BIOLOGY SPRING FINAL (Ch. 10, 13-19, 34, 37)
Because Earth is spherical, its surface moves ______________ at the _____________ where its diameter is greatest than other latitudes
Faster equator
Offspring that they themselves can reproduce
Fertile offspring
Coniferous forests are often dominated by a _______ species of trees
Few
_________: -plays a crucial role in the cycling of ____________ -many plants have adapted to resist it whether it's the plant itself or the _________ of the plant
Fire nutrients seed
The aphotic zone is dominated by a variety of small ___________ and _____________
Fish crustaceans
Some plasmids carry __________ that enhance ______________ under certain conditions (ex: antibiotic resistance)
Genes survival
What dictates how codons are translated into amino acids?
Genetic code
What are the two parts of the binomial name?
Genus species
How does biogeography support evolution?
Geographic distribution of species can imply that organisms evolve from ancestral species, but the migration could evolve into a new species with reproduction from a homeland species -it shows that different animals have the same traits from a common ancestor but have evolved differently
Why is the soil nutrient rich in temperate grasslands?
Glacial deposits and mulch from decaying plant matter
Species descended from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they acquire unique adaptations
Gradualism model
Proteobacteria are all ___________-____________ and _____________ a particular rRNA
Gram negative share
technique used by scientists to classify prokaryotes based on the components of their cell wall (amount of peptidoglycan)
Gram stain
Plants evolved from __________ ___________ (charophytes) millions of years ago
Green algae
What were most likely the ancestors of land plants?
Green algae and red algae
What is the evolution of plants?
Green algae-->Bryophytes(mosses)-->Seedless Vascular Plants(ferns)-->Gymnosperms(conifers)-->Angiosperms(flowers)
Apical meristems help the plant because ______________ is needed for maximal exposure to resources in __________ and ____________
Growth soil air
What is an example of an ocean current that affects climates?
Gulf of Mexico/Gulf Stream
What is the problem with the morphological species concept?
It relies on subjective criteria
What is a huge benefit of food webs?
It shows that consumers can eat more than one type of producer -consumers feeding at many trophic levels below them (not just one)
Why is global climate change a growing concern for the 9 terrestrial biomes?
It's changing the temperature and precipitation which affects the vegetation in the biomes
Example of brown algae?
Kelp
A species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates -occupies a niche that holds the rest of its community in place
Keystone species
What is an example of a quaternary consumer in the marine environment
Killer whales
reptiles were more prominent on Earth a ___________ time ago
LONG
__________ species diversity is characteristic of most modern agricultural ecosystems
LOW
Standing water: -__________ and __________ -____________, _____________, and ____________ life distribution is based on depth of ___________ and _____________ from the shore -if it's deep enough, there can be an ___________ zone -that __________ zone will often be deprived of _____________ because of the respiration that ______________ undergo at the bottom -receive excesses of ___________ or ___________ runoff
Lakes ponds algae animal plant water distance aphotic aphotic oxygen decomposers fertilizers sewage
Freshwater biomes include ____________, _______________, ___________, ____________, and ___________
Lakes ponds streams rivers wetlands
This influence of Darwin came up with the theory of acquired characteristics and studied fossils of giraffes
Lamarck
Several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms
Landscape
What happens in termination stage of translation?
-Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the A site of the ribosome -the stop codons do not code for any amino acid, they signal the end of translation -the last tRNA releases the polypeptide and the ribosomal subunits separate after a protein release factor binds to the A site
Compare and contrast flagella and fimbriae
-Flagella enable prokaryotes to move about in response to chemical or physical signals in their environment -fimbriae enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to one another -Fimbriae allow many pathogenic bacteria to latch onto the host cells they colonize
What are the problems with the biological species concept?
-Fossils -it's useless for asexual organisms -it's useless when finding a new species if you only have one of them
What are the benefit within a lichen relationship?
-Fungi get photosynthetic products -algae/bacteria get protection and moisture retention
What are the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
-Gram positive bacteria has simpler walls with more peptidoglycan -outer membrane of gram negative bacteria has lipids bonded to carbohydrates which makes it usually more toxic
Sympatric speciation among cichlids occured because of
-Habitat differentiation: different areas of lake with different food sources -sexual selection: females choose mates based on coloration
How have pollinators coevolved with plants, especially angiosperms
-Insects and bats are largely drawn to flowers based on scents and birds are drawn by colors -some insects have bodies evolved to blend in with the flower -angiosperms rely on animals to aid in pollination
Who were Darwin's influences?
-Lamarck -Hutton -Lyell -Malthus
what are marsupials? *describe
-brief gestation -give birth to tiny live embryonic offspring -offspring complete development attached to mother's nipple (typically in an external pouch)
What type of animals in chaparral?
-browsers (deer) -fruit-eating birds -seed-eating rodents -snakes and lizards
What are three external characteristics useful in classifying prokaryotes?
-cell shape -cell wall components -projections
What are the 3 main eras?
-cenozoic -mesozoic -paleozoic
How do most bacteria obtain their energy and carbon?
-chemoheterotrophs acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules
Human impact on the rainforests?
-clear cutting (deforestation) for farming, livestock, or mining -takes a long time for rainforests to recover because of poor soil
examples of lobe-finned fish?
-coelacanths -lungfish
What are example of adaptations for predator-avoidance in prey populations?
-color patterns -camouflage -sharp quills -hard shells -poison
Describe the temperate rainforest
-coniferous forests of coastal North America -supported by warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean -dominated by a few species of trees (redwood, douglas fir, hemlock) -forests are heavily logged
What are some angiosperms we eat?
-corn -rice -wheat and other grains -apples -oranges -tomatoes -squash -nutmeg -ginger -cumin -cloves -cinnamon -black pepper (peppercorns)
What are the uses of an exoskeleton?
-covers body -protects the animal -provides points of attachment for the muscles that move appendages
What are examples of arthropods?
-crayfish -lobsters -crabs -barnacles -spiders -ticks -insects
How did plants overcome the problem of lacking water on land?
-cuticle -vascular tissue -seeds -fruit
What are unique structures of roundworms (nematoda)?
-cylindrical in shape -fluid filled body cavity and digestive tract with 2 openings -sheds cuticle
What type of vegetation is in chaparral?
-dense, spiny shrubs with tough, evergreen leaves -perennial shrubs are dominant but annual shrubs grow during the wet winter and spring months
What is the impact of eutrophication of lakes, rivers, and coastal waters?
-depletion of oxygen levels -decreased species diversity
Challenges of tetrapod evolution?
-dessication -gas exchange -water conservation -structural support (gravity) -reproduction
What are some ways that two species would not be able to reproduce?
-different "parts" -never come into contact with each other
What are the features of Chordates?
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord -notochord -pharyngeal gill slits -post anal tail
How has the ocean been abused?
-dying of commercial fish species -pollution causes closing of beaches -nutrient pollution -dying of coral reefs -areas have been turned into landfills -overfishing upsetting predator/prey relationships -contamination by pathogens or toxic chemicals -introduction of non-native species
what are monotremes?
-egg laying mammals -mother usually lays 2 eggs and incubates them -young rely heavily on mother's care (lick milk from mother's fur)
What do pili do?
-enables the cell to attach to surfaces -swap DNA with other cells (shoot plasma across tube into other cell)
What is the importance of the cell wall for prokaryotes
-enables them to live in a wide range of environments -provides physical protection -prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment
what are the 3 types of tissues?
-endoderm -mesoderm (in some animals) -ectoderm
characteristics of mammals?
-endothermic -hair/fur -mammary glands that produce milk -sweat glands -diverse teeth for different foods -complex folding of the brain -four chambered hearts
What was the atmospheric environment of earth when dinosaurs were?
-extremely harsh -no grass -pine trees -ferns -LOW OXYGEN LEVELS (15% compared to present day 21%)
Functions of plasmids?
-fertility factors -metabolic factors -resistance factors -virulence factors
What are the two types of projections?
-flagella -fimbriae
What are unique structures of flatworms (platyhelminthes)?
-flat body -complex life cycle -dense clusters of nerve cells=brain -scolex
What are examples of resources that cause competition?
-food -space -water -light
What helps spread angiosperm gametophytes around?
-fruit -wind -animal fur -animal (digestion and feces)
what are the 3 most diverse clades of molluscs
-gastropods (snails and slugs) -bivalves (clams, scallops, oysters) -cephalopods (squids, octopuses)
What are two ways allopatric speciation can occur?
-geological processes such as mountain ranges, lakes, continental drift -colonization--small groups of individuals leave the parent population and become isolated
what are eutherians?
-give birth to live fully developed young -placental mammals -placenta is more complex than marsupials -placenta is attached to wall of uterus -placenta allows nutrients to diffuse from the mother's blood to the embryo
What are examples of sponges
-glass sponges -demosponges -calcareous sponge -barrel sponges
What are examples of primary consumers on land?
-grasshoppers -many insects, snails -grazing mammals -birds that eat seeds and fruit
Animals in temperate grasslands?
-grazing mammals like bison and pronghorn -wild horses and sheep -birds nest on ground-small burrowing animals -diverse microorganism, annelid, and arthropod populations
examples of sharks and rays?
-great white sharks -mantarays
Desertification is due to
-growing human populations (expanding) -overgrazing -drying farmland
What are the two groups of vascular seed plants?
-gymnosperms (conifers) -angiosperms (flowering)
What are examples of round worms (nematoda)
-heartworms -hookworms
two major classes of arthropods?
-hexapods -myriapods -crustaceans
How are we influencing a mass extinction today?
-huge amounts of CO2 in our atmosphere causing global warming and a hole in the ozone layer -water levels rising, glaciers melting -deforestation
What caused the Cambrian explosion?
-increasingly complex predator-prey relationships -homoeotic genes already in place (control body plans)
What are the primary animal pollinators?
-insects -birds -bats
Explain how a retrovirus works
-it reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA -inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome -then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA
examples of jawless fish?
-lampreys -hagfish
Animals in the tundra?
-large herbivores like musk oxen and caribou -small animals like lemmings, arctic fox, and snowy owl -migratory birds and mosquitoes in the summer
Animals in savannas?
-largest herbivores and their predators -elephants -cheetahs -zebras -giraffes -antelopes -lions -kangaroos -burrowing animals like mice, gophers, snakes, ground squirrels, worms, and arthropods are common -ants and termites are dominant herbivores
describe amphibian metamorphosis
-larvas (tadpoles) are legless with a long tail, gills, and lateral line -hormones trigger the tadpole to undergo metamorphosis -through the metamorphosis, the tadpole develops legs and lungs, the tail shrinks, and the lateral line disappears
What are examples of segmented worms (annelida)
-leeches -earthworm -polychaetes -clitellata
Major features of anoles that evolved per different environment
-leg length -toe pads -dewlap color
examples of primates?
-lemurs -monkeys -apes--humans
What were the CONS for life on land?
-less water -less nutrients -gravity -reproduction wasn't adapted without water -plants had to anchor their bodies in the soil and get resources from soil and air
Describe energy in aquatic environments
-light is not available everywhere -photosynthesis occurs at surface -chemosynthesis occurs deep where light doesn't reach
Describe energy in terrestrial environments
-light is the main source of energy and is rarely the limiting factor -shading by trees can create competition for plants growing on forest floors
What are the components of the cell wall in xylem?
-lignin -cellulose
How did plants overcome the problem of gravity on land?
-lignin -vascular tissue
Describe mammal embryonic development
-live birth mammal embryos remain in the mother and receive nourishment directly from her blood -produce extra embryonic membranes -structures in reptile eggs are present with different functions
examples of reptiles?
-lizards -snakes -birds
What factors are leading to the downfall of plant diversity?
-logging -mining -creating roads -deforestation -air pollution
What are the 3 main lineages of Bilaterians?
-lophotrochozoa -ecdysozoa -deuterostomia
What are the two clades of seedless vascular plants
-lycophytes -pterophytes (ferns)
How have animals adapted to deserts?
