Biology: Mitosis
The first generation of offspring is called?
filial generation (F1)
The G stood for gap but now stands for:
growth
Half the diploid number, called the ___ (n) number of chromosomes, contains only __ chromosome of each kind.
haploid one
The DNA in the chromosomes of eukaryotes is associated with various proteins, including _____ that are especially involved in organizing chromosomes.
histones
The cell cycle is controlled by ____ and _____ signals
internal and external signals
This is a pictorial display of chromosomes?
karyotype
This type of tumor growth is cancerous and capable of spreading
malignant
M checkpoint is the __ assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if the ____ are not properly aligned
spindle assembly; mitosis won't work if chromosomes arnt properly aligned
When a tadpole becomes a frog, the ____ ______ as apoptosis occurs.
tail disappears
This process which is used to produce human tissues, can begin with either adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells?
therapeutic cloning
When the chromosomes are visible, it is possible to photograph and count them t/f
true
The diploid number includes ___ chromosomes of each kind.
two
In the name p53, p stands for protein and 53 represents its molecular ____ in ____
weight in kilodaltons.
What is the chromosome arrangement of someone with Turner syndrome
xo
What is the chromosome arrangement of someone with Jacobs syndrome?
xyy
Two major stages of the cell cycle are:
Interphase and mitosis
The daughter chromosomes are distributed __ to the daughter cells.
equally
Mitosis is how the ___ cells that make up our body tissues reproduce themselves.
somatic
Typically, only ___ and ____ have the haploid number of chromosomes in the life cycle of animals
sperm and eggs
_____ hold the sister chromatids together in the middle
centromere
For adult cells, interphase lasts for about __ hours, which is __% of the cell cycle
20 hours; 90% of the cell cycle
During mitosis, a __ nucleus divides to produce daughter nuclei that are also ___
2n diploid 2n
What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
9331
Goldfish have ___ chromosomes Homo sapiens have ___ " Fruit fly have __ "
94 46 8
What happens in G2 stage: -Located between the ____ rep and onset of ____ -The cell synthesizes proteins, needed for division
Btwn dna rep and mitosis
___ is often defined as programmed cell death because the cell progresses through a typical series of events that bring about its destruction
Apoptosis
In g1 checkpoint, if DNA is damaged, ____ will occur. Otherwise the cell is committed to ___ when growth signals are present.
Apoptosis occurs for DNA repair Committed to repairing
____ are enzymes that bring about apoptosis. They are always present in the cell.
Caspases
____ and ____ are two opposing processes that keep the number of cells in the body at an appropriate level.
Cell division and apoptosis
Checkpoints job are to make sure that ___ is copied correctly
DNA
S checkpoint is growth and ___ replication
DNA
What happens in S stage: -____ replication takes place -Proteins w/ DNA are synthesized -Chromosomes enter S phase with 1 ___ each -Chromosomes leave S phase w/ 2 identical ____ ____ each
DNA rep begins, chromosomes enter w 1 chromatid each, leave w/ 2 indentical sister chromatids,
____ signals are growth factor signal proteins received at the plasma membrane
External
Checkpoints don't need cyclins to proceed to the next T/F
FALSE THEY DO
The primary checkpoint of the cell cycle is the __ checkpoint.
G1
The checkpoint before DNA replication is: The stage after DNA replication is:
G1 G2
Without cyclins, the cell cycle stops at:
G1, M, or G2 (checkpoints).
What checkpoints are in the interphase stage?
G1,S and G2
The cell goes through four (4) checkpoints: What is the main one?
G1,S,G2 and M G1
Damage by solar radiation or X-raysare repaired at the ____ checkpoint
G2
The cell cycle may also stop at the ___ checkpoint if DNA has not finished replicating.
G2
This checkpoint prevents the initiation of the M stage before completion of the S stage:
G2
___ signals are a family of proteins called cyclins that increase and decrease as the cell cycle continue
Internal
Most of the cell cycle is spent in:
Interphase
M stage is also called the ___ stage
Mitotic
Another protein called _____ is responsible for interpreting growth signals and also nutrient availability signals.
RB
Sister chromatids are constricted and attached to each other at a region called the __
centromere.
Apoptosis occurs all the time T/F
True
Cell division occurs during your entire life T/F
True
During S checkpoint, chromosomes enter with __ chromatid each and leave with 2 identical ____ chromatids each
enter w/ 1 chromatid each leave w/ 2 identical sister chromatids
Alternate forms of a gene are called?
alleles
This process allow a tumor to create blood vessels:
angiogenesis
Death through ____ prevents a tumor from developing and helps to limit the spread of viruses.
apoptosis
In _____: -The cell rounds up, causing it to lose contact with its neighbors -The nucleus fragments, and the plasma membrane develops blisters -The cell fragments are engulfed by WBC and/or neighboring cells.
