Biology Lecture Final
Genotype: Phenotype: DD 200 Dd 600 dd 200 What is the frequency? What is the frequency of dd genotype?
0.2
Approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis?
1%
Which statement about bacteria is TRUE?
Bacteria are cellular and are classified as life forms.
Which hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter?
Chemical Evolution
Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive? - Genus - Family - Species - Class - Order
Class
True or False: Land plants are thought to have arisen most directly from a red algal ancestor
False
the primary mycelium of basidiomycetes is dikaryotic. True or False
False
What is the mode of nutrition for most Poriferans? parasites carnivores herbivores Filter Feeders autotrophs
Filter Feeders
Which describes the death of an interspecific embryo that failed to develop?
Hybrid inviability
Which postzygotic barrier do mules illustrate?
Hybrid sterility
Which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population?
Natural selection
The outer germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures? Muscles nervous tissue digestive structures Skeletal structures Circulatory system
Nervous tissue
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is missing in the filament labeled as A? Spores Nuclei Septa Hyphae mycelia
Septa
What characterizes hybrid breakdown?
The sterility of the progeny of hybrid individuals
Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetics material to another through direct contact. T/F
True
Darwin recognized that female preference for showy colors based on inheritance causes these male traits to become more common over time.
True
Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals.
True
Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals. T/F
True
Eons are the largest divisions of the geologic timescale.
True
Horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes. T/F
True
Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells.
True
Natural selection does not act directly on an organism's genotype.
True
Retroviruses have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate. T/F
True
Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms.
True
Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms. T/F
True
Species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit:
habitat isolation
The ranges of black bears and brown bears overlap. However, black bears spend most of their time in the woods and brown bears spend most of their time along the river. Which of the following best describes why black and brown bears do not interbreed?
habitat isolation
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled as 4 is:
haploid
Organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as______.
herbivores
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the chemical evolution of life?
Carbon dioxide
A biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following?
Ecosystem
Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell?
Endosymbiont Theory
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle?
The carbon cycle
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
The desiccating effect of the atmosphere
Which of the following can produce a population of individuals with a relatively high frequency of a harmful or rare allele?
The founder effect
For the relative proportions of alleles and genotypes in successive generations to stay the same, which condition must be met for the population?
There can be no natural selection.
Which of the following is characteristic of flatworms?
They are acoelomate (have no body cavity).
The body of a tapeworm consists of segments, each of which is called a proglottid. T/F
True
The number of similarities in certain DNA or RNA nucleotide or amino acid sequences may be used as a molecular clock to indicate how much time has passed since the groups branched from a common ancestor. T/F
True
The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution.
True
The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution. T/F
True
True or False: A type of genetic flow called the founder effect occurs when a small number of individuals from a large population form a new colony.
True
True or False: In algae, gametangia are generally unicellular.
True
Which characteristic best describes vertebrates? Vertebral column Live birth Blood containing hemoglobin Four-chambered heart Lungs
Vertebral column
Which statement about viruses is FALSE? - Viruses cannot carry on metabolic activities. - Viruses have a protective protein coat called a capsid. - Viruses are not cellular. - Viruses can only replicate by infecting other cells. - Viruses can manufacture proteins.
Viruses can manufacture proteins
Which statement about viruses is FALSE?
Viruses can manufacture proteins.
How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated? Birds Water Mammals Insects Wind
Wind
Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens? Dirt Mushroom Yeast Mold Rust
Yeast
which are the symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as corals
Zooxanthellae
Scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use: - only derived characters. - the number of shared characters the organisms possess. - primarily polyphyletic groupings. - a combination of ancestral and derived characters. - only ancestral characters.
a combination of ancestral and derived characters
Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:
aposematic
Most protists are
aquatic
One true characteristic of all animals is that they:
are heterotrophs.
When mutations are not passed on from one generation to the next, then a mutation can:
arise in somatic cells.
An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the: - tail of a whale. - wing of a beetle. - leg of a chimpanzee. - arm of a human. - dorsal fin of a shark.
arm of a human
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:
asci
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called: conidia. asci. gemmae. conidiophores. basidia.
asci
Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell.
Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first: - use enzymes of the plasma membrane to break down its capsid. - extend its tail fibers to sense the plasma membrane of the host cell. - replicate itself to attack numerous sites of the plasma membrane. - attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell. - duplicate its DNA.
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell.
The growth rate of a population is expressed as:
b-d
Which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?
b=1000, d=500, i=500, e=1000
The continuous, low-level extinction rate of species is sometimes called:
background extinction
If an environment changes over time, _______________ may favor phenotypes at one of the extremes of the normal distribution.
directional selection
Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
domain
Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n): basidiomycete. zygomycete. glomeromycete. chytridiomycete. ascomycete
glomeromycete
which group of protists are unicellular and form a significant portion of the nanoplankton
golden algae
Another name for horizontal gene transfer is____________.
lateral gene transfer
Another name for horizontal gene transfer is____________. - vertical gene transfer - conjugal gene transfer - lateral gene transfer - generic cell transfer - fimbriae
lateral gene transfer
pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as for:
locomotion
What is a typical feature of K-selected organisms?
low reproductive rate
Under which mating condition is the Hardy-Weinberg principle applicable?
mating between individuals are random.
Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a Chihuahua?
mechanical isolation
What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain? Megasporangia Microspores Antheridia Pollen Microsporangia
megasporangia
The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by: meiosis in the resting sporangium. mitosis in the resting sporangium. the fertilization of two zygotes. meiosis in the zoosporangium. mitosis in the zoosporangium.
meiosis in the resting sporangium.
Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as:
micro-evolution
Stromatolites are rocklike columns composed of:
microbial biofilms.
Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplasts
One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of:
molecular reproduction
Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as: - phenetics. - monophyletic grouping. - cladistics. - synapomorphy. - molecular systems
molecular systematics
Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:
molecular systematics.
A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:
molt
A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called: - paraphyletic. - homophyletic. - polyphyletic. - phenetic. - monophyletic.
monophyletic
Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?
0-1
If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 (aa) genotypes, what would the genotype frequency of (aa) be?
0.06
Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource?
Amount of precipitation
What type of organism possesses multiple sets of chromosomes from different species?
An allopolyploid
Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE? Animals cannot respond to stimuli. Animals are consumers. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. Animals have specialized cells. Animals have a life cycle of development.
Animals cannot respond to stimuli.
Which period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale?
Cambrian period
The nucleic acid core of the virus is not surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. T/F
False
The potential ecological niche of a species is its realized niche.
False
The prebiotic soup hypothesis proposes that organic molecules formed from cracks in the ocean floor.
False
The primary mycelium of basidiomycetes is dikaryotic.
False
The serial endosymbiosis hypothesis states that the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was the result of a mutually advantageous symbiotic relationship between two eukaryotic organisms.
False
The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.
False
The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions. False True
False
Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes T/F
False
Which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs?
Prezygotic barriers
Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?
Producer, consumer, decomposer
Which are assemblages of abiotically produced polymers?
Protobionts
How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?
Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.
Why is it believed that RNA was the first informational molecule to evolve?
RNA molecules are able to function as both enzymes and substrates for their own replication.
Which of the following can produce a population of individuals with a relatively high frequency of a harmful or rare allele?
the founder effect
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are: in different clades. - monophyletic. - outgroups. - polyphyletic. - homoplastic.
monophyletic
Linnaeus' classification of plants and other organisms into separate species based on their visible structural differences, such as feathers or number of flower parts, is known as ______________.
morphological species concept
Variation is introduced into a population through ________, which is an unpredictable change in deoxyribonucleic acid (dna).
mutation
The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:
mutualism
Taxonomy is the science of: - comparing macromolecules to assess evolutionary relationships. - new biological species. - naming, describing, and classifying organisms. - generating cladograms that represent evolutionary relationships between organisms. - conserving biodiversity.
naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
Based on the accompanying figure, the decline in the moose population in 1996 was most likely due to a(n):
new disease that killed many individuals
autopolyploid speciation
occurs when an individual arises from two diploid gametes from a single species
allopolyploid speciation
occurs when two species hybridize and give rise to a new species
Which is the correct equation for the Hardy- Weinberg principle? a) 2p^2 +2pq+ 2q^2 b) p^2-2pq+ q^2 c) p^2+ 2pq+ q^2 = 1 d) p2 + 2p + 2q + q2 = 1 e) p2 + 2pq2 + q2 + q2 = 100
p^2+ 2pq+ q^2 = 1
An example of density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:
parasites
When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called:
penetration
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
phages
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as: - phylogeny. - phrenology. - species origination. - phenetics. - biohistory.
phylogeny
The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the: subphylum Urochordata. phylum Echinodermata. subphylum Cephalochordata. phylum Hemichordata. phylum Chordata.
phylum Chordata.