-many are burrowing and only active at night -seed eaters since plants produce so many seeds -most have adaptations to conserve water
What are examples of secondary consumers on land?
-many small mammals like mice -birds -frogs -spiders -lions -wolves -other large carnivores that eat grazers
Describe tropical dry forests
-marked by prolonged dry seasons -plants adapted to survive the dry season (succulents, thorny shrubs, deciduous trees)
What are unique structures to arthropods?
-molting -exoskeleton is a cuticle hardened by layers of chitin and protein
3 types of mammals
-monotremes -marsupials -eutherians
Animals in taiga?
-moose -elk -bears -wolves -grouse -migratory birds
What were the PROs for life on land?
-more sunlight -more CO2 -less pathogens and less predators -less competition
Types of fungi (types)
-most are DECOMPOSERS -some are PARASITES -some have SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS with other organisms
Describe tropical rainforests:
-most complex of all biomes in terms of diversity of life -soil is very nutrient poor -both plants and animals live in the forest from the ground to the tops of trees-monkeys, birds, insects, snakes, and frogs spend a lot of their lives off the ground
How have plants adapted to frequent fires and long droughts in savannas
-most growing regions are below the soil -deciduous trees drop their leaves in the dry season -plants have adapted to grow rapidly during the rainy season
How does species diversity impact pathogens?
-most pathogens infect a limited range of host species or may even be restricted to a single host species -when many potential hosts are living close together, it is easy for a pathogen to spread from one to another
What are unique structures to molluscs?
-muscular foot -visceral mass -mantle -radula
characteristics of old world monkeys?
-narrow downward pointing nostrils -longer hind legs than forearms -flattened nails -prominent buttock pads -non-prehensile tails -medium to large
Enormous increase in food production have come at the expense of
-natural ecosystems -the services those natural ecosystems provide
Animals in the polar ice biome?
-nematodes, mites, and wingless insects -seals, penguins, gulls, and skuas, polar bears
primate groups?
-new world monkeys -old world monkeys -apes
traits of jawless fish?
-no jaws -no scales -no paired fins
Organisms require phosphorus for....
-nucleic acids -phospholipids -ATP
What characteristics do protists have?
-nucleus -membrane-bound organelles -flagella and cilia with 9 + 2 microtubule pattern -cilia -pseudopods
What are characteristics of monocots?
-one cotyledon -parallel veins in leaves -scattered arrangement of vascular bundles -floral parts in multiples of 3 -fibrous root system
What are some characteristics of cyanobacteria?
-only group of prokaryotes with plant like oxygen generating photosynthesis -tolerance of extreme conditions
examples of marsupials?
-opossum -kangaroos
What were a couple of hypotheses to explain how life arose on this planet?
-organic molecule hypothesis: volcanic eruptions produced 22 amino acids -meteorite hypothesis: amino acids on meteors
Explain algae as a renewable resource
-organic remains of DIATOMS are thought to be the fossil part of fossil fuels for oils -lipid droplets in diatoms and algae are being tested as a possible biofuel
What type of animals are in estuaries?
-oysters -crabs -fish -waterfowl
How can protists obtain energy and nutrition?
-photoautotrophs -heterotrophs -parasites -mixotrophs
What are the 4 modes of nutrition?
-photoheterotrophs -chemoautotrophs -chemoheterotrophs -photoautotrophs
Areas where lichens can live?
-places with little or no soil -severe cold -severe droughts
What are examples of producers? *on land and in water
-plants -algae -autotrophic prokaryotes -photosynthetic unicellular protists and cyanobacteria (phytoplankton) -multicellular algae and aquatic plants
What are example of mutualism?
-plants and mycorrhiza -herbivores and the cellulose-digesting microbes that inhabit their digestive tracts
examples of monotremes?
-platypus -echidna
How did plants overcome to challenges of reproduction on land?
-pollen -seeds -flowers
What creates ocean currents?
-prevailing winds -planet's rotation -unequal heating of surface waters -locations and shapes of continents
What are the 5 major groups of bacteria?
-proteobacteria -gram-positive bacteria -cyanobacteria -chlamydias -spirochetes
What are 2 patterns of embryological development?
-protostome -deuterostome
What are the contrasting characteristics between the three DOMAINS?
-rRNA sequences -RNA polymerase types -Introns -Histones associated with DNA -Peptidoglycan in cell wall
What are examples of invasive species?
-rabbits in Australia -cane toads in Australia -lionfish in the Caribbean and North Atlantic
What are the three hybrid zones?
-reinforcement -fusion -stability
How is chaparral vegetation adapted to fire?
-remaining shrub roots after fires allow plants to regenerate -some plant seeds will only germinate after exposure to the hot fires -remaining ashes after the fire act as fertilizers to promote regrowth
Explain the three things that can occur when different species come back into contact with each other in hybrid zones
-reproductive barriers are strong enough to keep them separated (reinforcement) -interbreeding between species to make it one species (fusion) -combination of 2 species and the hybrids (stability)
examples of birds?
-robin -falcon
features of lobe-finned fish?
-rod shaped bones in pelvic and pectoral fins -FLESHY APPENDAGES
What are the three separate organs most plants have?
-roots -stems -leaves
examples of amphibians?
-salamanders -frogs -caecilians
What are examples of cnidarians?
-sea anemones -jellyfish -coral -man-o-war -hydra
what are examples of echinodermata?
-sea stars -sand dollars -sea urchins -sea cucumbers
Characteristics of bryophytes?
-seedless -nonvascular -lack roots and leaves but have apical meristems and embryos -lack lignin in cell walls -must be in moist environments to disperse gametes
How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes
-smaller -lack a nucleus and other membrane -enclosed organelles-more numerous
molluscs with open circulatory systems?
-snails -slugs -bivalves
What are some examples of molluscs?
-snails -slugs -oysters -clams -octopuses -cuddle fish -squids -scallops
What are the bodies of red algae like?
-soft-bodied or hard chalky cell walls (like coral reef)
Describe temperate broadleaf forest
-soil is rich in organic and inorganic material -trees aren't as tall or diverse as tropical rainforest -deciduous trees -relatively high precipitation -more open canopy
What structures are unique to cnidarians?
-specialized stinging cells -diffusion -tentacles -cnidocytes -toxic venom -nematocytes (stinging cells)
What animals inhabit the benthic realm
-sponges -burrowing worms -clams -sea anemones -crabs -echinoderms
What are the 9 groups of invertebrates?
-sponges (porifera) -cnidarians -flatworms (platyhelminthes) -molluscs -annelids -nematodes -arthropods -echinoderms -chordates
How do the dinosaur and bird lungs compare to those of mammals?
-spongy and hard -immobile -anchored -forked ribs
What are the three types of selection?
-stabilizing -directional -disruptive
What does the capsule allow bacteria to do?
-stick to certain surfaces (ex: respiratory tract) -protects cell against host's immune system
Communities change drastically following a severe disturbance that....
-strips away vegetation -removes significant amounts of soil
What are traits of healthy ecosystems?
-supply fresh water and some foods -recycle nutrients -decompose wastes -regulate climate and air quality
features of osteicthyes? *different from other groups
-swim bladder -bone skeleton -operculum
amphibian development/reproduction?
-swimming larval stage -metamorphosis from tadpole -eggs laid and fertilized in water -jelly eggs
What are examples of platyhelminthes (flatworms)
-tapeworms -turbellaria (marine) -flukes -planarians (free-living)
Describe a savanna?
-temperature is warm year round -rainfall averages 30-50 centimeters per year and almost all of it occurs during a brief rainy season -grass with limited trees
a food pyramid of production shows what?
-the flow of energy from producers to primary consumers and to higher trophic levels -numbers of individuals at each trophic level
What happens after editing is complete in transcription?
-the mRNA transcript exits the nucleus where either a ribosome within the cytoplasm or attached to the ER will translate the mRNA into a polypeptide
List plant defenses against herbivores
-thorns -spines -morphine -nicotine
What are the 9 terrestrial biomes?
-tropical forest -savanna -desert -chaparral -temperate grassland -temperate broadleaf forest -northern coniferous forest (TAIGA) -tundra -polar ice
What are 3 types of body cavities?
-true coelomate -acoelomate -pseudocoelomate
examples of ray-finned fish?
-tuna -bass -goldfish
What are the 3 subphylums of chordates?
-tunicates -lancelets -vertebrates
What are characteristics of dicots?
-two cotyledons-branched veins on leaves -vascular bundles arranged in a ring -floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 -taproot usually present
Adaptations of osteichthyes due to swim bladder?
-various maneuverability/speed -feeding efficiency -various body forms -specialized fins -adaptability of body shape
Characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
-vascular tissue present -well developed roots and rigid stems (lignin) -common in temperate forests -require moist conditions for fertilization -spores carried by wind (no seeds)
How have plants adapted to deserts?
-very waxy coating on the leaves to prevent water loss -shrubs have deep roots -plants produce a lot of rugged seeds that only germinate during rainy periods
what are unique structures to echinoderms?
-water vascular system -network of water -filled canals that branch into extensions called TUBE FEET -some capable of regeneration -eats bivalve molluscs
characteristics of new world monkeys
-wide spaced apart circular nostrils -small to medium -long tails sometimes prehensile -no buttock pads -no cheek pouches
Describe downstream flowing water?
-wider, warmer, and slower -less oxygen and murkier, allowing phytoplankton to grow -catfish are predominate -burrowing insects and worms, waterfowl, and frogs are often abundant
examples of eutherians?
-zebra -elephants -rodents -humans
Which animals inhabit the pelagic photic zone
-zooplankton -fish -marine mammals -many other types of animals
-At temperatures near ____ degrees Celsius, an organism's _____________ slows so much that their bodies don't make enough energy to sustain them -At temperatures above _____ degrees Celsius, an organism's ______________ start to _____________
0 metabolism 45 enzymes denature
Freshwater biomes typically have a salt concentration of less than ____ percent
1
How many directions can DNA polymerase run?
1 continuous direction
What are the stages of life?
1. Abiotic synthesis of polymers 2. Formation of protocells 3. Self-replicating RNA
What are the four ways to define a species?
1. Biological Species Concept 2. Morphological Species Concept 3. Ecological Species Concept 4. Phylogenetic Species Concept
What are the three steps of elongation in translation?
1. Codon recognition 2. Peptide bond formation 3. Translocation
What are the five types of prezygotic barriers?
1. Habitat isolation 2. temporal isolation 3. behavioral isolation 4. mechanical isolation 5. gametic isolation
What are the levels of organization for ecology?
1. Individual (Organism) 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biome 6. Biosphere
What are the three key points of evolution?
1. Individuals do not evolve, the population does. As certain traits become more common, often other traits will change or disappear 2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish heritable traits. Acquired traits can't be passed on 3. Evolution is not goal directed, the benefits of traits can change with time. Adaptions are often compromises
What are the three steps of translation?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
What are the four stages of transcription (DNA->mRNA)
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination 4. mRNA Splicing/Editing
What were the challenges for life on land?
1. Maintain moisture inside body 2. Be able to obtain nutrients from both soil and air 3. Support body in non-buoyant medium 4. Reproduce and disperse offspring without water
What are the 2 types of ecological succession?
1. Primary succession 2. Secondary succession
What are the trophic levels?
1. Producers 2. Primary consumers 3. Secondary consumers 4. Tertiary consumers 5. Quaternary consumers
What are the general steps for a biogeochemical cycle?
1. Producers incorporate chemicals from the abiotic reservoirs into organic compounds 2. Consumers feed on the producers, incorporating some of the chemicals into their own bodies 3. Both producers and consumers release some chemicals back to the environment in waste products 4. Decomposers play a central role by breaking down the complex organic molecules in detritus
What are the three steps of self-replicating RNA?
1. RNA monomers adhere to clay particles and become concentrated 2. monomers spontaneously join, which forms the first small "genes" 3. an RNA chain complementary to one of these genes assembles. If the new chain serves as a template for another round of RNA assembly, a replica of the original gene results
What are 4 reasons why natural selection doesn't mean perfection?
