data and the presence or absence of true cell nuclei and membrane bound organelles

when finishing the microscope

1. turn power switch off 2. lower the stage 3. remove the slide from the stage and return it to the box or tray in lab or wash/dry 4.lowest objective lens 4x 5. light intensity is at its lowest setting 6. substage condenser is in its highest position

biological drawing

a clear rendering of the important details or structures // an estimate of the scale or size of the image

Condenser

a lens system used to focus the light beam up into the iris and the slide

Objective lenses

a set of lenses of various magnification powers. Lowest power lens has the shortest tube, but provides largest viewing diameter

Why do we need to stain?

add contrast or define internal features of cells and tissues // identify structures such as DNA, mitochondria, cell wall, etc.

coarse focus adjustment knob

adjusts the coarse focusing // low power objective in place, move this knob // moves quickly

Fine focus adjustment knob

adjusts the fine focus // once you have an object in place, use it to better focus the image for viewing // use this with 10x and 40x objective lens

Lamp

the light source is in the base of the microscopes

whole mount

the whole organism prepared as a wet mount // if it's a tiny one

Longitudinal Section

to look inside the specimen // cut vertical

Eubacteria

true bacteria such as those that cause diseases but also beneficial strains

emergent properties

when several components produce effects that are not simply a collection of those components, but are the result of the interaction of those components