Biology

Fiona is trying to identify a sample of an unknown macromolecule but is unsure what it is. Through further research and testing she has determined that the macromolecule present contains the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 12:1 ratio. She has also concluded that the main purpose of this macromolecule is to store short term energy. What macromolecule is found in Fiona's sample?

A carbohydrate

During a biology lab you are asked to look at a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell under a microscope and document what components they both share in common. Which of the following is NOT a feature that all cells have in common?

A cell wall

Though there are different types of nucleus acids they all have the same basic structure that identifies them in comparison to other macromolecules. Which of the following is the correct basic structure of nucleic acids?

A chain of nucleotides each of which consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentode sugar, and a phosphate group

Molecule

A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds. Many molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules).

Suzie has a homework assignment to pick an organism and give examples of how it exhibits all the properties of life. Suzie has picked a chimpanzee as her organism. Which of the following is an example of a way a chimpanzee exhibits homeostasis?

A chimpanzee may shiver when it is cold to generate body heat.

Control

A control is a part of the experiment that does not change

Phylogenetic tree

A diagram used to reflect revolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms

Eukaryotic Cells

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.

Inductive Reasoning

A form of logical thinking that analyzes trends or relationships in data to arrive at a general conclusion. A scientist makes observations and records them

Organ System

A higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Mammals have organ systems. For example, the circulatory system transports blood throughout the body and to and from the lunges: it includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels.

In nature we can find a variety of bonds that hold atoms and compounds together. What type of weak bond can you find in your own DNA as well as between individual water molecules?

A hydrogen bond

Which of the following would be more polar than a sulfhydryl group?

A hydroxyl group

Falsifiable

A hypothesis that can be disproven by experimental results

Lucas is studying biological molecules and their properties. The molecule is focusing on is one that is hydrophobic. What functional group would you expect to find on this molecule?

A methyl group

Atoms are composed of __ and __.

A nucleus; an electron shell

Sara is studying nutrition and as an assignment she has been asked to find examples of each type of carbohydrate in the food that she consumes over the course of a week. Sarah is eating pasta today and knows that it contains starch made of a long chain of many sugars. What type of carbohydrate would you classify starch as?

A polysaccharide

Proton

A proton is a positively charged

Prokaryotic cells

A simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Acid

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate

Choose the best definition for the word "hypothesis."

A suggested explanation that can be tested

Above is an image of a functional group which can be easily by the elements present in its chemical makeup. which functional group is pictured and what do we know about it's water solubility?

A sulfhydryl group is present and it's hydrophilic

Variable

A variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment

Carboxyl groups are able to release H + ions when they are put into a solution. This characteristic of this charged functional also classified it as what?

Acidic

The phosphate group is considered __ because it __.

Acidic; donates hydrogen ions

Cell components:

All cells share four common components. 1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cells interior from its surrounding environment; 2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found; 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and 4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins

Which of the following statements about macromolecules is NOT true?

All four macromolecules are made up of the same four elements just in different ratios and molecule configurations

Cell

All living things are made of up cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Population

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area collectively

Which phrase best describes biodiversity?

All the species contained on the planet

The only functional group that is based on a nitrogen atom is the __ group.

Amino

Which functional group is basic?

Amino

Nucleus

An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons

Atoms

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

Ecosystem

An ecosystem consists of all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain.

Which of the following best explains the natural formation of ions?

An infilled outer electron shell and electron transfer

The pH scale

An inverse logarithm and ranges from 0-14

Harold is making French fries with his dinner and is frying them in peanut oil. What type of lupus is peanut oil?

An unsaturated fat

Deductive Reasoning

Another form of logical thinking that begins from a general principle or law and applies it to a specific circumstance to predict specific results.

A common household example of a buffer is __.

Antacid

Matter

Any substance that occupies space and has mass

Biosphere

At the highest level of organization, the biosphere is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Hypothesis-based science

Begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested

Cells in your ________ contain the most mitochondria

Biceps

Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur.