1. Selection can only act on existing variations 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact
Why is there limited trees in a savanna?
1. Soil is nutrient poor 2. Lightning and human activity causes frequent fires
Freshwater biomes fall into which two categories?
1. Standing water 2. Flowing water
What are the two general types of mutations?
1. Substitution 2. nucleotide insertion or deletion
Terrestrial biomes most precipitation to least precipitation
1. Tropical rainforest 2. Temperate Broadleaf forest 3. Taiga 4. Polar ice 5. Savanna 6. Chaparral 7. Tundra 8. Desert
What are the four steps of natural selection?
1. Variation 2. Inheritance 3. Selection 4. Time and Adaptation
What are the two ways polyploidy occurs?
1. Within a single species 2. Hybridization between two species
Describe the steps, in order, for how life came to be on the planet
1. abiotic synthesis of polymers: solutions of amino acids or nucleotides in the ocean vaporized the water, concentrating the solution forcing bonds between the amino acids or nucleotides 2. formation of protocells: protocells surrounded concentrated groups of organic molecules (may have been able to form, reproduce, create, and maintain an internal environment different from their surroundings) 3. self-replicating RNA: RNA molecules could aid in the replication process as their own catalysts (ribozymes)
What are the two types of genetic drift?
1. bottleneck effect 2. founder effect
What are 2 examples of how scientists can observe natural selection in action?
1. galapagos finches 2. pesticides
Sympatric speciation in animals is usually due to
1. habitat differentiation 2. sexual selection
what is evidence of bipedalism
1. larger brain size (bipedalism predates the larger brain size, so if a larger skull is present, then the organism must have been bipedal) 2. pelvic and limb structure 3. location of the opening at the base of the skull
3 groups of living primates
1. lorises, lemurs, and bush babies 2. tarsiers 3. anthropoids
Why can't trees grow in the tundra?
1. permafrost prevents the roots of plants from penetrating deep in the soil 2. Long, cold winters 3. Strong, high winds
What are the 3 lines of evidence to support that fungi were crucial to the colonization of land plants?
1. present day mycorrhizal relationships 2. fossils of early land plants 3. molecular genetics
What are the four steps that would have been required for life to arise?
1. the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases 2. The joining of these small molecules into polymers such as proteins and nucleic acids 3. The packaging of these molecules into "protocells" 4. The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
What is nitrogen's two abiotic reservoirs?
1. the atmosphere (80% nitrogen gas) 2. soil
Describe the steps of the phosphorus cycle?
1. the weathering of rock gradually adds inorganic phosphate to the soil 2. Plants assimilate the dissolved phosphate ions in the soil and build them into organic compounds 3. Consumers obtain phosphorus in organic form by eating plants 4. Phosphates are returned to the soil by the action of decomposers on animal waste and the remains of dead plants and animals 5. Some phosphate drains from terrestrial ecosystems into the sea, where it may settle and eventually become part of new rocks 6. Geologic processes uplift the rocks and expose them to weathering, a process that takes millions of years
what are the 3 ways bacteria can take up dna?
1. transformation 2. transduction 3. conjugation
For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what 5 conditions must be met?
1. very large population 2. no gene flow between populations (immigration and emigration) 3. no mutations 4. random mating 5. no natural selection
only about ______ percent of the energy stored at each trophic level is available to the next level
10
How many species of finches were on the Galapagos?
13 species found in various patterns and places
The CDC has identified _______ microorganisms that pose an urgent or serious threat to public health
15
A ribosome is composed of _______ subunits
2
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?
2
There are _________ general hypotheses about how life-supporting molecules appeared on early Earth
2
Oldest widely accepted fossils of eukaryotes are how old?
2.1 billion years old
there are _______ extinct species of ___________, species more closely related to humans than chimps
20 HOMININ
The frequency of heterozygous
2pq
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?
3
How many steps of translation are there?
3
Marine biomes generally have a salt concentration around _____ percent
3
The large subunit of a ribosome has ____ different sites in which the ________ with amino acids attach and add their amino acid, then exit
3 tRNA
Which side does DNA polymerase add the nucleotides?
3' carbon end
What would be the complementary base sequence for a DNA strand with the following sequence? 5'-ATCAGGACT-3'
3'-TAGTCCTGA-5'
When did life first arise on earth?
3.5 years ago, at the earliest 3.8 billion years ago
Deserts are most common at latitudes ______ degrees north and _____ degrees south because of the _______________, _______, ________ air from the ____________ region
30 30 descending cold dry Tropics
how many chordate traits are there
4
Explain why codons are written in 3s
4 x 4 x 4 provides 64 different combinations to account for the 20 amino acids
How old is the earth according to scientists?
4.6 billion years old
Domain Bacteria is divided into _______ major groups
5
There have been _____ mass extinctions in which 50% or more of Earth's species were eliminated
5
Which direction does DNA Polymerase go?
5'->3' (adds on the 3' end)
Air temperature declines by about ______ degrees Celsius with every ____________ meter increase in elevation
6 1,000
We are living through a ______ mass extinction
6th
sharks have how many senses?
7
How many terrestrial biomes are there?
9
The part of an ecosystem where a chemical, such as carbon or nitrogen, accumulates or is stockpiled outside of living organisms
Abiotic reservoir
Aquatic biomes are defined by different _____________ factors -the primary factor based on ____________
Abiotic salinity
Inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a certain environment
Adaptation
Organisms on different continents that inhabit the same biome have ______________ to survive in the ____________ conditions
Adapted same
growth-producing regions of cell division found near tips of stems and roots
Apical meristems
Most protists are __________ and they are found almost anywhere there is moisture, including the bodies of various ___________
Aquatic hosts
____________ are hypothesized to be the first living organisms on the planet
Archaea
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Archaea and Bacteria
Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits
Artificial selection
old world monkeys are from
Asia and Africa
What was Darwin's theory?
Evolution by natural selection
Speciation requires ____________ but _______________ doesn't always lead to speciation
Evolution evolution
A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING
Biological species concept
What is an example of an exaptation
Evolution of the feather
In deep dark aquatic environments (like caves or hydrothermal vents), ______________ bacteria harvest energy from _______________ materials to power the ecosystem
Chemosynthetic inorganic
In some communities in the deep-sea, the producers are _________________ __________________
Chemosynthetic prokaryotes
Prokaryotes called _____________ harness the energy stored in chemicals (either organic molecules or inorganic molecules)
Chemotrophs
____________ live inside eukaryotic host cells and is the most common STI in US
Chlamydias
Unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use cilia to move and sweep food into their mouth
Ciliates
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
Clade
______________ is based on the Darwinian concept that organisms both share characteristics with their ancestors AND differ from those same ancestors
Cladistics
What is the major defining factor of terrestrial biomes
Climate (temperature and precipitation)
The closer the branches of phylogenetic trees are, the ____________ the organisms are related based on the organisms listed in the tree
Closer
Which shape is tRNA in?
Clover/paperclip
The biome of Chaparrals is limited to _____________ areas
Coastal
A three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination, the basic unit of the genetic code
Codon
The anticodon is complementary to the ___________ triplet on the _________ transcript
Codon mRNA
Which stage of elongation in translation is this? -Anticodon of tRNA molecule pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site
Codon recognition
Genetic information is written in ___________ and translated into __________ _________ sequences
Codons amino acid
Occurs when a change in one species acts as a new selective force on another species, and the resulting adaptations of the second species in turn affect the selection of individuals in the first species
Coevolution
What type of water has high oxygen content
Cold, fast-moving water
Which type of allopatric speciation explains the finches on the Galapagos Islands?
Colonization
An assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interactions
Community
How did the scientists come up with a phylogenetic tree for the lizards?
Comparing the DNA of anoles from different species and islands
Why are there so many types of cichlids in one lake?
Competition for a food source led to the adaptation of different cichlids for different food sources
Do molluscs have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
Complete digestive system
Do segmented worms (annelida) have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
Complete digestive system
What is an example of incrementally evolving structures?
Complexity of eyes in molluscs
Protists are more _____________ than any prokaryotes
Complicated/complex
Guard cells open and close depending on _______________ to prevent ___________ ________ through stomata
Conditions water loss
A biome characterized by conifers, cone-bearing evergreen trees
Coniferous
The union (mating) of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells
Conjugation
________________ movements help explain patterns of biogeography
Continental
The submerged part of the continents
Continental shelf
What type of winds dominate the tropics?
Cooling trade winds
As air moves from the tropics towards the poles, it ___________ and ___________ into clouds and then it __________
Cools condenses rains
Sexually reproducing organisms have the most genetic variation due to ____________ ____________ in meiosis
Crossing over
Because of its _____________, Earth receives an _____________ distribution of solar energy
Curvature uneven
Waxy layer surrounding above-ground parts that prevents water loss
Cuticle
What is the only group of prokaryotes with plant-like oxygen-generating photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
Where in the cell does translation occur?
Cytoplasm
The study of how slight genetic changes can become magnified into major morphological differences between species
Evolutionary and Developmental Biology (evo-devo)
If any of the 5 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions are NOT met, then the population must be ________________
Evolving
Which group of protists stands alone?
Excavata
Selection can only act on _______________ variations: the fittest phenotypes, of the phenotypes available, are selected
Existing
The coding regions of the gene are known as
Exons
Invasive species establish themselves at the _______________ of native communities
Expense
What is the major driving force in the movement of water?
solar energy
what type of body cavities do echinoderms have?
spacious coelom
Biofilm can consist of several different ______________ and may include some protists or fungi
species
The structure of a community can be described by its ______________ ________________, including the number of ______________, their relative _______________, and their ________________ relationships
species compositions species abundance feeding
the number of species in a community
species richness
Species diversity includes both __________ __________________ and the ______________ ___________________ of the different species in the community
species richness relative abundance
Vertebrates: -nerve cord--> ________ ________ and _________ -notochord-->____________ _______________ and _______________ -pharyngeal gill pouches--> aquatic _________ or terrestrial ____________ _______ and ___________
spinal cord brain vertebral column cranium gills inner ear throat
relatively short and rigid spiral or corkscrew bacteria
spirilla
spiral or corkscrew bacteria
spirilla and/or spirochetes
Helical bacteria that spiral through their environment by means of rotating, internal filaments -many are pathogens
spirochetes
longer and more flexible spiral or corkscrew bacteria -helical bacteria that spiral through their environment by means of rotating internal filaments
spirochetes
Short RNA molecules can assemble ____________________ from nucleotide monomers and when RNA is added to a solution containing RNA monomers, new RNA molecules ______________________to parts of the starting RNA sometimes assemble
spontaneously complementary
What is the weakness of lichens?
air pollution
A cell that can develop into a new organism without fusion with another cell
spore
Seedless plants have ___________ instead
spores
The different types of _____________ are how fungi are classified
spores
____________ are produced at the tips of some specialized hyphae
spores
Hybrids continue to be produced but each species maintains its own integrity is which hybrid zone?
stability
Male reproductive structure (consists of the anther and filament)
stamen
the ____________ is a protein coat to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrients
albumen
A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis
algae
the ___________ helps dispose of metabolic waste
allantois
the ___________ is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo
amnion
reptiles, birds, and mammals are _____________
amniotes
a shelled egg in which an embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk
amniotic egg
sensory organ called electroreceptors that are jelly-filled pores -help detect electric field in water
ampullae of lorenzini
What is the cretaceous extinction thought to have been caused by?
an asteroid
amphibians: -_____________ -live on __________ and in _________ -can breathe through their ___________ because of _________ environment
tetrapods land water skin moist
What was Darwin's book called?
