Biology Midterm

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?

ATP

The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as

ATP and NADPH.

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose is ultimately converted to __________.

ATP and heat

Which of the following statements about ATP is inaccurate?

When ATP becomes ADP + P, the amount of energy released is enough for a biological purpose. ???

What function do the carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane serve?

facilitated diffusion

In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________.

gain of electrons; loss of electrons

A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?

hot, dry

CAM photosynthesis limits CO2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to

open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.

What process allows water to move across a cell membrane?

osmosis

Which of the following methods of transport uses a coated pit to take in a specific type of molecule?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?

the presence of a cell wall

The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________.

thylakoid membrane; stroma

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP.

2

How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that enter the electron transport chain?

30

The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is usually __________.

36-38

Which of the labeled cells of a C3 leaf is known as a bundle sheath cell?

C

Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________ during fermentation.

CO2 gas

What cellular process uses oxygen to produce ATP from glucose and other organic molecules?

Cellular respiration

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. ???

The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. What do yeast produce during fermentation?

Ethyl alcohol and CO2

The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from

H2O.

Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. Why do these leaves and vegetables appear yellow or orange?

The carotenoids absorb all wavelengths of light and then transmit yellow and orange wavelengths.

Energy is released from ATP when __________.

a phosphate group is removed from ATP yielding ADP + P + energy

ATP releases energy when

a phosphate group is removed from it

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the

active site.

Which of these words should be classified separately from the others?

active transport

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?

algae

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________.

capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

By-products of cellular respiration include __________.

carbon dioxide and water

As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that

crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.

Which of the following terms best describes entropy?

disorder

Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it

does not require energy from the cell.

Enzymes are usually named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because

each type of enzyme binds only one specific substrate.

Energy of activation

is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.

In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate __________.

is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate

If the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) _________________ environment.

isotonic.

Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by

lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

Factors that may affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include

size. charge. time. concentration.

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which energy flows through an ecosystem?

solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria

Grana are

stacks of thylakoids

The fluid-filled area within the chloroplast is called the

stroma.

The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the

substrate binding theory. ???

Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from

the H+ gradient.

In cellular respiration, the majority of ATP are produced during __________.

the citric acid cycle

The products of photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide.

False

Which of the following reactions builds sugars rather than breaks them down?

Glycolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Where do the electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following is necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose?

Oxygen

Which of the following is the opposite of cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis

Which of the following is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

energy can be changed from one form to another

Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a carrier protein in

facilitated diffusion.

During an osmosis experiment in class, you look at some cells under the microscope. You notice the cells look shriveled. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?

hypertonic

During an osmosis experiment, you place some plant cells under the microscope. You notice the cells seem very swollen. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?

hypotonic

Fermentation occurs if __________.

oxygen is not present

A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell. This process is called

phagocytosis.

A product of glycolysis is __________.

pyruvate