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the MOST complex to the LEAST complex level?

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

An amino group has a __

Branching structure

Perixisomes are predominantly responsible for __

Breaking down fatty acids and amino acids

Given the characteristics of ionic bonds, which of the following would Potassium K, most readily form an ionic bond with?

Bromine

__ work to maintain a steady pH within the body by actively absorbing hydroxide or hydrogen ions

Buffers

Dreams or hunches may be rejected because they __.

Cannot be scientifically verified

Light microscopes are generally __

Capable of magnification up to 400 times

Malik has a huge track meet tomorrow. Malik should focus on eating foods rich in what type of macromolecule? Select the BEST answer.

Carbohydrates

Which macromolecule is made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates

Which macromolecules are made up of mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates

__ is the basis of life because it can bond with up to four other atoms or molecules.

Carbon

Photosynthesis is a reaction that occurs in the world around us every day. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as follows: Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen 6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 which of the following statements about this chemical equation is not true?

Carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis

Carbon has an atomic number of six, and two stable isotopes with mass numbers of twelve and thirteen, respectively. It's atomic mass is 12.11. How many neutrons do carbon-12 and carbon-13 have, respectively?

Carbon-12 has six neutrons. Carbon-13 has seven neutrons.

A __ functional group makes a molecule hydrophilic.

Carbonyl

The __ functional groups has a central carbon bound to an oxygen atom and two organic side molecules.

Carbonyl

The __ functional group is considered acidic.

Carboxyl

What is the smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living"?

Cell

Which level of organization of living things is just one level more complex than organelles?

Cells

Which of the following does not possess a cell wall?

Cells from a scorpion

Which of the following does not possess a cell wall

Cells from an ant

__ has a rigid structure due to its monosaccharide subunits which are tightly packed as extended chains

Cellulose

__ is a carbohydrate.

Cellulose

Plants use their __ to regulate water concentration

Central vacuole

The __ is an low energy way for a plant cell to expands

Central vacuole

The __ is a structure unique to animal cells that functions in cell division

Centrosome

Electrolytes

Certain salts are referred to in physiology as electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, and calcium), ions necessary for nerve conduction, muscle contractions and water balance.

Luis is asked to identify an element using the periodic table but only has limited information about this element. He knows that one atom of this element has exactly 17 electrons and 18 neutrons and that the atom is neutral. Knowing this information Luis is able to indenting that the element in question is __.

Chlorine

Which organelles are found in plant cells but no animal cells?

Chloroplasts

Eukaryotes

Do have membrane bound organelles and membrane bound nucleus

The common beginnings of all life, scientists divide organisms into three large categories called?

Domain: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Order of taxonomy

Domain: Eukarya -> Kingdom: Animalia -> Phylum: Chordata -> Class- Mammalia -> Order: Carnivora -> Family: Canidae -> Genus: Canis -> Species: Canis Lupus -> Subspecies: Canis lupus familiaris

How are double bonds formed?

Double bonds form when two pairs of electrons are shared.

The nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by a __

Double layer nuclear membrane

The most inclusive measure of biodiversity is __.

Ecosystem diversity

Maintaining a constant blood pH is critical to a persons well being. Excess carbonic acid can be converted to __ and exhaled through the lungs. This prevents too many free hydrogen ions from building up in the blood and dangerously reducing the bloods pH.

Either carbonic acid or carbon dioxide?

An atom's __ are disregarded when calculating its mass.

Electrons

Chemical reactivity in elements is controlled by __.

Electrons

A carbonyl functional group makes a molecule __.

Hydrophilic

The presence of a methyl group makes a molecule __.

Hydrophobic

The __ functional group has a simple structure and causes a molecule to be polar.

Hydroxyl

The __ functional group has as simple structure and causes a molecule to be polar.

Hydroxyl

Which of the following functional groups is polar?

Hydroxyl group

What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called?

Hypothesis

DNA and RNA are both part of protein synthesis and have the same basic structure. Given a diagram of a random stage of protein synthesis how would you differentiate between DNA and RNA?