the Origin of Species
example of sympatric speciation
the apple maggot fly -the flies previously deposited eggs only on hawthorn fruits -When apple trees were brought by European immigrants, some began laying eggs on apples -May be widespread among insects
The region surrounding the equator between latitudes 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south
the tropics
what separates lancelets from other groups
their traits don't evolve or become more advanced
Earth's crust is divided in giant, irregularly shaped plates that essentially float on the underlying mantle
theory of plate tectonics
an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both
tissue
sponges do not have _______________
tissues
the transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage
transduction
the incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment
transformation
Frederick Griffith determined that bacteria have a _______________ ______________ that can cause heritable change in bacteria
transforming factor
RNA is ______________ to protein
translated
evaporative water loss from plants
transpiration
cavity completely lined by mesoderm tissue
true coelom
What type of body cavities do arthropods have?
true coelomate
What type of body cavity do molluscs have?
true coelomate
Undersea tectonic plate movements can cause _____________
tsunamis
adult stage is sessile and looks like a sponge but the larval stage meets the requirements of chordates
tunicates
The __________, ______________, and _____________ of disturbances vary from community to community
types frequency severity
Where are the stomata located
underside of the leaf
the same processes that occurred in the Earth long ago are still occurring
uniformitarianism
Mycorrhiza are present in nearly all _____________ plants
vascular
pertaining to the underside/bottom of a bilaterally symmetric animal
ventral
lampreys: -adult stage has ___________ but larval stage does not have ___________ -most are _____________ -have several rows of ____________ to latch onto fish -______less -_____________ ___________________ with simple _____________ -larval lampreys are ____________ feeders
vertebrae vertebrae parasites teeth jaw cartilage endoskeleton vertebrae suspension
what separates vertebrates from tunicates and lancelets?
vertebrate traits become more evolved
animals with a backbone
vertebrates
chondrichthyes: -______________ -flexible ______________ made of ___________ -no __________ _____________ -________, paired _________, and hinged ________ -________________ on their heads -_____________ __________ system
vertebrates endoskeleton cartilage swim bladder gills fins jaw electrosensors lateral line
Our appendix is an example of a _______________ feature
vestigial
Remnants or features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors
vestigial structures
A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material
virus
one of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs
visceral mass
Ruptures between plants allow hot molten rock, ash, and gases to escape...these are ______________
volcanoes
In vascular seed plants: Pollen brings sperm-producing cells in contact with egg-producing parts without ______________
water
What nutrients that plants need are in the soil
water and minerals
Wind increases an organism's rate of _____________ loss by ______________ which then increases the rate of ________________ ______________ (beneficial on hot days but harmful in cold environments)
water evaporation evaporative cooling
a radially arranged system of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called TUBE FEET; this system provides movement and circulates water, facilitating gas exchange and waste disposal
water vascular system
do echinoderms have an open or closed circulatory system?
water vascular system w/diffusion
What is the evolution of plants in terms of adaptations?
water-->land-->vascular tissue-->seeds-->flowers/fruits
reptiles: -skin covered with ______________ __________ (used to keep water in the body) -obtain oxygen with ____________ -______________ (absorbing external heat)
waterproof scales lungs ectothermic
A biome that is transitional between an aquatic ecosystem (either marine or freshwater) and a terrestrial one
wetlands
What is the effect of large mountain ranges?
Larger mountain ranges cause moist air to rise and (due to their size) the majority of the precipitation falls and accumulates as deep snowpack -the dry air (from the release of all the precipitation) goes over the mountain and cools -the dry air absorbs moisture from the land creating an effect known as rain shadow
Ascomycetes: -______________ phylum of fungi -defining feature=_______________(tiny microscopic structure in which ascospores are formed) -species can be parasitic (insect ____________)
Largest ascus zombies
Rusts: -limited to ____________ or plant _____________ -don't kill the plant but reduces its __________
Leaves shoots health
Cell walls are reinforced with ____________
Lignin
What is the taiga characterized by
Long snowy winters and short, wet summers
flatworms, molluscs, and annelids -all have locophore
Lophotrochozoa
This influence of Darwin thought that the Earth is much older than previously thought and Darwin got the idea that if the Earth was changing, creatures must change with it
Lyell
A type of bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage -new phages are not produced, and the host cell is not killed or lysed unless the viral genome leaves the host chromosome
Lysogenic cycle
A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis (breaking open) of the host cell
Lytic cycle
What are examples of secondary consumers in aquatic environments?
Mainly small fish that eat zooplankton
This influence of Darwin thought that resources will eventually run out and Darwin thought that the better adapted/most fit organisms will fight for the resource and survive
Malthus
What type of mutation is this? -In the code for the normal blood protein hemoglobin a portion of the mRNA transcript codes for glutamine- GAA -Sickle cell is the result of a missense substitution causing a portion of the mRNA transcript to code for valine-GUA -the first A is substituted for a U causes a different amino acid to be brought
Missense mutation
A protist that is capable of both autotrophy and heterotrophy, depending on availability of light and nutrients
Mixotrophs
The term used to describe how an organism obtains energy and carbon are combined to describe its ___________ of ____________
Mode nutrition
Mosses and ferns must live in a ___________ environment because of reproduction
Moist
As air moves back toward the equator, it warms and picks up ____________ until it ____________ again
Moisture ascends
When air spreads away from the equator and cools and dries, it absorbs ___________ from the land -this explains why many of the world's greatest _____________ are located at these latitudes (30 degrees north and south)
Moisture deserts
The study of biologically important molecules such as DNA and proteins
Molecular biology
The study of heredity at the molecular level
Molecular biology
A method that uses DNA or other molecules to infer relatedness
Molecular systematics
_______________ are especially vulnerable to attack by pathogens and herbivorous insects -also have low genetic variation
Monocultures
Classification based on physical traits such as size, shape, and other morphological features
Morphological Species Concept
Which concept is used to classify most organisms?
Morphological species concept
Sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have fins used for swimming
analogous structures
Structures that have similar function but do not share common ancestry (not evidence of evolution)
analogous structures
What term goes hand in hand with convergent evolution?
analogous structures
Biogeography shows that organisms must have evolved from a common _____________
ancestor
Fruits help in ______________ dispersal
animal
multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by ingestion
animals
pertaining to the front/head of a bilaterally symmetric animal
anterior
Sac containing the male sporangia---releases pollen
anther
_____________ revolutionized medicine in that what was often a fatal infection could readily be treated
antibiotics
which primates don't have tails?
apes
which primates don't fully live in trees
apes and humans
only _________ and _____ __________ ___________ have a completely opposable thumb
apes old world monkeys
Organisms in flowing water?
arthropods such as small crustaceans and insect larva -trout are main predators
External parasites include
arthropods such as ticks, lice, mites, and mosquitoes which attach to their victims temporarily to feed on blood or other body fluids
diploid gametes fertilize themselves to make 4n offspring
autopolyploidy
produces their own food
autotrophs
rod shaped bacteria
bacilli
Nitrogen fixation is carried out by some
bacteria
a virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage
bacteriophage
animals with bilateral symmetry (most animals)
bilaterians
Asexual reproduction by the separation of the body into two bodies
binary fission
the small subunit of a ribosome has the ________ site for the mRNA
binding
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
binomial nomenclature
when prokaryotes attach to surface in highly organized colonies
biofilm
Any of the various chemical circuits that involve both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem
biogeochemical cycle
The geographic distribution of species
biogeography
Primary production produces
biomass
the amount of living organic material in an ecosystem
biomass
If the climate in two geographically separate areas is similar, the same type of _____________ may occur in ___________ places
biome both
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, and water
bioremediation
A living component of the environment; an organism, or factor pertaining to one or more organisms
biotic
___________ are surviving descendants of dinosaurs
birds
hollow ball of cells
blastula
What is a closed circulatory system?
blood always contained in vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries); deoxygenated and oxygenated blood NEVER mix
what is an open circulatory system?
blood is not always contained in vessels; mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Smuts: -infect ________ kernels with __________ growths called galls -galls are seen as a _____________ in some cultures
corn hyphae delicacy
Do segmented worms (annelida) have an open or closed circulatory system?
closed
a specialized stinging cell for which the phylum cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture
cnidocyte
spherical shaped bacteria
cocci
Prokaryotes can live in extreme environments like: _________, ___________, ___________, ___________, etc.
cold acidic hot salt
At the source of flowing water, the water is _________, ___________, and ____________ rich
cold clear oxygen
This type of symbiotic relationship benefits one partner and has no impact on the other
commensalism (+/0)
an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interactions
community
the variability or stability in the species composition of a community caused by biotic and abiotic factors
community dynamics
Anatomical similarities between species
comparative anatomy
What is a (-/-) relationship?
competition
Do roundworms (nematoda) have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
complete digestive system
do arthropods have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system
complete digestive system
do echinoderms have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
complete digestive system
a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus
complete digestive tract
a type of development in certain insects in which development from larva to adult is achieved by multiple molts that are followed by a pupal stage; while encased in its pupa, the body rebuilds from clusters of cells
complete metamorphosis
Adaptations are often _______________
compromises
the union(mating) of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells
conjugation
____________ __________ is the movement of the plates as a result of movements in the mantle
continental drift
species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and natural selection has favored similar adaptations
convergent evolution
What type of mutation is this? -the codon UCA codes for the amino acid serine -if the C is substituted for a G the codon now reads UGA--a stop codon -this means the polypeptide will not have all the amino acids that are required to make the functioning protein
Nonsense mutation
When frequency is highest near the mean value (middle) and decreases towards each extreme, it is called a _______________ Distribution
Normal
The Taiga stretches across
North America and Asia south of the Arctic Circle
Desertification is happening rapidly in
Northern Africa
2nd step of fungus life cycle?
Nuclei fuse forming a diploid zygote
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Where in the cell does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
What are the benefits of fungi? -Aids in the cycling of ______________ in an ecosystem -Fungi can _______________ almost any organic ________________ -Have the ability to break down toxic chemicals like _______________ (DDT) and ____________-causing chemical agents. -Scientists are looking at the possibility of using fungi to help clean up ________________ spills -Fungi are the source of numerous ________________ such as penicillin and amoxicillin -Many fungi are a number of _________________uses -Fungi, primarily yeasts, are used in ________________ and ________________ research due to their easily coded and manipulated genome -Scientists are also looking at using fungi to help aid in the production of ________________
Nutrients breakdown chemical pesticides cancer petroleum antibiotics culinary molecular biotechnology biofuels
Why aren't substitutions always bad?
Occasionally they can lead to an improved protein that enhances the organism
Lizard species (anoles) evolved/evolve to...
Occupy different parts of the habitats to minimize competition for food and other resources between different species
River-like flow patterns at the ocean's surface
Ocean currents
_______________ control ______________ which influence --> ________________ which influence --> ______________ which determine --> _________________
Oceans climates biomes plants animals
Marine biomes include ___________, ______________ zones, ___________ ___________, and _______________
Oceans intertidal coral reefs estuaries
The lagging strand is replicated in fragments...these fragments are called _________________ fragments
Okazaki
Explain the antiparallel nature of DNA
One strand runs 3'-->5' and the other strand runs 5'-->3' -double stranded DNA compliments run in the opposite direction; this allows for nitrogen bases to pair up and bond with hydrogen bonds
What was the evolution with the finches?
Only one species came and evolved into 13 different species on the Galapagos Islands
Do roundworms (nematoda) have an open or closed circulatory system?
Open
What is the origin of single-celled eukaryotes?
Originated from prokaryotes that were able to use cellular respiration
A species from a lineage that is closely related but not part of the group of species being studied
Outgroup
What is descent with modification?
Overtime differences gradually accumulate by evolution by natural selection -an ancestral species could diversify into many descendant species by the accumulation of adaptations to various environments
Polypeptide site -holds the growing peptide
P site
Scientists who study fossils and fossil record
Paleontologists
What is an example of a ciliate from OUR LABS?