What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome? - Pili - Chromatids - Plasmids - Centromeres - Capsids
plasmids
Natural selection acts most directly on:
populations
Temporal and habitat isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier?
prezygotic barriers
The accompanying figure represents a
pyramid of biomass.
Organisms such as oysters or fish that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as:
r-selected and having a type III survivorship curve.
Within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control
reproduction
Suppose a bacterium needs glucose to reproduce. Glucose is defined as the bacterium's:
resource
When mutations are not passed on from one generation to the next, then a mutation can:
result from genetic drift.
_______________ are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate. - Usutu viruses - Tobacco etch viruses - Coxsackie viruses - Feline caliciviruses - Retroviruses
retroviruses
Presently, it is thought that organic polymers may have formed and accumulated on:
rocks and clay
You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n): clam sponge sea star insect earthworm
sea star
What do ferns lack?
seeds
In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following? Coenocytes Sporangia Zygospores Sporocarps Septa
septa
which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion ?
severe competition among individuals.
Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic:
sexual selection
The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as ___________________. - shared derived characters - separately derived characters - common derived characters - individual derived characters - simply derived characters
shared derived characters
Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:
short life spans and early maturity
What does ssDNA stand for
single stranded DNA
Meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following
sporangium
Peptidoglycan consists of: - sugars crosslinked with proteins. lipids only. - proteins only. - Polysaccharides. - lipids crosslinked with sugars.
sugars crosslinked with proteins
The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as: - biological classification. - taxonomy. - evolutionary biology. - systematics. - ecology.
systematics
Based on the data in the figure, which is a likely reason for speciation between these two sympatric species of frogs?
temporal isolation
Which reproductive isolation mechanism is defined by the prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different times of the day or year?
temporal isolation
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant
fronds
What do ferns lack
seeds
What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?
+50
In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)?
0.32
Genotype: Phenotype: DD 200 Dd 600 dd 200 Refer to the accompanying table. What is the allele frequency of (d)?
0.5
DD-200 Dd-600 dd-200 Refer to the accompanying table. What is the frequency of the Dd genotype?
0.6
If a population of 1000 individuals has 120 (aa) genotypes, 460 (Aa) genotypes, and 420 (AA) genotypes, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele (A)
0.65
If all of the alleles of a given locus are the same in a population, then what is the frequency of that allele?
1.0
Refer to the accompanying figure representing a protostome. Which label denotes the nerve cord?
5
Based on the data in the accompanying figure, the infant with the highest probability of survival would weigh:
7 lb.
Refer to the accompanying figure. A population that produces a large number of offspring, but the offspring must survive independently, would be represented by the curve labeled:
A
Which of the following statements is true?
A source of energy is coupled to the chemical reaction sequence.
Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?
A thallus
Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?
Algae
Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells? Algae Lizard Choanoflagellate Dog Fungus
Algae
Which statement about allopolyploidy is FALSE?
Allopolyploidy accounts for a large portion of the remarkable species diversity observed on Earth today.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle:
Allows biologists to calculate allele frequencies in a given populations if we know the genotype frequencies, and vice versa.
The head end of an animal is known as its: anterior end. ventral end. lateral end. posterior end. inferior end.
Anterior end
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
Antheridium
_______ are parasites that produce sporozoites and are nonmotile
Apicomplexans
which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitoes
Apicomplexans
The first air-breathing land animals were: amphibians. vertebrates. reptiles. snails. arthropods
Arthropods
Which type of organisms were likely the first land animals?
Arthropods
Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?
Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.
Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE? Arthropods have an open circulatory system. Arthropods have a true coelom. Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract. Arthropods have an exoskeleton. Arthropods display segmentation.
Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.
Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria? - Streptococci - Bacilli - Vibrio - Diplococci - Spirochete
Bacilli
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following? Baking Inducing hallucinations Cheese flavoring Soybean fermentation Penicillin production
Baking
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing: zygospores. ascospores. mycorrhizae. asci. basidia.
Basidia
A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:
Batesian mimicry.
The distinctive mating signals that have evolved as part of an animal's courtship illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?
Behavioral isolation
Prokaryotes divide using a process called________. - baeocytis - cyanobacteria - cell division - binary fission - conjugation
Binary Fission
The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:
Binary Fission
The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is: - binary fission. - conjugation. - transduction. - mitosis. - transformation.
Binary fission
Yeasts reproduce asexually by: ascospores. binary fission. forming a secondary mycelium. meiosis. budding
Budding
How do bacteria move?
By means of a rotating flagella
How do bacteria move? - Bacteria are incapable of locomotion. - By means of cilia - By means of pili - By means of a rotating flagella - By means of fimbriae
By means of a rotating flagella
How are viruses classified?
By their host range and other characteristics
Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?
C
what commercial product is derived from the processing of red algae
Carrageenan
As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?
Cephalization
Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following? Tectin Chitin Lorica Chitobiose Sporopollenin
Chitin
The cell walls of fungi are composed of: lipids. chlorophyll. chitin. cellulose. glycogen.
Chitin
Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?
Ciliates
Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called: - cladistic trees. - molecular clocks. - phenograms. - phylogenic trees. - cladograms.
Cladograms
From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:
Cnidaria
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding a community in the natural world?
Communities refer to ecological categories that vary greatly in size and have precise boundaries.
Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria
Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?
Dinoflagellates
Members of which group are known to form blooms known red tides
Dinoflagellates
The overuse of antibiotics has led to a form of antibiotic resistant tuberculosis. This has occurred as a result of:
Directional selections within the bacterial population.
____________________ is a special type of directional selection in which there is a trend in several directions rather than just one.
Disruptive selection
Which is the largest division of the geologic time scale?
Eon
________________include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, and sunflowers; these are either herbaceous or woody.
Eudicots
___________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles. - Plantae - Monocotyledones - Anthophyta - Eukarya - Zea
Eukarya
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton? Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation. Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators. Exoskeletons interfere with ingestion. Exoskeletons do not provide adequate protection from predators. Exoskeletons severely limit locomotion.
Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators.
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton? Exoskeletons do not provide adequate protection from predators. Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation. Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators. Exoskeletons severely limit locomotion. Exoskeletons interfere with ingestion.
Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators.
A paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor. T/F
False
A true coelom develops within the ectoderm. False or True
False
A true coelom develops within the ectoderm. T/F
False
Adaptations that exert a strong competitive force on a predator are the result of coevolution. T/F
False
Alloploidy provides a mechanism for slow speciation.
False
An emerging virus is one that is not new to a population or that is rapidly increasing in incidence.
False
An example of a density-independent factor is predation.
False
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm. True or False
False
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.T/F
False
An exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity.
False
Bacterial chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source. T/F
False
Choanocytes are a characteristic of members of the phylum Cnidaria.
False
Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum. T/F
False
Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2.
False
Deutorestome are characterized by a spiral cleavage True False
False
Echinoderms are characterized by bilateral symmetry in adults and radial symmetry in juveniles.
False
Fossil stromatolites are evidence that cells existed 3.5 million years ago.
False
Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis minus the rate of plant respiration.
False
In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. True or False
False
In nonrandom mating, each individual in a population has an equal change of mating with any individual of the opposite sex.
False
In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.
False
Mammalia is a class the contains many phyla T/F
False
Most conifers are dioecious. True or False
False
Territoriality, such as bird nesting on rocks, often results in clumped dispersion T/F
False
The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.
False
The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose. True or False
False
The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of calcium carbonate
False
The first cells were autotrophs.
False
The first cells were autotrophs. True or false?
False
The incorporation of DNA into the information transfer system was advantageous because DNA is a catalytic molecule.
