Biology: Mitosis

The first generation of offspring is called?

filial generation (F1)

The G stood for gap but now stands for:

growth

Half the diploid number, called the ___ (n) number of chromosomes, contains only __ chromosome of each kind.

haploid one

The DNA in the chromosomes of eukaryotes is associated with various proteins, including _____ that are especially involved in organizing chromosomes.

histones

The cell cycle is controlled by ____ and _____ signals

internal and external signals

This is a pictorial display of chromosomes?

karyotype

This type of tumor growth is cancerous and capable of spreading

malignant

M checkpoint is the __ assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if the ____ are not properly aligned

spindle assembly; mitosis won't work if chromosomes arnt properly aligned

When a tadpole becomes a frog, the ____ ______ as apoptosis occurs.

tail disappears

This process which is used to produce human tissues, can begin with either adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells?

therapeutic cloning

When the chromosomes are visible, it is possible to photograph and count them t/f

true

The diploid number includes ___ chromosomes of each kind.

two

In the name p53, p stands for protein and 53 represents its molecular ____ in ____

weight in kilodaltons.

What is the chromosome arrangement of someone with Turner syndrome

xo

What is the chromosome arrangement of someone with Jacobs syndrome?

xyy

Two major stages of the cell cycle are:

Interphase and mitosis

The daughter chromosomes are distributed __ to the daughter cells.

equally

Mitosis is how the ___ cells that make up our body tissues reproduce themselves.

somatic

Typically, only ___ and ____ have the haploid number of chromosomes in the life cycle of animals

sperm and eggs

_____ hold the sister chromatids together in the middle

centromere

For adult cells, interphase lasts for about __ hours, which is __% of the cell cycle

20 hours; 90% of the cell cycle

During mitosis, a __ nucleus divides to produce daughter nuclei that are also ___

2n diploid 2n

What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?

9331

Goldfish have ___ chromosomes Homo sapiens have ___ " Fruit fly have __ "

94 46 8

What happens in G2 stage: -Located between the ____ rep and onset of ____ -The cell synthesizes proteins, needed for division

Btwn dna rep and mitosis

___ is often defined as programmed cell death because the cell progresses through a typical series of events that bring about its destruction

Apoptosis

In g1 checkpoint, if DNA is damaged, ____ will occur. Otherwise the cell is committed to ___ when growth signals are present.

Apoptosis occurs for DNA repair Committed to repairing

____ are enzymes that bring about apoptosis. They are always present in the cell.

Caspases

____ and ____ are two opposing processes that keep the number of cells in the body at an appropriate level.

Cell division and apoptosis

Checkpoints job are to make sure that ___ is copied correctly

DNA

S checkpoint is growth and ___ replication

DNA

What happens in S stage: -____ replication takes place -Proteins w/ DNA are synthesized -Chromosomes enter S phase with 1 ___ each -Chromosomes leave S phase w/ 2 identical ____ ____ each

DNA rep begins, chromosomes enter w 1 chromatid each, leave w/ 2 indentical sister chromatids,

____ signals are growth factor signal proteins received at the plasma membrane

External

Checkpoints don't need cyclins to proceed to the next T/F

FALSE THEY DO

The primary checkpoint of the cell cycle is the __ checkpoint.

G1

The checkpoint before DNA replication is: The stage after DNA replication is:

G1 G2

Without cyclins, the cell cycle stops at:

G1, M, or G2 (checkpoints).

What checkpoints are in the interphase stage?

G1,S and G2

The cell goes through four (4) checkpoints: What is the main one?

G1,S,G2 and M G1

Damage by solar radiation or X-raysare repaired at the ____ checkpoint

G2

The cell cycle may also stop at the ___ checkpoint if DNA has not finished replicating.

G2

This checkpoint prevents the initiation of the M stage before completion of the S stage:

G2

___ signals are a family of proteins called cyclins that increase and decrease as the cell cycle continue

Internal

Most of the cell cycle is spent in:

Interphase

M stage is also called the ___ stage

Mitotic

Another protein called _____ is responsible for interpreting growth signals and also nutrient availability signals.

RB

Sister chromatids are constricted and attached to each other at a region called the __

centromere.

Apoptosis occurs all the time T/F

True

Cell division occurs during your entire life T/F

True

During S checkpoint, chromosomes enter with __ chromatid each and leave with 2 identical ____ chromatids each

enter w/ 1 chromatid each leave w/ 2 identical sister chromatids

Alternate forms of a gene are called?

alleles

This process allow a tumor to create blood vessels:

angiogenesis

Death through ____ prevents a tumor from developing and helps to limit the spread of viruses.

apoptosis

In _____: -The cell rounds up, causing it to lose contact with its neighbors -The nucleus fragments, and the plasma membrane develops blisters -The cell fragments are engulfed by WBC and/or neighboring cells.