Paramecium
Organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction
Parasite
The adoption of the simplest explanation for observed phenomena in systematics
Parsimony
Use of common characteristic between organisms to determine relatedness as well as molecular evaluation to determine relatedness
Parsimony
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
Pass down the instructions of a cell as the cell divides
The Photic zone includes the ____________ realm, the ______________ realm, and the _____________ ______________
Pelagic benthic continental shelves
The region of the ocean that includes all open water (anywhere with seawater) from the surface to the bottom of the ocean
Pelagic realm
The growing polypeptide is held in the P site while the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the polypeptide and the new amino acid from the tRNA in the A site
Peptide bond formation
Natural selection leads to adaptations however it doesn't engineer ________________ organisms
Perfect
Why is tree growth not supported in temperate grasslands (except along rivers and streams)
Periodic severe drought periods
Wetlands: -covered with water either ____________ or ______________ -ideal conditions for the growth of ____________ plants
Permanently periodically aquatic
What are the two largest mass extinctions
Permian and Cretaceous
Which eon includes the 3 eras?
Phanerozoic
Pipes of entirely living cells that distribute sugars from leaves throughout the plant
Phloem
Adding ____________ to water causes them naturally to form vesicles
Phospholipids
Coral reefs are scattered around the globe in the ____________ zone of warm ______________ waters above ______________ _____________
Photic tropical continental shelves
Extends between sea level to 200 meters deep (the maximum depth in which most light can penetrate in water)
Photic zone
An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 using the process of photosynthesis
Photoautotroph
An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources
Photoheterotroph
In aquatic environments, most _________________ occurs near the water's surface
Photosynthesis
Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree of life
Phylogenetic Species concept
What are the different types of mutagens?
Physical and chemical
Algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in aquatic environments
Phytoplankton
In the sunlight regions of the pelagic and benthic realms, photosynthesis by _______________ and multicellular ___________ provides ______________ and organic ____________ for other animals
Phytoplankton algae energy carbon
What color is the stain of gram-negative bacteria?
Pink
_______________ species diversity in a community often has consequences for the species diversity of ________________
Plant animals
____________ are the main producers on land
Plants
In the terrestrial biomes, ___________ build the foundation for the communities of ____________, _____________, and ____________
Plants animals fungi microorganisms
We know that the PROS of land outweighed the CONs because...
Plants are abundant on land today
What distinguishes plants from algae in terms of embryos
Plants have embryophytes
What were the first organisms to colonize land?
Plants with fungi
Examples of biotic factors
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle; a member of the amoebozoan clade
Plasmodial slime mold
Unicellular parasites with multiple stages of life in which they infect different organisms
Plasmodium
A terrestrial biome that includes regions of extremely cold temperature and low precipitation located at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra and in Antarctica
Polar ice
What are the two body forms of cnidarians
Polyp and medusa
Sequence of amino acids
Polypeptide
What is built during translation?
Polypeptide
Cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes
Polyploid cells
Plant sympatric speciation is usually via __________________
Polyploidy
A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Population
Small-scale disturbances often have _____________ effects
Positive
_____________, ______________, and _____________ continually move water
Precipitation evaporation transpiration
Major global air movements; winds that result from the combined effects of Earth's rotation and the rising and falling of air masses
Prevailing winds
An herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs
Primary consumers
the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (in organic compounds) by photosynthesis
Primary production
A type of ecological succession in which a biological community arises in an area without soil
Primary succession
an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers -These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis
Primase
All consumers directly or indirectly depend on the output of _________________
Producers
An autotrophic organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials
Producers
What is the first trophic level?
Producers
What is the haploid generation?
Production of egg and sperm
What is the diploid generation
Production of spores
How does the relative size and number of prokaryotes compare to eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes are extremely small but their collective biomass is 10 times that of eukaryotes
How do prokaryotes form biofilms?
Prokaryotes excrete CHEMICAL SIGNALS that attract nearby cells to cluster
What started the oxygen revolution?
Prokaryotes that were capable of photosynthesis transformed the seas with the introduction of oxygen
A specific nucleotide sequence that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and determines where transcription starts
Promoter
Are molluscs protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
are arthropods protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
A temporary extension of an cell that functions in moving cells and engulfing food
Pseudopodia
Double ring structure of a nitrogenous base (A & G)
Purine
single ring structure of a nitrogenous base (T & C)
Pyramidines
A large molecular complex that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template
RNA Polymerase
What are the two main enzymes required in transcription?
RNA Polymerase and Helicase
________ ___________ is the process in which introns are cut out leaving only the exons
RNA splicing
what type of body symmetry do echinoderms have?
Radial (penta-radial)
arrangement of body parts like pieces of pie around an imaginary central axis; divide any axis and get equal pieces
Radial symmetry
A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support structure composed of silica
Radiolarian
Uneven heating from the sun causes _______ and ___________ patterns
Rain wind
In the tropics, Earth's ____________ moving surface deflects vertically ______________ air, making the trade winds blow from east to west
Rapidly circulating
Describe the precipitation of the tundra
Receives as little precipitation as a desert but moisture is retained due to poor drainage and slow evaporation
Why is red algae red?
Red accessory pigment masks the green chlorophyll
A mule is an example of which postzygotic barrier/effect?
Reduced hybrid fertility
This happens when creatures can't produce viable offspring
Reduced hybrid fertility
This impairs hybrid's development or survival--the organisms are usually dying before reproductive age
Reduced hybrid viability
What is a good example of how mutualists benefit from their relationship?
Reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates
Ocean currents have a profound effect on ______________ climates
Regional
Hybrids are less fit than either purebred species. The species continue to diverge until hybridization can occur no longer (reproductive barriers)
Reinforcement
These can interfere with interbreeding
Reproductive barriers
The "umbrellas" (mushrooms) are _____________ structures made of ___________
Reproductive hyphae
Prevents genetic exchange (gene flow) and maintains the gap between species
Reproductive isolation
__________ (other than birds) and _____________ do not have adaptations to withstand really cold temperatures
Reptiles amphibians
The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by _______________ closely balances its removal by _________________-
Respiration photosynthesis
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
Other than Watson and Crick, who else helped discover the double helix shape of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff
What are examples of fungal diseases in plants and crops?
Rusts, smuts, ergots, dutch elm disease
Where in the cell cycle would DNA replication happen?
S phase
When does DNA replication take place?
S phase of the cell cycle so that there's enough DNA to be split into the two daughter cells in mitosis
Animals in temperate broadleaf forests?
Soil is inhabited by many invertebrates and vertebrates -bobcats -foxes -black bears -mountain lions
_____________ structure, ________, and ______________ content often play major roles in determining the distribution of plants
Soil pH nutrient
_________ energy powers most ecosystems
Solar
Pertaining water; what is the danger for aquatic organisms in their environments?
Solute concentration -freshwater organisms live in a hypotonic medium while the environment of marine organisms is hypertonic
What is the abiotic synthesis of polymers?
Solutions of amino acids or nucleotides in the ocean could have washed up on hot shorelines vaporizing the water, concentrating the solution, forcing bonds to form between the amino acids or nucleotides (dehydration synthesis)
How does the theory of plate tectonics explain the biogeography of organisms today?
Some animals similar to each other found on different continents must have been the same species on Pangea
What is the symmetry of sponges?
Some are radially symmetric but MOST LACK BODY SYMMETRY
The water in rivers and streams change drastically from its ______________ to where it empties into a __________ or ___________
Source lake ocean
The process by which one species splits into two or more species
Speciation
The variety of species that make up a community
Species diversity
Unicellular algae have mutually beneficial relationships with a wide variety of other marine invertebrates, including ____________, _____________, and _____________
Sponges flatworms molluscs
Multicellular diploid form that produces haploid spores (meiosis)
Sporophyte
which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) is dominant in angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Sporophyte
_______________ Selection on a graph looks like slimmer/narrower Normal Selection
Stabilizing
_______________ selection favors the intermediate phenotype
Stabilizing
spherical shaped bacteria in clusters
Staphylococci
Gas exchange (CO2 and O2) come in through pores called ___________ surrounded by _________ cells
Stomata guard
What does SAR mean?
Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria
when 2 plates do not move smoothly past each other but stick in one spot and build up pressure, the energy released is an earthquake
Strike-slip fault
What was the earliest evidence of life on Earth?
Stromatolites
The "branches" of phylogenetic trees show common ancestral lineage which can be based on ______________ or ______________ homologies
Structural molecular
What are phylogenetic trees based on?
Structural, developmental, molecular, and behavioral traits
When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun (it's _____________) the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun and it's __________
Summer winter
Global climate patterns are determined by the amount of ________ and the planet's _______________ in space
Sun movement
Prokaryotic phototrophs capture energy from __________ using thylakoid membranes
Sunlight
A new species arises within the same geographic area as its parent species
Sympatric speciation
True or False: A clade can be as big or as small as we want
TRUE
True or false: Evolution is not goal directed
TRUE
The northern coniferous forest, largest terrestrial biome on Earth
Taiga
A biome located throughout midlatitude regions, where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees
Temperate broadleaf forest
A biome dominated by grasses and other nonwoody plants and maintained by seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by large mammals
Temperate grassland
Why are stromatolites so important?
They created the atmosphere which protected the Earth from radiation
What did Beadle and Tatum do?
They hypothesized that the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme -worked with bread mold strains that were unable to be grown on a simple growth medium -"one gene one enzyme"
Why were cyanobacteria so important in the evolution of life on Earth?
They oxidized the oceans and atmosphere, creating the ozone layer, making Earth suitable for life
What are hominins?
This group includes humans and all extinct species more closely related to them than to any other group
What are examples of DNA viruses?
Those that cause hepatitis, chicken pox, and herpes
What are examples of RNA viruses
Those that cause the common cold, measles, mumps, polio, and AIDS
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
Why are sponges in the phylum porifera?
Tiny PORES in their outer walls
Why is DNA held by hydrogen bonds (weak bonds)?
To make replication easier like a zipper
What is Koch's Postulate used for?
To test whether a certain bacterium is the cause of disease
Responsible for the unwinding of DNA ahead of helicase. If _____________________ didn't exist, the DNA would get overwound and it would cause an accumulation of torsion stopping the ability of helicase and DNA or RNA polymerase
Topoisomerase
DNA is _________________ to RNA
Transcribed
DNA->mRNA
Transcription
What are the two processes in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Transcription and Translation
What is this? -The polypeptide on the tRNA from the P site is moved to the tRNA in the A site. The tRNA that was in the P site (that just had the polypeptide moved from it) is moved to the E site. The tRNA with the polypeptide on it is now moved to the P site vacating the A site for a new tRNA with the anticodon that compliments the next codon on the mRNA transcript
Translocation
The genetic info for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of nonoverlapping 3 base "words" called codons
Triplet code
The pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels
Trophic structure
Very humid equatorial regions that have 200-400 centimeters of rain per year
Tropical rainforest
True or False: many amino acids have more than one codon for the same amino acid
True
What type of body cavity do segmented worms (annelida) have?
True coelomate
A biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, characterized by dwarf woody shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens
Tundra
Translate the following strand of tRNA into mRNA -AUGGUACCCACAUUUGCUAA-
UACCAUGGGUGUAAACGAUU
What are the three stop codons?
UGA, UAA, UAG
While natural selection acts on the best variations within a population there are mechanisms that keep ___________________ genotypes from being completely eliminated
Unfavorable
Protists are a collection of mostly ___________ eukaryotes
Unicellular
Why are scientific names of creatures in Latin?
Universal identification
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium used to explain?
Used the explain why the shuffling of alleles that accompanies sexual reproduction does not alter the genetic makeup of the population
What is the function of biofilm?
Various functions including defense against invaders, resource apprehension, and more
Most mosses do NOT have _____________ ____________
Vascular tissue
The climate of the terrestrial biomes determines the type of ____________ that can grow
Vegetation
Tetrapods
Vertebrates with 4 appendages
What is an example of green algae FROM OUR LABS?
Volvox (colonial)
All parts of the biosphere are connected via the ____________ __________
Water cycle
Heterotrophic unicellular protists that decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats
Water mold
Vascular tissue is used to conduct ___________ and _____________ upward from roots and to distribute _________ produced by leaves to rest of plant
Water nutrients sugar
Who is credited for discovering the double helix structure of DNA?
