Biology: life on earth chapter 27, 28, 31, 38, 39

How does the ecological niche influence competition?

Each species occupies a unique ( ) that encompasses all aspects of its way of life

Secondary consumers

Eat primary consumers. Because primary consumers are animals, ( ) are also called carnivores.

Tertiary consumers

Eat secondary consumers, so they're also carnivores.

Primary consumers

Eats producers. Because producers are mainly plants, ( ) are also called herbivores.

Positive feedback system

Enhances the effects of change. Drive rapid, self-limiting changes, such as those that occur during childbirth. A change produces a response that amplifies the change. Relatively rare in biological systems but do occur: childbirth.

4 major types of animal tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

Ecto

External; outside

Limbic system

Frontal lobe, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb

Competition

Harms both species A and species B A contest between organisms, result of overlapping niches.

Trophic levels

One of the most fundamental components of an organisms niche is defined by how the organism gets its food. Based on this characteristic, all the various organisms in an ecosystem can be divided into four categories.

Predation

One organism (predator) eats another (prey).

Parasitism

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

Commensalism

One organism benefits but the other isn't benefited or harmed

Decomposers

Organisms that eat the dead, like bacteria and fungi, release enzymes onto dead organisms, breaking them down into smaller components which they then absorb.

Corpus collosum

Part of the brain that connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain and allows them to talk to each other

How do you predator/prey interactions shape evolutionary adaptations?

Predators are generally less abundant than their prey. To survive, predators must feed and pray must avoid becoming food. Predator and prey exert intense selective pressure on one another, resulting in Coevolution. As pray become more difficult to catch, predators must become more adept at hunting.

What are the four trophic levels?

Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers

Pituitary gland

Produces critical hormones, regulates vital body functions and general well being.

Effector

Produces output to restore desired conditions-- like a heater

Natural selection

Reduces niche overlap among different species.

Adaptations

Reduces the overlap of ecological niches among coexisting species

Negative feedback systems

Reverse is a sex change, maintain homeostasis

Thalamus

Sensory perception and motor system relay center. Regulation of consciousness and sleep. Info comes in through the eyes and ears , then sent to cortex for continued and higher level processing

Hippocampus

Short term and long term memory; spatial navigation

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic and autonomic Sympathetic and parasympathetic Carries messages to snd from CNS

Ecology

The branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another into their physical surroundings. The political movement that seeks to protect the environment, especially from pollution

Parasitism

These and their hosts act as agents of natural selection on one another.

Sensor, effector, control center

Three principal component of negative feedback systems

Symbiosis

Two organisms live together for a large part of their life cycle. Three types of ( ) may occur: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

Competitive exclusion principle

Under experimental conditions: if a researcher forces two species with very similar niches to compete for the same limited resource, inevitably, one will outcompete the other The species that is less well adapted to the experimental condition will die out. Just as no to organisms can occupy exactly the same physical space at the same time, no two species can inhabit exactly the same ecological niche both simultaneously and continuously.

Resource partitioning

Under natural conditions: When certain species have Evald behaviors that reduce the overlap of their niches, which reduces interspecific competition. Example: five insect eating species of north American warblers search for food in slightly different parts of spruce trees. Reduces competition by occupying very similar, but not identical, niches

Food chain

Ways organisms in different trophic levels are linked together. A sequence of organisms in a community in which each organism feeds on the one below it.

"Chemical warfare," camouflage, mimicry, startle coloration, aggressive mimicry

Ways predators and prey have evolved to have counteracting adaptations.

When does competition occur between two organisms?