False
The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of petals. T/F
False
The nervous system develops from the endoderm. True or False
False
Chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution? Flagellate Conidia Spores Hyphae Ascocarps
Flagellate
The genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals from a large population found a new colony is called the ________________?
Founder effect
As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a: megaspore pollen grain fruit microspore seed coat
Fruit
In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n): oogonium. gametangium. hypha. antheridium. fruiting body.
Fruiting body
Which evolutionary process occurs when the hybrids in a hybrid zone are as fit as either of the parental populations?
Fusion
Which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation? Integuments Gymnosperms Megasporangium Angiosperms Gametophyte
Gametophyte
What best describes all alleles for all the loci present in a population?
Gene Pool
The migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, which is referred to as:
Gene flow
What is raw material for evolutionary change because it provides the diversity on which natural selection acts?
Genetic variation
Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive? - Class - Family - Phylum - Genus - Order
Genus
Which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single extent species? Anthophyta Cycadophyta Coniferophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophtya
Ginkgophyta
Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed in the laboratory of Miller and Urey from which of the following?
Hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge
Which region displays an example of the founder effect amongst its population?
Iceland
Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean? The changeable temperature facilitated natural selection. The ocean water provided buoyancy. Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain. They did not require a skeleton for support. Reproduction was independent of internal fertilization.
Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.
Which of the following regarding the coelom is NOT a correct statement? It shapes the body of soft animals. It functions as an endoskeleton. It is an enclosed compartment (or series of compartments) of fluid under pressure. Its evolution provided a space where internal organs could develop and function. Its evolution into various shapes and divisions provided the opportunity for animals to become specialized (e.g., in swimming, crawling, or walking).
It functions as an endoskeleton
Why is the Hardy- Weinberg principle useful to biologists?
It identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies.
Which statement about an F factor is FALSE? - It is found in F+ cells. - It is involved with forming sex pili. - The F stands for fertility. - It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells. - It is a DNA sequence.
It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells
What is a prophage? - It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA. - It is phage DNA that is integrated into viral DNA. - It is a bacterial cell about to lyse. - It is an underdeveloped lytic virus. - It is when the phage is attached to the cell surface of the bacterium.
It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA
Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE? It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers. It occurs in protostomes and deuterostomes. It requires the endoderm to be covered by mesoderm. It is a fluid-filled cavity.
It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.
Which of the following scientists worked on the concept of simple organic molecules?
J.B.S Haldane
Scientific names are typically derived from the root of which language? - Italian - German - French - English - Latin
Latin
A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the. ability to produce _______, a strengthening polymer in. the walls of cells that provide support and conduction
Lignin
One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:
Limiting resources
The inner germ layer, or endoderm, forms which of the following structures?
Lining of digestive structures
What are the two clades of the protostomes?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
Under which mating condition is the Hardy-Weinberg principle applicable?
Matings between individuals are random
One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which of the following to occur?
Molecules to accumulate and react with one another
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as: monoecious. homosporous. deciduous. dioecious. heterosporous.
Monecious
A plant with floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a: cotyledonous plant. gnetophyte. monocot. gymnosperm. eudicot.
Monocot
What, among these is the only source of all new alleles?
Mutation
How do mycorrhizae benefit plants? Mycorrhizae increase the surface area of the leaves. Mycorrhizae increase a plant's rate of photosynthetic. Mycorrhizae increase a plant's flowering. Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots. Mycorrhizae increase the number of chloroplasts within a plant.
Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
What is the correct unit of measurement for the size of most viruses? - Decimeters - Centimeters - Picometers - Nanometers - Micrometers
Nanometers
what term refers to the avg. rate at which organisms produce offspring?
Natality
The hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions? Cell division Nutrient absorption Intercellular communication Apoptosis Cellular locomotion
Nutrient absorption
What kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three billion years ago?
Obligate anaerobes
Which is an example of a monocot?
Onions
Which is an example of a monocot? Pine tree Oak tree Onions Tomato plant Cactus
Onions
Who first proposed the concept that simple organic molecules could form spontaneously from simpler raw materials?
Oparin and Haldane
A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth's surface?