Watson & Crick
When does elongation stop in translation?
When the A site reaches a stop codon
When are endotoxins released?
When the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell
What were some of the factors that lead to the mass extinctions that have occurred?
Widespread volcano eruptions lead to CO2 warming the earth and dissolved O2 levels lowering in water along with acid rain
Dead cells that form microscopic pipes that convey water and minerals upward from roots
Xylem
Do roundworms (nematoda) have body cavities?
YES: PSEUDOCOELOM
Are the two molecules of DNA made during replication identical to each other?
Yes
Are tissue layers present in cnidarians? If so, which ones?
Yes: ectoderm and endoderm
Do molluscs have tissues present? which kinds?
Yes: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
What was incorrect about Lamarck's theory?
You cannot decide what traits are passed on to your offspring
Animals that drift in aquatic environments
Zooplankton
Zygomycetes: -have a protective _________________ where the zygote produced spores via meiosis -some are ______________ of plants and small animals -example: __________ ___________ ____________
Zygosporangium parasites black bread mold
All lophotrochozoans have:
a feeding apparatus known as a locophore
What are examples of primary consumers in aquatic environments?
a variety of zooplankton (mainly protists and microscopic animals such as small shrimps)that eat phytoplankton
Some heterotrophic protists obtain organic molecules by _______________ and some are _____________
absorption parasitic
Many thermophiles not only thrive in heat but also in __________ environments (such as the pools in Yellowstone National Park)
acidic
no body cavity--body is solid except digestive sac
acoelomates
Evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor
adaptive radiation
the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor
adaptive radiation
what separates tunicates from other groups?
adult tunicates lose 3 of the 4 chordate traits
Prokaryotes are essential to _______________ and _______________ nutrients in the environment
decomposing recycling
Over time, standing water ecosystems gradually accumulate nutrients from the __________________ of organic matter and fresh influx from the land AND primary production increases in a process known as __________________
decomposition eutrophication
forward facing eyes in primates allows for
depth perception
Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes
deuterostomes
the anus forms first and then the mouth
deuterostomes
What is the advantage of a complete digestive tract?
different parts of the digestive tract can be specialized for different functions
Body cavity: in animals with three tissue layers, the fluid-filled space between the ______________ tract and outer wall to cushion _______________organs and enable them to ___________ and ___________ independently of the __________ wall
digestive internal grow move body
Most animals are _____________ (except gametes) and reproduce _________________
diploid sexually
The majority of natural selection is ______________ selection
directional
Seeds fascilitate wide ____________ and can travel great ______________
dispersal distances
______________ selection occurs when both extreme phenotypes are favored, while individuals with intermediate phenotypes are selected against by something in nature
disruptive
the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
ecology
outer folds (dermal tissue and nervous tissue)
ectoderm
the outer layer of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; forms the skin of the gastrula and gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system in the adult
ectoderm
what kind of tissues do arthropods have?
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
what type of tissues do echinoderms have?
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
"cold blooded"
ectothermic
Interspecific interactions are classified according to the ____________ on the populations -whether they are _____________ (+), _____________(-), or have ______ effect (0)
effect helpful harmful no
Events in one biome can have ___________ in others
effects
what is the female gametophyte in angiosperms?
egg within the ovule
Along with homologous structures, comparative _______________ is also evidence of common ancestry
embryology
Multicellular, dependent embryo
embryophyte
A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical students
emerging virus
Community ecology is necessary for the conversation of _______________ species and the management of ______________, ___________, and ______________ -also vital for controlling _______________ -applies to ________________
endangered wildlife game fisheries diseases agriculture
internal folds (digestive tract)
endoderm
the innermost of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult
endoderm
hard skeleton within soft tissues
endoskeleton
what type of skeletons do echinoderms have?
endoskeleton
specialized, dehydrated, inner cell that has a thick, protective coat
endospore
Lipid components of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell
endotoxins
The absence of natural ______________/_______________ often allows rapid population growth of invasive species
enemies predators
There is no way to recycle ____________
energy
In an ecosystem, ____________ moves THROUGH the components of an ecosystem while _____________ _____________ transfer materials WITHIN the ecosystem
energy chemical nutrients
the passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem
energy flow
Evolution occurs in response to the _______________ and ______________ conditions
environment changing
As well as mass extinctions, ______________ _________________ have also caused adaptive radiation
evolutionary innovations
in vertebrates, chordate traits become more _____________
evolved
Traits that have evolved for one purpose but became co-opted for another function
exaptations
Proteins that bacterial cell secrete into their environment
exotoxins
animal cells are held together by __________________ ______________ _____________ (collagen) and by unique intercellular ______________
extracellular structural proteins junctions
true or false: lancelets lose all their chordate traits as adults
false-they maintain all of the chordate traits
DNA Replication is ________ and __________
fast accurate
the evolution of the jaw opened up new ______________ opportunities
feeding
__________, ________________, and ______________ have vascular tissue
ferns gymnosperms angiosperms
Plants have evolved to have floral adaptations that increased pollinator ______________ to a species
fidelity
Holds up the anther
filaments
Sponges are __________-feeders
filter
hair-like projections that enable prokaryotes to stick to surfaces or each other (colonies)
fimbriae
Chaparral vegetation is adapted to periodic ____________ even though the plants contain many flammable chemicals
fires
long projections that help them move in response to chemical or physical signals in environment
flagella
Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants in moist environments have _____________ sperm
flagellated
Internal parasites include
flukes, tapeworms, and a variety of nematodes that live inside a host organism's body
The sequence of food transfer up the trophic levels is known as a
food chain
The type of vegetation in the terrestrial biomes provide types of ___________, ____________, __________ areas, and much of the organic material that is characteristic of the biome
food shelter nesting
Protocells on early Earth may have been able to ________, ________________ and create and maintain an _______________ environment different from their surroundings
form reproduce internal
Sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rock
fossil record
The ___________ __________ provides a substantial chronicle of evolutionary change that can help trace the phylogeny of many groups. However it is _______________ because we don't have fossils of every life form
fossil record incomplete
Few individuals colonize an island or new habitat
founder effect
birds: -_________-chambered heart -__________ influences their body structure -______________ have been remodeled as __________-covered _________ -large flight ___________ along the _______________ -lack _________ -small __________ -______________ feather shafts -light bones with _______________ structure-________________ -high rate of _____________ -large ____________ and complex _____________ -vertebral _____________
four flight forelimbs feather wings muscles breastbone teeth tails hollow honeycomb endothermic metabolism brain behaviors pneumaticity
in the polar ice biome, only a very small mass of the land is ever __________ of snow or ice in the summer
free
Amoebozoans include many species of ________-__________ amoeba, some _____________ amoebas, and the slime _________
free living parasitic molds
The ripened ovary of a flower which AIDS IN SEED DISPERSAL
fruit
protective ovary around the seed
fruits
______________ has nothing to do with common ancestry
function
Interbreeding to become one species is which hybrid zone? (reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one)
fusion
Do cnidarians have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
gastrovascular system
______________ leads to the development of the digestive tract
gastrulation
Bilateral symmetry allowed for __________ which lead to development of __________
heads brains
consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal
herbivory
Although _______________ is not usually fatal, a plant whose body parts have been eaten by an animal must expend ___________ to replace the loss
herbivory energy
Natural selection can only work to increase or decrease ________________ traits
heritable
Prokaryotes who obtain their carbon atoms from the organic compounds of other organisms are _______________
heterotrophs
All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are __________________ (___________________)
heterotrophs consumers
species more closely related to humans than chimps; the members of the human lineage after it split with the chimpanzee lineage
hominins
why are homo sapiens present today and neanderthals aren't even though neanderthals have bigger brains?
homo sapiens were better at socializing, creativity, problem-solving, had a greater capacity for higher thought, and were more resourceful (ex: neanderthals could stab fish but homo sapiens could make a net for the whole river)
Features that often have different functions but are structurally similar due to common ancestry
homologous structures
Humans, cats, whales, and bats have similar bone patterns: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
homologous structures
Similarities in characteristics that result from common ancestry
homology
What are some examples of homologous structures?
human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing
What is the cause of the 6th mass extinction?
humans
Regions in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring
hybrid zone
haploid gametes from two different species with different chromosome numbers fertilize to create a new species (due to errors in cell division)
hybridization
What type of skeletons do roundworms (nematoda) have?
hydrostatic
What type of skeleton do cnidarians have?
hydrostatic skeleton
What type of skeleton do flatworms have?
hydrostatic skeletons w/some muscular support
Network of threadlike filaments used for feeding
hyphae
a type of development in certain insects in which development from larva to adult is achieved by multiple molts but WITHOUT FORMING A PUPA
incomplete metamorphosis
Most complex structures evolved _______________ from simpler versions with the same basic ______________
incrementally function
75% of all invertebrates are ____________
insects
Animal life must withstand the cold of the tundra by having good _______________ and __________ retention
insulation heat
Community ecologist focus on the _________________ among species and community _________________
interactions dynamics
Male uses a variety of display/courtship methods to attract a female mate
intersexual selection
Males compete with one another to win the right to mate with females
intrasexual selection
The noncoding regions of the gene are known as
introns
animals without backbones
invertebrates
Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
isotopes
a superclass of vertebrates known as agnatha--includes lampreys and hagfish
jawless fish
the evolution of vertebrates and a more complex endoskeleton gave rise to other features like _________, _________/___________ ______________, ________ __________ (_____________), and ______________ __________
jaws lungs/lung derivatives lobed fins tetrapods amniotic eggs
heterotrophic organisms that acquire their nutrients through absorption
kingdom fungi
small blade-like invertebrate chordates that live in marine sands; remain buried in the sand only protruding their head when cilia draw water into their mouth
lancelets
the evolution of lungs/lung derivatives and lobed fins opened up the possibility of life on ____________
land
amniotic eggs allowed for eggs to be laid on _________, no longer requiring the animal to be ___________ at some point in their life (aka now animals could live fully on land)
land aquatic
the genus homo's evolution was marked by what
larger brain size
osteichthyes: -______________ group of vertebrates-skeleton made of _____________ _________ -adapted to virtually every ______________ _____________ on earth -have a ________ ___________ -have an _______________
largest calcified bone aquatic habitat swim bladder operculum
immature individual that looks different from the adult animal
larva
row of sensory organs along each side of the body that is sensitive to changes in water pressure and can detect minor vibrations in the water
lateral line system
symbiotic association of millions of unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae
lichen
Plant life in polar ice biome?
lichens and mosses
What nutrients that plants need are in the air
light and CO2
Members of a population may engage in intraspecific competition for _______________ resources such as __________, ____________, or ____________
limited food space water
What are examples of bryophytes?
