Biology Membranes I
what happens when your body's ph gets outta whack?
alkalosis or acidosis, commonly from kidney or lung problems, diabetes
catabolic and anabolic reactions
break down and build up
human body made up of
64% water, 16% protein, 16% fat, 4% minerals, calc/phosp in bones, iron in blood, 1% carbs
the majority of global photosynthesis is done by
algae (planktonic)
first law of thermodynamics
amount of energy in the universe is always the same
Why are Omega 6 and Omega 3 essential fatty acids? what do they do?
because your body can't make them so they need to be ingested. they help form synapses in brain, and with inflammation during the healing process
building up sugar v breaking down sugar reaction types
building up or anabolic is endergonic, breaking down or catabolic is exergonic
transition state
contorted state necessary for chemical reactions, needs a little bit of energy to reach this state then quickly goes out of the state and undergoes the chemical reaction
what is required when you synthesize a larger molecule?
energy
free energy
energy available after entropy to do work
thermodynamics
energy transfer
what do fats store/do?
energy, but also fat soluble vitamins, and oil on your skin, and myelin insulation for nerves, also as basis for cholesterol which makes testosterone and estrogen, and phospholipids in every cell
Enthalpy vs Entropy
entropy is disorder, enthalpy is the sum total of energy
second law of thermodynamics
entropy, every reaction loses energy, decrease in energy is increase in entropy? I think?
metabolism describes
every single chemical reaction in your body
catabolic processes without oxygen are called
fermentation or anaerobic
what do carbs tend to be converted to?
glucose for immediate energy, or stored as glycogen for later or converted into glycerol and fatty acids to make triglyceride fats
cells store energy as
glucose, which they catabolize to atp as needed
energy required for chemical reactions comes from
heat energy
do cells feed more on fats or glucose?
neurons and red blood cells feed only on glucose, although some cells can feed on fat
endergonic reaction
not spontaneous, energy must be added for reaction to begin, thus the products have more energy than the reactants
How to read chemical equations
products on left side of arrow, reactants on right. the law of conservation of energy says you need to have an equal number of atoms before and after a reaction so the big whole number to the left of the chemicals (coefficients) are multiplied by the smaller numbers to have an equal number of atoms on each side
what are enzymes?
proteins, they basically control every reaction in your body
the higher required the energy the
slower the reaction, the less energy required the faster the reaction
activation energy
small amount necessary for all reactions to occur, including exergonic
exergonic reaction
spontaneous(occurs without adding energy)reaction which releases energy, has a negative G (reactants more energy than products)
Bioenergetics
the study of how energy flows through living organisms
enthalpy
total energy including entropy
essential nutrients
water, vitamins( help make use of other nutrients ex. vit k blood clotting, vit c absorb iron, vit bs help produce energy/atp), minerals(calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus help harden bones/teeth, sodium, potassium and chlorine help body maintain ph, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
second law of thermodynamics
when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)