Ozone
Which of the following typically occurs all at once and results in rapid cell lysis? - Phage release - Viral components - Replication and synthesis - Viral contrast - Penetration
Phage release
After kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped?
Phylum
After kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped? - Phylum - Family - Genus - Class - Order
Phylum
The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the: subphylum Urochordata. phylum Echinodermata. phylum Hemichordata. phylum Chordata. subphylum Cephalochordata.
Phylum Chordata
Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle? Plasmogamy Meiosis Karyogamy Fertilization Mitosis
Plasmogamy
What is the study of genetic variability within a population and the forces that change allele frequencies?
Population genetics
Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?
Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
_______________ are those that have been almost eradicated and then suddenly recur, causing an epidemic. -Retroviruses -Emerging viruses - RNA viruses - Zoonotic diseases - Re-emerging viruses
Re-emerging viruses
Resource partitioning may include which of the following?
Relocating nesting sites
Which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap?
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
Which mechanism would prevent interbreeding between two species of fish living in the same habitat?
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
What was the dominant life form of the Mesozoic era?
Reptiles
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into? Stigma Seed Fruit Ovary Pollen grain
Seed
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is missing in the filament labeled as A?
Septa
Which of the following periods occurred during the Paleozoic era?
Silurian Period
vascular plants and air-breathing animals first appeared during which time period?
Silurian period
If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?
Sponge larvae are motile.
If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals? Sponges have beating flagella. Sponges have a central nervous system. Sponges have an organ system. Sponge larvae are motile. Sponges have bilateral body symmetry.
Sponge larvae are motile.
In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following? Zygospores Coenocytes Septa Sporangia Sporocarps
Sporangia
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored: thalli. ascocarps. spores. mycelia. hyphae.
Spores
Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of: - strands of RNA. - a capsid. - protein coats. - peptidoglycan. - strands of DNA.
Strands of RNA
What is the chain of round bacteria called? - Diplococci - Spirilla - Streptococci - Bacilli - Streptobacilli
Streptococci
Which best describes a population that forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species?
Sympatric speciation
___________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. - Systematics - Dogmatism - Evolution - Taxonomy - Haphazardism
Systematics
One group of fruit flies reproduces in August and one group reproduces in September. Which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from crossbreeding?
Temporal Isolation
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle?
The Carbon Cycle
What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade? The animal is a deuterostome. The animal has bilateral symmetry. The animal develops three tissue layers. The animal molts. The animal has motile larvae.
The animal molts
Which is a characteristic of flatworms? They have three germ layer They are acoelomates. They are pseudocoelomates. They have two germ layers. They are coelomates.
They are acoelomates
Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores? When a spore germinates, it gives rise to sporangia. When a spore germinates, it gives rise to a mycelium, which then develops into hyphae. They are motile and reproduce sexually only. Most fungal cells do not contain haploid nuclei. They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.
They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.
Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals? They are not capable of locomotion during their lifetime. They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions. They are unable to sexually reproduce. As adults, they are haploid. They are limited in the variety of food they can consume.
They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding cnidarians? They are less highly organized than sponges. They do not have a hydrostatic skeleton. They have true muscle cells. They have a nerve net. They have an ectoderm only (no endoderm).
They have a nerve net.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of cnidarians? There is only one opening into the gastrovascular cavity. They have radial symmetry. They are mostly marine. They have cells that contain stinging organelles. They have only one body shape, known as medusa
They have only one body shape, known as medusa
Which statement about decomposers is FALSE?
They include bacteria but not fungi.
Modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor, an ancient green algae. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis
They share many biochemical and metabolic traits
What type of selection is this?
This is disruptive selection.
Why is there very little physical evidence of life from rocks of the Archaean eon?
Those rocks have been deeply buried in most parts of the world.
How many domains form the three main branches of the tree of life? - Three - Four - Two - Five - Nine
Three
What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?
To protect the flower bud
What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant? To protect the flower bud To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis To absorb nutrients To attract pollinators To bear ovules
To protect the flower bud
What is the purpose of sex pili?
To transmit DNA between bacteria
What is the function of the phloem in plants? To transport water and minerals To transport nutrients To transport dissolved sugars To transport sap To transport water and food
To transport dissolved sugars.
Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.
Triassic period
A type of genetic flow called the founder effect occurs when a small number of individuals from a large population form a new colony.
True
A virus is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host. T/F
True
An example of an animal that is a metazoan is a sponge. T/F
True
In Type- I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.
True
Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells. T/F
True
Members of phylum Arthropoda have paired, jointed appendages. False or True
True
Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle. T/F
True
Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone. T/F
True
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and translational components.
True
The Hardy- Weinberg principle shows that if the population is large, inheritance alone does not cause changes in allele frequency.
True
The association of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with legumes such as peas is an example of mutualism. T/F
True
The body of a tapeworm consists of segments, each of which is called a proglottid. True or False
True
Due to a rapid change in the environment, a population of ants was reduced from one million to one thousand. What type of genetic drift will occur in the gene pool of this population when it expands again?
a genetic bottleneck
The term "clade" most closely refers to: - a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor. - a subspecies of organisms does not include a subgenus. - a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. - a class. - the binomial system of classification.
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?
a population
Which statement describes a temperate virus? - A temperate virus always destroys their host immediately. - A temperate virus undergoes a lytic cycle. - A temperate virus is considered virulent. - A temperate virus does not always destroy its host. - A temperate virus does not undergo a lysogenic cycle.
a temperate virus does not always destroy its host
Which statement describes a virulent phage? - A virulent phage infects but does not destroy bacteria. - A virulent phage infects prions. - A virulent phage destroys bacteria. - A virulent phage infects viruses. - A virulent phage infects virions.
a virulent phage destroys bacteria
When r = −0.00057, the population size will:
decrease
In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related species of birds. What does this illustrate?
adaptive radiation
Many new species of desert lizards have arisen from a nonnative population which was introduced into the American southwest. This example best describes:
adaptive radiation
If a small population of mice colonizes a new area away from the range of the original species, the colony that is geographically isolated may eventually evolve into a new species. These events can be used to describe:
allopatric speciation
The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:
allopatric speciation
The tetrapods include: -lancelets, cartilaginous, and bony fish. -fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. - amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. -echinoderms and chordates. amphibians and reptiles
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The tetrapods include: amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. echinoderms and chordates. amphibians and reptiles. lancelets, cartilaginous, and bony fish. fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
In Experimental Condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Balanus suggests that:
an unfavorable environmental factor kept Balanus from extending higher into the intertidal area.
Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n): - analogous character. - polyphyletic character. - derived character. - ancestral character. - cladistic character.
ancestral character
The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the: bryophytes. ferns. lycopods. gymnosperms. angiosperms
angiosperms
What is the male sexual structure that produces. sperm. in plants
antheridium
Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in: - antibiotic resistance. - viral resistance. - photosynthesis. - motility. - reproduction.
antibiotic resistance
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing: zygospores. mycorrhizae. asci. ascospores. basidia.
basidia
The graph in the accompanying figure would best be described as:
being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth
Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing: supergroups. - phylogenetic trees. - clades. - binomial system of nomenclature. - kingdoms.
binomial system of nomenclature
protists have various means of locomotion; they move by all of the following means except:
by mycelium
Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells
diatoms
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the chemical evolution of life?
carbon dioxide
The atmosphere of early Earth is currently thought to have contained:
carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Sea stars are primarily: saprophytes. carnivores. detritivores. herbivores. omnivores.
carnivores.
A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:
chemoautotroph.
Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following?
chitin
The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:
choanoflagellates
Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus
cilates
What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?
clumped dispersion
In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell? pseudopodia choanocytes nerve nets cnidocils cnidocytes
cnidocytes
Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a: coelom lined by endoderm and mesoderm. pseudocoelom lined by mesoderm. pseudocoelom lined by endoderm. coelom lined by ectoderm. coelom lined by mesoderm.
coelom lined by mesoderm.