If the nucleic acid contains the nitrogenous base uracil then it's RNA

Tissues

In larger organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.

Phylogeny

In scientific terms, the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is caked phylogeny. Phylogeny describes the relationships of one organism to others—such as which organisms it is thought to have evolved from, which specifies it is most closely related to, and so forth.

Organisms

Individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single called prokaryotes and single called eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms.

What is the type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion called?

Inductive reasoning

Keratin is a type of ________ found in hair and nails.

Intermediate filaments

Binomial nomenclature facilitates

International discussion about a given organism

Binomial nomenclature facilitates __.

International discussion about a given organism

__ are formed when an atom has an infilled outer electron shell and electron transfer occurs.

Ionic bonds

The phosphate functional group can be differentiated from other functional groups by which of the following characteristics?

It contains phosphorous

Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom given that Magnesium has an atomic number of 12.

It has 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 12 neutrons. The atomic number tells you the number of protons, and if the atom is neutral, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons will be the same.

The carbonyl function group is distinct because __.

It is bound to two organic side groups

How does a typical prokaryotic cell compare in size to a eukaryotic cell?

It is smaller in size by a factor of 100.

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, __

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction

An example of an intermediate filaments would be __

Keratin, which is found in hair and nails

Within each domain is a?

Kingdom

Increased consumption of trans fat may __.

Lead to heart disease

Leucine is an amino acid that plays an important role in muscle development. What functional groups can be found in a leucine molecule?

Leucine has carboxyl, amino, and methyl groups

In an enzyme-mediated reaction, the activation energy will be __ the activation energy required for the reaction without an enzyme.

Lower than

Scientific Method

Make an observation -> Ask a question -> Form a hypothesis that answers the question-> Make a prediction based on the hypothesis -> Do an experiment to test the prediction -> Analyze the results -> Hypothesis is supported, or hypothesis is not supported -> Report Results

Eukaryotic organelles can be roughly the same size as

Many bacterial cells

the Cytosol outside a vesicle __ the fluid vesicle interior

May be very different from

Scientific inquiry has profoundly changed the way __ is practiced.

Medicine

__ has been advanced and influenced by scientific inquiry.

Medicine

A population is made up of

Members of the same species

__ devised the periodic table of elements.

Mendeleev

A __ group is based around a carbon bound to hydrogens and an organic molecule.

Methyl

Which units of the cytoskeleton are composed of actin

Microfilaments

The endomembrane system works together in the __ of lipids and proteins

Modification, packaging, and transport

__ studies interactions at the level of DNA regulation

Molecular Biology

Anions

Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons and are called anions. Anions are designated by their elemental name being altered to end in -ide; the anion of chlorine is chloride.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles. Much smaller in mass than protons

Allison is working on finding a new treatment for Parkinson's Disease which causes the body to shake and makes it difficult for those who suffer from it to walk and stay balanced. Allison is studying the human brain and nervous system as part of her research. What branch of biology does Allison most likely work in?

Neurobiology

Determine whether each following statements is a scientific hypothesis: Natural disasters, such as tornadoes, are punishments for bad thoughts and behaviors.

No. This statement is not testable or falsifiable

Mrs. Brown has set up a trivia game for her students to help them identify the types of bonds. The first team of students has been given the following clues about a compound and asked to identify what type of bonds are present between the elements of this compound: it is made up of two elements, these two elements are non metals, and these two elements share electrons equally with one another. What is the correct answer to this trivia question?

Non-polar covalent bonds

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the __

Nuclear envelope

Which class of macromolecules has the most limited number of uses?

Nucleic acids

the __ is separated from the rest of the cell by a __ nuclear membrane

Nucleus; double layer

Select the bond that is most polar.

O-H

Scientific Method Steps

Observation, Formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis

Same works in a lab and is studying possible new strain of bacteria found in one of the water samples she collected from a local pond. Wake is looking at this bacteria under an electron microscope. Which of the following would NOT be possible for Esme because she is using an electron microscope

Observing the specimens movement

According to the __, atoms want their outer electron shells to be filled.