apoptosis

In a human embryo, the fingers and toes are at first webbed, but then they are usually freed from one another as a result of ____

apoptosis

_____ is a sequence of events that results in a fragmented cell. The fragments are phagocytized (engulfed/eaten) by white blood cells and neighboring tissue cells.

apoptosis

The centrosome the main microtubule organizing center of the cell, also divides ____ mitosis begins.

before

Bacteria don't undergo mitosis they undergo this process instead to create two daughter cells?

binary fission

The ___ __ is an orderly set of stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the resulting daughter cells also divide

cell cycle

Cell division _____ and apoptosis ____ the number of somatic (body) cells.

cell div increases apop decreases

During interphase, a cell must make preparations for __ __

cell division

If you suffer a cut, ___ ___repairs the injury.

cell division

Prior to dividing the cell will, grow ____, # of ___ doubles, and ___ is replicated

cell grows larger # of organelles 2x DNA is replicated

During mitosis there is something found in animal cells but not plant cells. What is it?

centriole

Protein complexes called kinetochores develop on either side of the __ during cell division

centromere

Each double helix is called a ____, and two identical " are referred to as ___ ______

chromatid sister chromatids

Before mitosis begins, ___ becomes highly coiled and condensed, and it is easy to see the individual chromosomes

chromatin

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing division, the DNA are located within the ___ which has the appearance of a tangled mass of thin threads

chromatin

Each daughter nucleus gets a copy of each __ that was in the parent cell.

chromosome

Each species has a characteristic __ number. This is the full or ___ number of chromosomes that is found in all cells of the individual.

chromosome diploid (2n)

--Before nuclear division takes place, DNA replicates aka duplicating the ___ in the parent cell. --This occurs during the__ stage of interphase. --Now each chromosome has two identical __ ___ molecules.

chromosomes S double helical

organizing the spindle apparatus is necessary for movement of ___

chromosomes.

Researchers have identified a family of internal signaling proteins called ___ that increase & decrease as the cell cycle continues. ((((aka family of proteins))))

cyclins

Specific _____ must be present for the cell to proceed from the G1 stage to the S stage and from the G2 stage to the M stage. ((((aka family of proteins))))

cyclins

An organism begins as a single cell that repeatedly divides to produce many cells, but eventually some cells must __ for the organism to take shape.

die

During G1, the cell recovers from the previous ____.

divison

Each double helix is a___, and the two identical chromatids are called __ chromatids

double helix= chromatid 2= sister chromatid

During _____, the sister chromatids are separated and distributed to two daughter cells

mitosis

G2 checkpoint is the ____ checkpoint. " will occur if DNA has replicated correctly. Apoptosis will occur is DNA is damaged and can't be repaired.

mitosis

Sister chromatids remain attached until they are separated during:

mitosis

Mitotic stage includes ___ and ____ which both happen at the same time

mitosis and cytokinesis

What happens during M stage: -Following interphase, the cell enters the M stage -This checkpoint includes ____ (nuclear division) and ____ (division of the cytoplasm) -Sister chromosomes are distributed by the mitotic ___ to 2 daughter nuclei -When the div of the cytoplasm is complete, 2 ____ are present

mitosis and cytokinesis(div od cytoplasm) mitotic spindle end of cytokinesis= 2 daughter cells

Cell division in eukaryotes involves mitosis which is _____ division and cytokinesis, which is division of the ____

mitosis= nuclear division cytokinesis= cytoplasm division

The ______ ______ ensures that the chromosomes are distributed accurately to the daughter cells.

mitotic spindle

The cycle stops if the chromosomes are not properly attached to the

mitotic spindle

The ____ stage includes mitosis and cytokinesis

mitotic stage

The cross of two heterozygous individuals is called

monohybrid cross 3:1

____ and ___ cells do not complete the cycle cycle, they remain in the G0 stage

muscle and nerve cells

During ___ ___ or mitosis, the two sister chromatids separate at the centromere, and in this way each duplicated chromosome gives rise to two daughter chromosomes.

nuclear division

***Mitosis involves only __ round of cell division as doubled chromosomes are split into single chromosomes, and the cell splits in half.

one

Each daughter chromosome has only __ double helix molecule.

one

In living systems, ___ events keep the body in balance and maintain homeostasis.

opposing

In mammalian cells, the signaling protein ___ stops the cycle at the G1 checkpoint when DNA is damaged.

p53

The dividing cell is called the __ cell, and the resulting cells are called the ___ cells.

parent = daughter

This refers to the physical appearance of an individual?

phenotype

Apoptosis=

programmed cell death

What happens in the G1 stage: -Cell is in recovery from previous division -Cells 2x its ____ -Cell ___ in size -Cells gets raw materials for DNA synthesis

recovers from prev. division 2x its organelles grows in size raw materials for dna rep

Interphase used to be called the ___ stage bc it made preparations for mitosis

resting

RB stands for retinoblastoma, a cancer of the __ that occurs when the RB gene undergoes a mutation.

retina

A ____ is a molecule that influences the activities of a cell.

signal