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?
coelom—nο body cavity
some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. This condition is known as:
coenocyte
Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess: oscula spicules collar cells spongin amebocytes
collar cells
The realized niche for the green anole as described in the book was determined by:
competition
The accompanying figures are representative of which of the following? Ginkophyta Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Anthophyta Gnetophyta
coniferophyta
Which plants generally have leaves called needles that are long, narrow, tough, and leathery? Tracheid Conifers Xylem Strobili Resins
conifers
Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate: - convergent evolution. - ancestral traits - divergent evolution. - homologous traits. - role reversal.
convergent evolution
Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria
Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as: twins. polykaryotic. double hyphae. dikaryotic. couplets.
dikaryotic
When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will:
decline
Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome? Arthropods Echinoderms Annelids Mollusks Flatworms
echinoderms
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the: embryo. endosperm. cotyledons. zygote. fruit.
endosperm
Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their: - evolutionary history. - structural similarities. - behavioral similarities. - structural differences. - selective adaptations.
evolutionary history
Alloploidy provides a mechanism for slow speciation.
false
An alloploid contains multiple sets of chromosomes from a single species.
false
Cryptic coloration advertises a species unpalatability to potential predators.
false
Hybrid inviability can increase over generations.
false
In Müllerian mimicry a defenseless species is protected by its resemblance to a dangerous species.
false
In vertical gene transfer, genes move from one species to another species in the same generation.
false
K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.
false
Species richness is a measure of both the number of species and the relative importance of each species based on its abundance, productivity, or size.
false
The biological species concept declares an organism to be a separate species if it has undergone evolution long enough for the emergence of statistically unique traits.
false
The chordate nerve cord is hollow and located ventrally.
false
The potential ecological niche of a species is its realized niche.
false
True or False: After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus
false
True or False: Amoebozoans move by means of flagella
false
True or False: Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta
false
True or False: Mosses have stems, roots, and leaves
false
True or false: In plants, sporogenous cells divide by mitosis to form spores
false
what is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of the amoebas
false feet
The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:
fecundity
Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':
fundamental niche.
When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:
gametic isolation
The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis
gametophyte generation
The movement of 25-year-old fertile individuals between Mexico and Canada will eventually contribute to:
gene flow
A population of people who have lived in the middle of the jungle for thousands of years without coming in contact with other individuals and without significant changing in the environmental conditions may show evidence of:
genetic equilibrium
Bacterial conjugation is related to
horizontal gene transfer
In _________________, gene swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa. - vertical gene transfer - straight gene transfer - circular gene transfer - dotted gene transfer - horizontal gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer
Which of these mechanisms is a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?
hybrid Sterility
Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring. Only the F1 and F2 generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of:
hybrid breakdown
Which describes the death of an interspecific embryo that failed to develop?
hybrid inviability
A porpoise and a dolphin, both mammals, mate and produce an embryo, but the embryo fails to complete development. This event describes:
hybrid inviability.
The iron-sulfur world hypothesis suggests that organic molecules found near:
hydrothermal vents
A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as: - incomplete and imperfect. -complete and imperfect. -complete and perfect. -incomplete and perfect. -almost complete and almost perfect.
incomplete and imperfect
Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ___________. integuments gymnosperms megasporangium angiosperms phloem
integuments
In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:
interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.
Allopatric speciation is often exemplified in which type of geographical area or biome?
islands
A marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because:
it would have difficulty with osmoregulation
Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:
k-strategists
Habitat is best described as:
the local environment in which a species lives.
Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:
their capsule or slime layer
Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size
they lack vascular tissues
The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because:
they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen.
A phenotype frequency is the proportion of a particular phenotype in the population.
true
An exponential growth curve has a J shape.
true
The cephalic end of an animal is toward its head.
true
The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules. T/F
true
The immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an enveloped virus. T/F
true
The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity.
true
If an animal population is diploid, then each individual possesses:
two alleles for each locus
Cells that have a single flagellum or are amoebas with no flagella are
unikonts
which characteristic defines a virus?
viruses cannot metabolize
When r = −0.00057, the population size:
will decrease
when r= 0.00001, the population size:
will increase
Which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?
wings
Which vascular tissue in both gymnosperms and flowering plants is for conducting water and dissolved minerals?
xylem
Which vascular tissue in both gymnosperms and flowering plants is for conducting water and dissolved minerals? phyla phloem xylem ovules integuments
xylem
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a: zygote. zoospore. sporangium. gamete. zoosporangium.
zygote