Octet rule

The use of __ lenses can greatly increase the magnification power of light microscopes

Oil immersion

An important type of essential fatty acids are ________.

Omega three fatty acids

A multicellular organism is a(n) __ system because __.

Open; it exchanges energy with it surroundings

Litmus

Or pH paper is filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye so it can be used as a pH indicator to test how much acid or base exists in a solution

All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions:

Order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.

Organs

Organs are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants.

valence shell

Outermost shell of atom

What discipline of biology on life's history?

Paleontology

Lysosomes function as part of the endomembrane system involved in __

Pathogen destruction

Researchers have developed a potential vaccine against HPV and want to test it. What is the first testable hypothesis that the researchers should study?

People who get the vaccine will not get HPV.

The __ is considered acidic because it donates hydrogen ions.

Phosphate group

Which type of group is more complex than amino groups?

Phosphate groups

Nucleic acids generally contain the most _

Phospherous

The evolution of various life forms on Earth is summarized in __.

Phylogenetic trees

After kingdoms, the subsequent categories of increasing specifically are:

Phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

What part do all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

Plasma Membrane

All cells have a __, a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Plasma membrane

Using the image below answer the following question. Which of the choices below represents the primary structure of the protein?

Polypeptide backbone

How many neutrons do (K) potassium-39 and potassium-49 have, respectively?

Potassium-39 has twenty neutrons. Potassium-40 has twenty one neutrons. When you subtract the number of neutrons from each of these isotopes you get 19. This is the number of protons Potassium has, also known as its atomic number.

Genetic variation within a single species is a(n) __ measure of biodiversity.

Precise

Which class of macromolecules does NOT play a role in energy storage?

Proteins

An atoms atomic number is equal to the number of __ it has.

Protons

Jamie is assigned a project where she must create a model of an atom using household objects. Jamie is brainstorming ideas for each part of the atom. What is located in the nucleus of an atom that Jamie must represent?

Protons and neutrons

Base

Provides either hydroxide ions or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and thereby raising the pH

Avery is studying a protein and it's structure. Avery has identified that the protein is made up of 3 different amino acid chains that are bonded together to form a unique shape. How would you classify the highest structure level of this protein based off of Avery's findings?

Quaternary structure

The __ of proteins forms when several polypeptides interact into an overall structure.

Quaternary structure

The pentose sugar ribose occurs in __.

RNA

Ribosomes are composed of

RNA and protein

A convincing scientific study should rule out __.

Random chance

In order to break polymers apart, energy is __.

Released

omega-3 fatty acids are _

Required by humans but cannot be made by the body

Throughout the day, a sunflower head turns to face the progress of the sun through the sky. What property of life does this represent?

Response to stimuli

Reactions that can proceed in either direction are known as __ reactions.

Reversible

__ are found in practically every cell, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Ribosomes

A secondary function of Microfilaments is to provide

Rigidity to the cells

The term cell was coined by __ following early use of a light microscope

Robert Hooke

Different types of data require different types of graphs to represent them best. If you were collecting data in an experiment which documented the correlation between the amount of sunlight exposure and plant growth which of the following graphs would you use?

Scatter Plot

Peer-Reviewed Manuscript

Scientific paper that a scientists colleagues review who are experts in the field of study

The sequence and number of amino acids ultimately determine the protein's __

Shape, size, and function

Once Naomi has made observations of a natural phenomenon and formed a hypothesis, she will do what before conducting her experiments?

She will make a prediction

Prokaryotes

Single called or colonial organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei or organelles.

When hydrogen is involved in a polar covalent bond, it has a _.

Slight positive charge

When hydrogen is involved in a polar covalent bond, it has a __.

Slight positive charge.

Leslie and her lab mates are given an assortment of food and beverage based lab samples. They are asked to identify each sample as either acidic or basic and list all characteristics of that sample that helped them identify it as one or the other. Their first sample is lemon juice which they have determined to be acidic. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Leon juice they would have recorded in their data table?