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
what are the names new world and old world monkeys based on
location
In aquatic ecosystems, primary production is limited by
low nutrient levels of phosphorus and nitrogen
nitrogen and phosphorus are more likely to be in ____________ quantities in aquatic environments than _____________
lower terrestrial
During a ______________ cycle, viral DNA replication occurs without destroying the host cell
lysogenic
The type of RNA that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences
mRNA
You MUST have _________ to use the genetic code chart
mRNA
What are the four types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and snRNA
What is translation?
mRNA->amino acids
in a mollusc, the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal; this provides the shell and forms the _________ cavity
mantle
The end of each era is marked by a period of _______ ______________
mass extinction
Adaptive radiation occurred on a large scale following ______ ______________ due to the major vacancies of various ecological ___________
mass extinctions roles
eating __________ of any kind is expensive economically and environmentally
meat
Steps of animal reproduction and development: 1. Male and female gametes made through _______________ 2. Gametes ___________ (fertilization) to make a _________________ 3. Zygote divides via _____________->______________ 4. Blastula=hollow ball of __________ 5. One side of blastula folds inward forming a _______________ -internal folds->_______________(digestive tract) -outer folds->________________(dermal tissue and nervous tissue) -middle fold (in some animals)->_______________ (muscles and internal organs) 6. After gastrula, can form directly into adult or larva-> ___________________
meiosis fuse zygote mitosis blastula cells gastrula endoderm ectoderm mesoderm metamorphosis
middle fold (muscles and internal organs)
mesoderm
the middle layer of the three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; gives rise to muscles, bones, the dermis of the skin, and most other organs in the adult
mesoderm
the method to investigate the diversity of prokaryotes by collecting samples from a particular environment, isolating, and sequencing the DNA they contain
metagenomics
the transformation of larva into an adult
metamorphosis
An archaean that lives in an anaerobic environment and gives off methane as a waste product
methanogen
the assembly of the collection of genomes of individual species present in an environment (done using computer software)
microbiome
the community of microorganisms that live in our body
microbiota
Change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over a number of generations--evolution occurring on the smallest scale
microevolution
What is the climate of chaparrals?
mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers due to cool ocean currents circulating offshore
A ___________ mutation is when the change in the nucleotide causes a change to the amino acid coding
missense
Excavata have modified _____________ that lack functional ETC and therefore use anaerobic glycolysis
mitochondria
A method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary changes
molecular clocks
the process of shedding an old exoskeleton or cuticle and secreting a new, larger one
molting (ecdysis)
Gastrovascular cavity: A central compartment with a single opening (the ___________); functions in both ____________ and _____________ distribution and may also function in ________________, body _____________, _________ disposal, and ______ exchange
mouth digestion nutrient circulation support waste gas
What is the benefit of radial symmetry?
movement in any direction
___________ evolves at a more rapid rate than nuclear DNA
mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)
Almost all animals have ____________ cells for movement and _____________ cells to conduct impulses
muscle nerve
a structure used for locomotion or attachment; muscular organ extending from mollusc
muscular foot
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations are called
mutagens
What is a (+/+) relationship?
mutualism
Hyphae branch repeatedly to form a mass called ______________ that absorbs food
mycelium
Fungal infection
mycosis
A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals that don't have those traits
natural selection
Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors through ___________ ____________
natural selection
which homo species had larger brains than homo sapiens
neanderthals
Are cnidarians protostomes or deuterostomes?
neither
Are sponges protostomes or deuterostomes?
neither
Do sponges have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
neither
do cnidarians have an open or closed circulatory system?
neither
Do sponges have an open or closed circulatory system?
neither because they use diffusion
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use
nitrogen fixation
Eutrophication of aquatic systems may also result from increased levels of
nitrogen from feedlots and applications of large amounts of fertilizer
In lakes or ponds, the amounts of ________________ and ______________ determine the amount of phytoplankton
nitrogen phosphorus
Do cnidarians have body cavities?
no
Do flatworms have body cavities?
no
Do sponges have body cavities?
no
Do sponges have tissue? If so, how many?
no
What type of skeletons do sponges have?
no skeleton but they do have SPICULES and SPONGIN/COLLAGEN FIBERS
What are some characteristics of protozoans?
non-photosynthetic, unicellular eukaryotes, chemotrophs, parasitic ex: amoeba
Sexual selection is an example of _______________ mating
nonrandom
Eras are subdivided into
periods
Continuously frozen ground found in the arctic tundra
permafrost
______________ select for resistant insects while ______________ select for resistant bacteria
pesticides antibiotics
The conspicuous structures that attract animal pollinators
petals
Depiction of the hypothesized evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogenetic trees
show common ancestral lineage which can be based on structural or molecular homologies
phylogenetic trees
Evolutionary history of a species or a group of species
phylogeny
Because the current of flowing water is swift, ________________ can't grow -all photosynthesis is carried out by _____________ attached to rocks or organic material
phytoplankton algae
Lichen is known as a _____________ species
pioneer
____________ are also attacked by parasites (not just animals)
plants
Small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome
plasmids
What is the male gametophyte in gymnosperms
pollen grain
what is the male gametophyte in angiosperms?
pollen grain
Pines and flowering plants have ___________ ______________ so they don't need to live in a moist environment
pollen grains
Flowers help reproduction by attracting ________________
pollinators
A cell or organism contains more than 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes (or is more than 2n)
polyploidy
sympatric speciation occurs when mating and gene flow between populations is reduced by factors such as _________________, ______________ differentiation, and _______________ selection
polyploidy habitat sexual
a group of interacting individuals of a particular species
population
pertaining to the rear/tail of a bilaterally symmetric animal
posterior
After fertilization of egg and sperm
postzygotic
Describe temperate broadleaf forests precipitation
precipitation is relatively high ranging from 75-150 centimeters per year which is easily distributed throughout the year as rain and snow
an interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
predation
What are examples of a (+/-)relationship?
predation, herbivory, and parasites/pathogens
tails with the ability to grasp something
prehensile
Before zygote formation (fertilization)
prezygotic
Net _______________ production represents the stored chemical energy available to consumers
primary
Different ecosystems vary in their _____________ _______________ and contribution to the total production of the _______________
primary production biosphere
Primary production is carried out by
producers
What were the first life forms?
prokaryotes
What are ribosomes composed of?
proteins and rRNA
eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms
protists
Droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
protocells
Are flatworms protostomes or deuterostomes?
protostomes
Are round worms (nematoda) protostomes or deuterostomes
protostomes
Are segmented worms (annelida) protostomes or deuterostomes?
protostomes
the first opening becomes the mouth
protostomes
Protists that are heterotrophs: eating bacteria and other protists
protozoans
cavity not completely lined by mesoderm tissue but functions like true coelom
pseudocoelom
amoebocyte: an amoeba-like cell that moves by __________________and is found in __________ animals; depending on the species, may ___________ and _______________ food, dispose of ___________, form ______________ fibers, fight _____________, and ____________ into other cell types
pseudopodia most digest distribute wastes skeletal infections change
Long periods of little change (equilibrium) punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation
punctuated equilibria
A new species changes most as it buds from its parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence
punctuated equilibrium model
What color is the stain of gram-positive bacteria?
purple
The frequency of dominant allele
q
The frequency of homozygous recessive
q2
An animal that eats tertiary consumers
quaternary consumer
closed circulatory systems are in __________, ____________, and more_____________ creatures
quick fast complex
This type of RNA with proteins makes up ribosomes, the most abundant type of RNA in most cells
rRNA
___________ sequences change at a much slower rate than DNA
rRNA
What is the body symmetry of cnidarians?
radial symmetry
A technique that uses the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in material in order to calculate the age of that material
radiometric dating
a toothed, rasping organ used to scrape up or shred food; found in many molluscs
radula
Some speciation can occur very _____________, other times very ____________
rapidly slowly
Evolutionary transformations often result from a change in the __________ or ____________ of developmental events
rate timing
Land plants evolved from
red and green algae
In which hybrid zone does the number of hybrids decrease?
reinforcement
the proportional representation of a species in a community
relative abundance
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population
relative fitness
These are the individuals that produce the greatest number of fertile offspring
relative fitness
As the air near 30 degrees north and south descends, they pick up moisture but then as they head towards the higher latitudes they ___________ the moisture -as a result, the north and south _______________ zones (latitudes around 60 degrees) tend to be relatively ________
release Temperate wet
RNA molecules could aid in the _______________ process as their own ________________
replication catalysts
water vascular system functions as every system except _______________
reproduction
Because predation has such a negative impact on _______________ success in prey populations, numerous ________________ for predator avoidance have evolved in ___________ populations through ______________ _________________
reproductive adaptations prey natural selection
dinosaurs were the largest and most diverse group of ____________
reptiles
An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule -it reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA
retrovirus
structures in the cytoplasm that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA and catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides.
ribosomes
An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme
ribozyme
What are examples of fungal diseases in animals and humans?
ringworm, athlete's foot, yeast infections
A typical plant must obtain chemicals through both _________ and _______
soil air
Total collection of genes in a population at any one time
Gene pool
An animal that eats secondary consumers
tertiary consumer
a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs
tetrapod
What are the 8 layers of taxonomy?
-Domain -Kingdom -Phylum -Class -Order -Family -Genus -Species
What is the effect of interspecific competition?
- - for both populations
A nonliving component of the environment, such as air, water, or temperature
Abiotic factor
Describe the structure of DNA
-Double helix -Two complementary strands running antiparallel -Sugar-phosphate backbone (held by strong covalent bonds) -Bases point toward middle (held by numerous hydrogen bonds)
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
-DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded -DNA has Thymine while RNA has Uracil -DNA is self-replicating while RNA isn't -DNA has deoxyribose while RNA has ribose -both have nitrogenous bases, a phosphate group, and a 5 carbon sugar -both have Cytosine, Guanine, and Adenine -both are synthesized by polymerase enzyme -both are polynucleotide strands
Which protists groups are part of the SAR supergroup?
-Diatoms -Brown Algae -Water Mold -Dinoflagellates -Ciliates -Foraminiferans -Radiolarians
What is the Cretaceous Extinction?
-Dinosaurs were wiped out -dust and debris blocked the sun for months, changing the overall global climate -thought to be caused by an asteroid
What are some unique structures of segmented worms (annelida)?
-body is segmented (better organization) -respire (breathe) through their body surface
What work did Erwin Chargaff do to help discover DNA's shape?
-Discovered the amount of adenine (A) was always in equal amounts to thymine (T) and the amount of cytosine (C) was always equal to the amount of guanine (G)
Describe deserts?
-2 centimeters of rain per year -extremely hot in the daytime (up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit) and extremely cold at night (below -22 degrees fahrenheit) -plants and animals have adapted to drought
What are the components of DNA?
-5 carbon sugar deoxyribose -Phosphate group -Nitrogen containing bases (A,G,T,C)
What are the components of RNA?
-5 carbon sugar ribose -Phosphate group -Nitrogen containing bases (A,G,U,C)
How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
-A gene that codes for an enzyme to break down the antibiotic -A mutation that alters the binding site of an antibiotic can make it and its offspring resistant
Which protist groups are part of the ancestors of fungus and animals/us?
-Amoebazoans -Plasmodium slime molds -Cellular Slime Mold
What is the current theory for how multicellular organisms evolved from simpler unicellular organisms?
-Archaeplastids branched to include land plants--unikonts branch diverged into animals and fungi -choanoflagellates closely resemble collar cells -nucleariids closely resemble fungi
How do chimpanzee and human skulls change from youth to adult?
-As adults, the chimpanzee's jaw experiences an accelerated growth and a sloping forehead while human's growth has slowed -chimpanzee's brain growth dwindles after birth while human brains grow for the first year of life
What are examples of paedomorphosis?
-Axolotl retention of gills -Chimpanzee and human fetus skull development
Organisms can potentially be affected by many different variables, grouped into two major types:
-Biotic factors -Abiotic factors
What evidence is provided that birds have lungs similar to dinosaurs?
-Birds are the direct descendants of dinosaurs -Birds have immobilized lungs like dinosaurs -vertebral pneumaticity
What are the 5 types of fungi?
-Chytrids -Zygomycetes -Glomeromycetes -Ascomycetes -Basidiomycetes
What are the three main shapes of prokaryotes?
-Cocci -Bacilli -Spirochete
birds features
-Complex behaviors during mating seasons -Acute senses -Fine muscle control -Excellent eyesight -More efficient at extracting O2 from air then mammals (multiple air-sac, no diaphragm) ---vertebral pneumaticity
What is the criteria used for the phylogenetic species concept?
-DNA and protein sequencing -morphology -history
What is the differences and similarities between the lytic and lysogenic cycle?
-Lytic cycle doesn't have a prophage stage and the lysogenic cycle does -in the lytic cycle: DNA replication of virus takes place independently from the host DNA replication while in the lysogenic cycle: DNA replication of the virus takes place along with the host DNA replication -both of them describe virus replications -the lytic cycle is shorter than the lysogenic cycle -in the lytic cycle, viral replication occurs within a short period of time while it takes longer in the lysogenic cycle -lytic cycle is more common
What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?