apoptosis
In a human embryo, the fingers and toes are at first webbed, but then they are usually freed from one another as a result of ____
apoptosis
_____ is a sequence of events that results in a fragmented cell. The fragments are phagocytized (engulfed/eaten) by white blood cells and neighboring tissue cells.
apoptosis
The centrosome the main microtubule organizing center of the cell, also divides ____ mitosis begins.
before
Bacteria don't undergo mitosis they undergo this process instead to create two daughter cells?
binary fission
The ___ __ is an orderly set of stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the resulting daughter cells also divide
cell cycle
Cell division _____ and apoptosis ____ the number of somatic (body) cells.
cell div increases apop decreases
During interphase, a cell must make preparations for __ __
cell division
If you suffer a cut, ___ ___repairs the injury.
cell division
Prior to dividing the cell will, grow ____, # of ___ doubles, and ___ is replicated
cell grows larger # of organelles 2x DNA is replicated
During mitosis there is something found in animal cells but not plant cells. What is it?
centriole
Protein complexes called kinetochores develop on either side of the __ during cell division
centromere
Each double helix is called a ____, and two identical " are referred to as ___ ______
chromatid sister chromatids
Before mitosis begins, ___ becomes highly coiled and condensed, and it is easy to see the individual chromosomes
chromatin
When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing division, the DNA are located within the ___ which has the appearance of a tangled mass of thin threads
chromatin
Each daughter nucleus gets a copy of each __ that was in the parent cell.
chromosome
Each species has a characteristic __ number. This is the full or ___ number of chromosomes that is found in all cells of the individual.
chromosome diploid (2n)
--Before nuclear division takes place, DNA replicates aka duplicating the ___ in the parent cell. --This occurs during the__ stage of interphase. --Now each chromosome has two identical __ ___ molecules.
chromosomes S double helical
organizing the spindle apparatus is necessary for movement of ___
chromosomes.
Researchers have identified a family of internal signaling proteins called ___ that increase & decrease as the cell cycle continues. ((((aka family of proteins))))
cyclins
Specific _____ must be present for the cell to proceed from the G1 stage to the S stage and from the G2 stage to the M stage. ((((aka family of proteins))))
cyclins
An organism begins as a single cell that repeatedly divides to produce many cells, but eventually some cells must __ for the organism to take shape.
die
During G1, the cell recovers from the previous ____.
divison
Each double helix is a___, and the two identical chromatids are called __ chromatids
double helix= chromatid 2= sister chromatid
During _____, the sister chromatids are separated and distributed to two daughter cells
mitosis
G2 checkpoint is the ____ checkpoint. " will occur if DNA has replicated correctly. Apoptosis will occur is DNA is damaged and can't be repaired.
mitosis
Sister chromatids remain attached until they are separated during:
mitosis
Mitotic stage includes ___ and ____ which both happen at the same time
mitosis and cytokinesis
What happens during M stage: -Following interphase, the cell enters the M stage -This checkpoint includes ____ (nuclear division) and ____ (division of the cytoplasm) -Sister chromosomes are distributed by the mitotic ___ to 2 daughter nuclei -When the div of the cytoplasm is complete, 2 ____ are present
mitosis and cytokinesis(div od cytoplasm) mitotic spindle end of cytokinesis= 2 daughter cells
Cell division in eukaryotes involves mitosis which is _____ division and cytokinesis, which is division of the ____
mitosis= nuclear division cytokinesis= cytoplasm division
The ______ ______ ensures that the chromosomes are distributed accurately to the daughter cells.
mitotic spindle
The cycle stops if the chromosomes are not properly attached to the
mitotic spindle
The ____ stage includes mitosis and cytokinesis
mitotic stage
The cross of two heterozygous individuals is called
monohybrid cross 3:1
____ and ___ cells do not complete the cycle cycle, they remain in the G0 stage
muscle and nerve cells
During ___ ___ or mitosis, the two sister chromatids separate at the centromere, and in this way each duplicated chromosome gives rise to two daughter chromosomes.
nuclear division
***Mitosis involves only __ round of cell division as doubled chromosomes are split into single chromosomes, and the cell splits in half.
one
Each daughter chromosome has only __ double helix molecule.
one
In living systems, ___ events keep the body in balance and maintain homeostasis.
opposing
In mammalian cells, the signaling protein ___ stops the cycle at the G1 checkpoint when DNA is damaged.
p53
The dividing cell is called the __ cell, and the resulting cells are called the ___ cells.
parent = daughter
This refers to the physical appearance of an individual?
phenotype
Apoptosis=
programmed cell death
What happens in the G1 stage: -Cell is in recovery from previous division -Cells 2x its ____ -Cell ___ in size -Cells gets raw materials for DNA synthesis
recovers from prev. division 2x its organelles grows in size raw materials for dna rep
Interphase used to be called the ___ stage bc it made preparations for mitosis
resting
RB stands for retinoblastoma, a cancer of the __ that occurs when the RB gene undergoes a mutation.
retina
A ____ is a molecule that influences the activities of a cell.
signal