When they attempt to use the same limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, and space

Intra

Within

Primary succesion

A community gradually forms in a location where there are no remnants of a previous community. Occurs "from scratch." May begin on bare rock. Often no trace of life at all. Example: glacier moving through an area, when a volcano explodes, it will create a completely New island in the ocean or create a layer of me to be hardened lava on the land

Ecological niche layers

-Physical habitat including nesting or denning sites -climate -type of nutrient the species requires -optimal temp range -amount of water needed -pH and salinity of the water or soil it may inhabit -degree of sun or shade

Secondary succession

A new community develops after an existing ecosystem is disturbing. The significant remnants of the previous community are left behind, such as soil and seed. Often takes hundreds of years. Example: Mt. St. Helens; bracers, dams, streams; fire, landslide, Avalanche.

Frontal lobe

Allows us to have free will and make choices. Controls important cognitive skills such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language. Circuitry in the reward system is connected to the pleasure center and feeds addiction.

Competition

Among species may reduce the population size and distribution of each.

Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (Things like air, water, and mineral soil) interacting as a system

Sympathetic nervous system

Arouses body to expend energy

Amygdala

Associated with aggression, rage, fear

Limbic system

Associated with emotions (fear, anger), sexual behaviors, and motivators. Animal part of our brain. Also associated with pleasure from eating and sex.

Mutualism

Benefits both species A and species B Beneficial to both organisms. Symbiosis.

Parasitism

Benefits species A, farms species B One species benefits at the expense of another

Predation

Benefits species A, harms species B One animal preying on another

Inter

Between

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Competition

Both organisms suffer as they compete with each other for limited resources such as food, water, or space

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

Pons, medulla, cerebellum, reticular activating system, thalamus, hypothalamus

Brainstem

Parasympathetic nervous system

Calms body to conserve and maintain energy

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Cerebral cortex

Control center

Compared current condition for a set point--like a thermostat

Interspecific competition

Competition between species in an ecological niche. Can occur if they feed on the same things or require a different breeding. The greater overlap between the ecological niche between two species, the greater the amount of competition between them. Detrimental to all of the species involved because it reduces their access to resources that are in limited supply.

Intraspecific competition

Competition within a species in an ecological niche; competing Individuals of the same species have the same requirements for resources and thus occupy the same ecological niche. One of the main factors driving evolution by natural selection. Individuals that are better equipped to obtain scarce resources are more likely to reproduce successfully, passing their heritable traits to offspring.

Types of interactions among species

Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism

Ecological community

Consists of all the populations that interact with one another within a defined area

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary body functions

Primary motor cortex

Controls muscles on the opposite side of the body.

Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory info to CNS

Sensor

Detects the current condition--like a thermometer

Ecological niche

Includes all the physical environmental conditions necessary for the survival and reproduction of a given species. No two species ever occupy exactly the same ( ) within the same natural community. Encompasses the entire "role" that a given species performs within An ecosystem

Somatosensory cortex

Integrates sensory information from the body (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and spatial attention).

Endo

Internal; within

Invasive species

Introduced into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve and are harmful to human health, the environment, or the economy of the region. Ranked second only to habitat destruction and pushing endangered species toward extinction. Disrupt community interactions. Often spread wildly because they find new, effective forms of environmental resistance.

Community interactions

Limit the size of populations, maintaining a balance between resources and the number of individuals consuming them. limits population size and simultaneously shapes the bodies and behaviors of the interacting populations.

Feedback systems

Maintain internal environment of endotherms

Homeostasis

Maintained stability of internal conditions within an organism or cell

Producers

Make their own food by processes like photosynthesis. Producers can also be autotrophs.

Hypothalamus

Master controller of hormones. Controls homeostasis. Involved in sleep, memory, reproduction, appetite and body weight, heart rate, body temp, etc. influences pituitary gland to release hormones. ADH, CRH, GnRH, oxytocin, PRH, GHRH

Cerebral cortex

Most complex part of the nervous system. The mantle of gray matter about the size of a formal dinner napkin covering the surface of each cerebral year. Crumpled and folded so it can fit in the skull. Responsible for the processes of thought, consciousness, perception, memory, and serves as the seat of advanced motor function, social abilities, language, and problem-solving.

Coevolution

The process by which to interacting species act on one another as agents of natural selection