Slippery to the touch

Buffers

Solutions that actively keep pH within a certain range

Organelles

Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures that exist with cells. Examples include mitochondria and chloroplasts, which carry out indispensable functions. Mitochondria produce energy to power the cell, while chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars.

Many bacterial cells are roughly the same size as __.

Some eukaryotic organelles

What do scientists use to distinguish the individual components of cells when viewing a specimen through a light microscope

Special stains

Lipids have many different functions. Bears that hibernate in the winter rely on what function of lipids to allow them to not eat for several months?

Storage of energy

The key function of fats is to __.

Store energy

Identify the best example of an open system from the list below

Stovetop

In fungi, carbohydrates are mainly used for

Structure

Neurobiology

Studies the biology of the nervous system, and although it is considered a branch of biology, it is also recognized as an interdisciplinary field of study known as neuroscience.

Botany

Study of plants

Biochemistry

Study of the chemistry of biological organisms

Which of the reactions below is an anabolic one?

Synthesizing DNA

Which subshell always fills first?

The 1s

Jamie is a chemist working for an exercise supplement company. He is helping formulate a new protein powder which includes essential amino acids and is looking for the best amino acids that will readily dissolve in water to produce a smooth protein shake. What part of an amino acids structure should Jamie be looking at to determine its chemical nature?

The R group

Which of the following functional groups is part of every subunit that makes up a protein and is characterized by the presence of nitrogen?

The amino functional group

atomic mass

The calculated mean of the mass number for its naturally occurring isotopes

"Burning off" excess weight from Christmas cookies is an example of __.

The first law of thermodynamics

What will happen to the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds if the activation energy is increased?

The reaction will happen slower (at a lower rate)

According to __, energy is constantly required to keep entropy low.

The second law of thermodynamics

Atom

The smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules.

Proteins have many functions throughout the human body. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?

The storage of genetic information

Community

The sun population inhabiting a particular area. For instance, all of the trees, flowers, insects, and other populations in a forest form the forests community.

Which of the following is a way to distinguish between DNA and RNA?

There is an -OH group on the 2' carbon of the RNA sugar but not on the 2' carbon of the DNA sugar.

What is the defining feature of proteins

They are polymers of amino acids

What is the defining feature of nucleic acids?

They contain one or more nitrogenous bases, pentode sugars, and phosphates.

__ prevent fluid from leaking between adjacent cells

Tight junctions

Open and closed systems differ in the way energy is ________ the system.

Transferred outside

An example of how applied science has a direct effect on your daily life is the presence of vaccines that contribute to individual and societal health by preventing diseases such as polio, measles, tetanus, and even the influenza.

True

Double bonds form when __ of electrons are shared.

Two pairs

Neutron

Uncharged

Elements

Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There are 118 elements but only 98 occur naturally

The centrosome is a structure ________ that functions in cell division

Unique to animal cells

Significant results are __.

Unlikely to have occurred by chance

Binomial nomenclature gives scientists a way to identify a specific species with a name containing its genus and species. Based on what you know about binomial nomenclature which of the following is most closely related to the species Ursus martitimus?

Ursus arctos: the species share the same genus, Ursus

Paleontology

Uses fossils to study life's history

Eukaryotic cells use __ to organize cellular substances

Vesicles

__ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells

Vesicles

In a typical high school or college lab one may use a light microscope during their studies. Which of the following is something you are NOT able to use a light microscope for?

View cell organelles with intense detail at up to 5 million times magnification in order to better understand their structure

Phylogenetic trees are __.

Visual summaries of the relationships between organisms

Energy is released in order to __

WRONG: Both create and break polymers

Hydrogen bonds represents a __.

Weak chemical bond

Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe the solution?

Weakly basic

Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?

Weakly basic

What phrase best describes an unknown solution with a pH of 8.0?

Weakly basic

Amy is studying phylogenetic trees of primates and their ancestors as part of one of her college courses. What information can she NOT find out by looking at a phylogenetic tree?

