Biology Lab Quiz 1: Cell Diversity
eukarya
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Stage movement controls
allow you to move the slide
Cross section
big organisms // cut horizontal // across it's width
vital stains
chemicals that can stain living cells without killing them
Eukaryotes
contain membrane bound organelles (nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, etc.) and are the cell type that is found in plants, animals, and fungi
Eyepieces or oculars
house the ocular lenses // some have a pointer // point of reference for finding structures
prokaryotes
lack membrane-bound organelles and include members of the domains Eubacteria and archaea
Simple stains
many colored molecules (dyes) will irreversibly bind to biological molecules, just as they will to fabrics or your hair // Ex. methylene blue
Revolving Nosepiece
mount for the objective lenses; revolves to bring the various objective lenses into position for viewing the object
reflected light
mounted above the stage // for opaque objects
transmitted light
mounted below the stage // for transparent objects
Include in the drawing:
name of the organism, and total magnification used
Stage
platform which the microscope slide is placed under the objective lens
Aperture Diaphragm
regulates light intensity (located just under the stage) control the amount of light transmitted through the slide // common problem is to leave it wide open. When you first use it, close and then slowly open it up
Stage clip
secures your slide for viewing // spring-type clamp or two manual clips
Labels
should be placed to one side of the drawing (right side)
archaea
single-celled organisms that inhabit extreme environments
Arm
supporting body of the microscope
m x ___ = cm
x 100
cm x ____ = mm
x10
mm x _______= muM
x1000
differs from compound
1. facilitates the examination of objects too large to view with a compound 2. useful when studying surface structures of 3d objects
Animal cell
- no rigid cell wall - no vacuole - no chloroplasts
Plant cell
- rigid cell wall - large central vacuole - chloroplasts
Domains
1. archaea 2. eubacteria 3. eukarya // living organisms that nest kingdoms, based on genetic data and the presence or absence of true cell nuclei and membrane bound organelles
when finishing the microscope
1. turn power switch off 2. lower the stage 3. remove the slide from the stage and return it to the box or tray in lab or wash/dry 4.lowest objective lens 4x 5. light intensity is at its lowest setting 6. substage condenser is in its highest position
biological drawing
a clear rendering of the important details or structures // an estimate of the scale or size of the image
Condenser
a lens system used to focus the light beam up into the iris and the slide
Objective lenses
a set of lenses of various magnification powers. Lowest power lens has the shortest tube, but provides largest viewing diameter
Why do we need to stain?
add contrast or define internal features of cells and tissues // identify structures such as DNA, mitochondria, cell wall, etc.
coarse focus adjustment knob
adjusts the coarse focusing // low power objective in place, move this knob // moves quickly
Fine focus adjustment knob
adjusts the fine focus // once you have an object in place, use it to better focus the image for viewing // use this with 10x and 40x objective lens
Lamp
the light source is in the base of the microscopes
whole mount
the whole organism prepared as a wet mount // if it's a tiny one
Longitudinal Section
to look inside the specimen // cut vertical
Eubacteria
true bacteria such as those that cause diseases but also beneficial strains
emergent properties
when several components produce effects that are not simply a collection of those components, but are the result of the interaction of those components