What chimpanzees have in common with orangutans

An individual enzyme __.

Will generally bind a single substrate

Which of the following processes is an example of an anabolic pathway?

Within our body cells proteins are synthesized by our ribosomes by joining together amino acids.

Determine whether each following statements is a scientific hypothesis: Air pollution from automobile exhaust can trigger symptoms in people with asthma.

Yes. This statement is testable and falsifiable

Entropy is __.

a measure of the disorder of a system

The Carboxyl functional group is considered

acidic

__ are substances that release hydrogen ions.

acidic substances

Which type of cells contain DNA?

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

__ reactions release energy.

catabolic

Plasmodesmata are necessary due to the __

cell wall of plants

Microfilaments function mainly in __

cellular movement

Reversible chemical reaction

chemical reaction that functions bi-directionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough

Plasma membranes are complex structures with __

embedded and surface proteins

The cytoplasm in ________ includes everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

eukaryotes

nonpolar covalent bond

form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally

The cristae and matrix are the two __ of the __

functional areas; mitochondria

Animals store energy in the form of __.

glycogen

Hydroxyl groups contain only __.

hydrogen and oxygen

Chloroplasts are found in __

in plant cells but not animal cells

Select the answer that best defines enzymes

increase the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs

__ are composed of fibrous filaments

intermediate filaments

Cohesion

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension =

A transmission electron microscope is best for __

internal structures

Blood maintains a ________ pH.

near neutral

Eukaryotic cells use vesicles to __

organize cellular substances

Macromolecules are formed from _

polymerization of monomers

Cations

positive ions that are formed by losing electrons

Ribosomes play a key role in ________.

protein synthesis

Orbital

region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons

Acids are substances that __

release hydrogen ions

The quaternary structure of proteins forms when _

several polypeptides interact into an overall structure

Glyoxysomes are

specialized peroxisomes that convert stored fats into sugars

Theory

tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Evaporation

the change from a liquid to a gas

Electron transfer

the movement of electrons from one element to another

A key disadvantage of electron microscopes is __

they generally require specimens be dead

polar covalent bond

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule

There are several types of bonds found in nature but one is the weakest. This type of bond only forms very weak and temporary bonds between molecules. What types of bonds are these?

van der Waals interactions

Descriptive Science

(Or discovery science) aims to observe, explore, and discover.

Taxonomy

(Which literally means "arrangement law") is the science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organism placed into more and more inclusive groupings.

Which symbol separates the reactants from products in a reaction and means "to yield"?

->

Three unique measures or life's variation are:

1) Genetic diversity or genetic variation; 2) Species diversity; 3) Ecosystem diversity

Drag the words into the correct boxes to complete the statements: Hydrogen bonds and can der Waals interaction are necessary for 1) __ because their interactions form 2) __ associations between different 3) __. They provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins. In addition, they provide the structure and shape for DNA within cells, that is essential for proper function. Hydrogen bonds also give 4) __ its unique properties which are necessary for life.

1. Cells 2. Weak 3. Molecules 4. Water

Hydroxyl groups can be differentiated from other functional groups by their __ properties and the presence of __ in their chemical structure.

1. Hydrophilic 2. only hydrogen and oxygen

Approximately how much of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration is there between tomato juice with a pH of 4.0 and lemon juice with a pH of 2.0?

100 times

Given that an isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22, how many neutrons does it have?

11. Sodium has an atomic number of 11, meaning it has 11 protons. Subtracting 11 from the mass of 22 (as each proton weighs 1 amu) you have 11 neutrons

Burning a log to provide heat and light is an example of __.

1st law of thermodynamics

Which of the following pH values would be considered weakly basic?

8.2

Flagella and cilia are always formed of microtubules in a(n)

9+2 array

Maria works as a chemist in a research laboratory. She received a call today from the local waste disposal facility about a barrel of unidentified solution and has been asked to help identify it as an acid, base, or neutral solution so that it can be properly disposed of. After taking a sample of the solution to study in her lab, she has found out the following information: the solution has a pH of 11, is slippery to the touch, and readily donates OH- molecules when dissolved in water. What type of solution is Maria working with?

A base

Stacy is a field biologist collecting water samples and has recently discovered a new unicellular organism in a sample she collected. Stacy has classified this organism as being eukaryotic. Which of the following could NOT be a feature of the organism she discovered?

A capsule

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.

Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?

Contains a nucleoid

Select the answer that best describes a plasma membrane

Controls the passage of water, ions, oxygen, waste, and organic molecules

Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as __

Cristae and mitochondrial matrix

Identify the pyrimidine below

Cytosine

__ is a major component of cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Cytosol

__ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Cytosol

A nucleotide that contains deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group would be _

DNA

Choose the statement below that match the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is constantly required to keep entropy low

When working in a lab a scientist may choose to use an enzyme as part of a chemical reaction. All of the following statements are true about enzymes EXCEPT which one?

Enzymes raise the activation energy

__ amino acids are required by a person but not produced within the body.

Essential

Dogs and Mushrooms are examples of what type of organism?

Eukaryotic organisms

Choose the statement that best defines the binomial naming system.

Every species has a unique binomial

A key function of _ is to store energy

Fats

__ are always formed of __ in a 9+2 array

Flagella and cilia; microtubules

Forensic Science

Forensic science is the application of science to answer questions related to the law

Ionic bonds

Formed between ions with opposite charges

Fructose is a common sugar that you've probably come into contact with in your life. What functional groups can be found in a fructose molecule?

Fructose has hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

When looking at group 16 on the periodic table, how many electrons would an atom of any element in this group want to gain, lose, or share in order to achieve a stable electron configuration?

Gain 2 electrons

Animal cells signal to adjacent cells using a __

Gap junction

Carl Woese's work in phylogenetics was unique in that it used __ to form a new phylogenetic tree

Genetic characteristics

Mila is assigned to write a paper on the diversity of life. In one section of her paper she describes the differences between individuals of the same species within a population. What specific type of diversity is she referring to?

Genetic diversity: looks at the genetic variation within a species. It compares the genetics of individuals in a certain population or even sometimes between different populations of one species.

Plants contain specialized peroxisomes known as __ that convert stored fats into sugars

Glyoxysomes

The __ distributed proteins and lipids made within cells from this cis face to the transface

Golgi apparatus

In addition to providing greater magnification than a light microscope, an electron microscope also provides __

Greater resolution

Functional groups

Groups of atoms that occur within organic molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules

Which of the following is a well formed hypothesis?

Heat wilts leaves

Helicase is an enzyme found within our bodies cells which helps to unzip or unravel DNA during DNA replication and Transcription. Which of the following best describes Helicase?

Helicase is a protein

Stomata are small openings present on plant leaves. On a hot dry day, the stomata openings remain closed to reduce the loss of water. Which characteristic of living things is described here?

Homeostasis

Insulin is an example of a(n)

Hormone

Which of the following is NOT an example of a phenomena that can be tested using scientific inquiry?

How many ghosts are haunting the Smithsonian Museum?

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

Hydrogen bond

Mindy and her lab group are given 2 aloe Vera plants as test subjects and are asked to create a testable hypothesis of their choice and design a scientific experiment to test that hypothesis. Mindys hypothesis is as follows: "If aloe Vera plants receive no sunlight then they will die." Mindy designs an experiment where she will take both plants and put them in a window next to one another and plant them in the same size pot with the same kind of soil and they will receive the same amount of water at the same times over the course of a month. One plant however will be kept in the sunlight while the other will have a box placed over it to prevent it from receiving any light. The amount of light that each plant receives represents what in the experiment?

The independent variable

Taxon

The name at each level

In an ionic bond, which element gains electrons?

The nonmetal

Atomic number

The number of protons determines an elements atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another

Octet rule

The octet rule states, with the exception of the inner-most shell, that atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the outermost electron shell

Which component below is the same in all nucleic acids

The phosphate group