-Mutualism (+/+) -Commensalism (+/0) -Parasitism (+/-)
What are the two general hypotheses about how life-supporting molecules appeared on early earth?
-Organic Molecule Hypothesis -Meteorite Hypothesis
Why were dinosaurs better adapted to thrive in low oxygen environment?
-Oxygen easily diffused across dinosaur's thin membranes (blood-gas barrier)
What are examples of keystone species in ecosystems?
-Pisaster sea stars -Sea otters -Gopher tortoises
What are the 6 major events in the history of life?
-Prokaryotes -Atmospheric oxygen -Single celled eukaryotes -Multicellular eukaryotes -animals -colonization of land
What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?
-RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded -RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose -RNA has uracil instead of thymine
What are the three things that control development as organisms grow from zygote to adult?
-Rate -Timing -Spatial patterns
Which protist groups are part of the ancestors of land plants?
-Red algae -Green algae
What are the three effects of postzygotic barriers?
-Reduced hybrid viability -reduced hybrid fertility -hybrid breakdown
What could happen when separated populations of closely related species come back into contact with one another (3 options)
-Reproductive barriers are strong enough to keep them separated -Interbreeding between species to make it one -Combination of two species and the production of hybrids
How can mutations occur?
-Spontaneous mutations occur due to errors during DNA replication or recombination -Physical or chemical agents called mutagens
Explain how taxonomy and phylogenetics allow scientists to determine relationships between organisms?
-Taxonomy is the naming and classifying of species--it connects organisms by domains, kingdoms, phylums, classes, families, genuses, and species -phylogeny helps trace relationships between ancestors
What happens in the initiation step of translation?
-The small subunit first binds to the mRNA transcript and an initiator tRNA binds to the specific start codon AUG -the initiator tRNA has the anticodon UAC -the special tRNA brings the amino acid methionine -this signals the large ribosomal subunit therefore creating a functional ribosome
What did Beadle and Tatum discover?
-They hypothesized that the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme -worked with bread mold to come up with a breakthrough in demonstrating the relationship between genes and enzymes
The three bases that are pyrimidines are
-Thymine -Cytosine -Uracil
What are the five main enzymes involved in DNA replication?
-Topoisomerase -Helicase -DNA Polymerase -DNA Ligase -Single Stranded Binding Proteins
what are two clues provided to support that dinosaurs had different lungs than mammals?
-Vertebral pneumaticity compared to animal mobile lungs -forked ribs of dinosaurs (showing anchorage)
What work did Rosalind Franklin do to help discover DNA's shape?
-X-ray crystallography showed the shape of DNA to be spiral with a uniform diameter -Deduced DNA must be made of 2 polynucleotide strands
What are the two types of vascular tissue?
-Xylem -Phloem
Phosphate pollution leading to eutrophication comes from
-agricultural fertilizers -pesticides -sewage treatment facilities -runoff of animal waste from feedlots
What are examples of abiotic factors?
-air -water -temperature -forms of energy available
An ecosystem consists of...
-all the organisms in a community -the abiotic environment with which the organisms interact
5 parts of amniotic egg?
-amnion -yolk sac -allantois -chorion -albumen
What does detritus consist of?
-animal wastes -plant litter -bodies of dead organisms
Describe temperate grasslands
-annual precipitation is 25 -75 centimeters per year with periodic severe droughts -rain dictates size of grass -fires are a regular occurrence but the below-ground growing regions of the grasses survive the flames -largest agricultural regions in the world -nutrient rich soil
What are anthropoids?
-apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans diverged from Old World monkeys
What are the 3 types of symmetry?
-asymmetrical/spherical -radial -bilateral
Describe green algae
-autotrophs -some unicellular and some multicellular -colonial -grass green chloroplasts
Which mode of nutrition is red algae?Is it unicellular or multicellular?
-autotrophs -some unicellular most multicellular
primate characteristics?
-binocular vision (forward facing eyes) -five fingers and toes -most live in trees (except apes and humans) -prehensile tail (in primates through new world monkeys)
What do biogeochemical cycles include?
-biotic components -abiotic components -abiotic reservoirs
Major differences between modern chimps and humans are?
-bipedalism -brain size
What makes is a functional ribosome?
A functional ribosome consists of 3 tRNA binding sites (A,P, and E sites)
How are pesticides evidence of natural selection in action?
A relatively small amount of poison initially kills most of the insects but subsequent applications are less and less effective. The few survivors of the first pesticide wave are individuals that are genetically resistant, carrying an allele that somehow enables them to survive the chemical attack
Adding site -usually vacant waiting for the next tRNA bringing an amino acid
A site
What is the cap and tail?
A small cap (a modified form of a G nucleotide) at the 5' end and a long tail (a chain of 50 to 250 A nucleotides) at the 3' end
What are the complementary bases?
A with T and C with G
What are the three sites that the large subunit has?
A, P, and E sites
What is the start codon?
AUG (methionine)
Organisms must adapt to the ___________ factors in their environment
Abiotic
The two bases that are purines are
Adenine and Guanine
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
What are the five types of nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil
_______________ led to the development of artificially selected crops based on __________ and ease of ____________
Agriculture taste growth
What scientist had a similar idea to Darwin but did not receive credit?
Alfred Russel Wallace
What motivated Darwin to publish his book?
Alfred Wallace
In many aquatic ecosystems, low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus limit the growth of ___________ and _________________ _______________
Algae photosynthetic bacteria
What are the descendants of multicellular eukaryotes?
Algae, plants, fungi, and animals
Insertion or deletion can change almost ______ of the amino acids brought during translation
All
What was Darwin's second observation?
All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support
Mode of speciation in which a population is geographically isolated from other populations and evolves into new species
Allopatric speciation
What does antiparallel allow?
Allows the nitrogenous bases to pair up and bond
Life cycle in which a multicellular diploid (2n) form alternates with a multicellular haploid (n) form
Alternation of Generations
new world monkeys are from the....
Americas
What is the meteorite hypothesis?
Amino acids could have been present when Earth formed, or these organic molecules may have arrived on Earth through meteorite or asteroid impacts
A general term for a protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia
Amoeba
All organisms are related through common ______________ and these relationships can be shown using _________________ trees
Ancestors phylogenetic
What is vertebral pneumaticity?
Anchoring of respiratory system to backbone
Most plants alive today are ______________
Angiosperms
Why did the colonization of land by animals happen so late?
Animals needed the ozone layer to colonize land--survive on land
At the bottom of a tRNA is a special triplet base known as an
Anticodon
Double stranded DNA compliments run in opposite directions, this makes them ________________
Antiparallel
Which types of surfaces can biofilm form on?
Any surface (ex: rock, soil, living tissue, liquids, metal, plastics)
Region between 200 meters and lower beneath the photic zone in which light does not penetrate enough for photosynthesis to take place -some light does reach up to 1,000 deep but it's not enough for photosynthesis to provide ____________
Aphotic zone energy
What mode of nutrition are diatoms?
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
What body symmetry do molluscs have?
BILATERAL
What body symmetry do round worms (nematoda) have?
BILATERAL
What symmetry are segmented worms (annelida)
BILATERAL
what is the body symmetry of flatworms?
BILATERAL
what type of symmetry do arthropods have?
BILATERAL
A major type of ecological association that occupies a broad geographic region of land or water -characterized by organisms adapted to the particular environment
BIOME
Biofilms are common among ____________ that cause ____________ in humans
Bacteria disease
What are the differences in histones associated with DNA between the DOMAINS?
Bacteria: absent Archaea: Present in some species Eukarya: present
What are the differences in RNA polymerase between the DOMAINS?
Bacteria: one kind; relatively small and simple Archaea: several kinds; complex Eukarya: several kinds; complex
What are the differences in peptidoglycan in cell wall between the DOMAINS?
Bacteria: present Archaea: absent Eukarya: absent
What are the differences in introns between the DOMAINS?
Bacteria: rare Archaea: in some genes Eukarya: present
What are the differences in RNA sequences between the DOMAINS?
Bacteria: some unique to bacteria Archaea: Some unique to archaea; some match eukaryotic sequences Eukarya: some unique to eukaryotes; some match archaeal sequences
When natural selection maintains stable frequencies of 2 or more phenotypic forms in a population
Balancing selection
What is an example of convergent evolution?
Bats and dolphins both use echolocation as a mechanism for hunting
Sexual selection/choice--choosing not to mate (a lot of the time because of morphological difference)
Behavioral isolation
The seafloor ranging from the continental shelf to the deep-sea bottom
Benthic realm
arrangement of body parts so that the organism can be divided equally longitudinally, left and right side mirror images
Bilateral symmetry
The more species evolve and change, the more __________________ diversity
Biological
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life -the sum of all the planet's ecosystems
Biosphere
What animal are the hypothesized structure of dinosaur lungs used as a basis to compare to?
Bird
Do molluscs have an open or closed circulatory system?
Both
Clades reflect the _____________ pattern of ______________ and can be used to construct _______________ trees
Branching evolution phylogenetic
How does a diverse tree community promote animal diversity?
By providing a broader range of habitats and food sources
A sticky layer of polysaccharides and proteins that covers the bacterial cell wall
Capsule
What is the major ingredient of all organic molecules
Carbon
Above primary consumers, the trophic levels are made up of ________________ including _______________ which eat the consumers from the level below
Carnivores insectivores
Who introduced taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is an example of red algae that is used commercially in different substances?
Carrageenan (stabilizes ice cream, milk, makeup)
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries the genetic instructions of a gene to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
What caused the Permian Extinction?
Caused by massive widespread volcano eruptions -spewed ash and noxious gases produced enough CO2 to warm the earth by six degrees -the temperature raise lowered dissolved O2 levels in water as well as slowing down the circulation of water -noxious gases in the atmosphere provided the conditions for widespread acid rain
A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; a member of the amoebozoan clade
Cellular slime mold
To combat potential losses, many farmers and forest managers rely heavily on ______________ methods of controlling pests
Chemical
An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals -A _______________ makes its own organic compounds from CO2 without using ________ energy
Chemoautotroph light
Because they don't depend on sunlight, _______________ can thrive in conditions that seem totally inhospitable to life
Chemoautotrophs
An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds
Chemoheterotroph
Which is the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes' mode of nutrition?
Chemoheterotrophs
At the tropics, high solar radiation causes a lot of ____________ which spreads warm _________ air towards the __________
Evaporation moist poles
Fungi are essential _____________ in our ecosystem
DECOMPOSERS
Enzyme that bonds sugar phosphate backbone together and links Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand -acts like "glue" to bond sugar phosphate backbone of neighboring DNA fragments
DNA Ligase
Enzyme that links DNA nucleotides to growing daughter strand (only on the 3' end)
DNA Polymerase
Types of Nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process of making DNA from DNA (replicating DNA)
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
DNA->RNA->Protein
A prokaryote or fungus that secretes enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic forms
Decomposer
By breaking down detritus, ________________ link all trophic levels
Decomposers
Prokaryotic _____________ are used in bioremediation because they break down matter
Decomposers
Enormous numbers of microscopic ________________ in the soil and in the mud at the bottom of lakes and oceans break down most of the community's organic materials to ________________ compounds that _____________ or ______________________ can use
Decomposers inorganic plants phytoplankton
The breakdown of organic materials into inorganic ones
Decomposition
Pertaining water; For terrestrial organisms, _______________ is a major danger
Dehydration
What happens when you take oxygen away from ribose?
Deoxyribose
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
The conversion of semi-arid regions to desert
Desertification
The driest of all terrestrial biomes characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall
Deserts
An organism that consumes decaying organic material
Detritivore
Dead organic matter
Detritus
echinoderms and chordates -deuterostomes
Deuterostomia
What is majorly important about chytrid fungus?
Devastating effect on amphibians
Which feature of the anoles kept different species from mating?
Different colored dewlaps
1st Step Fungi Life cycle: 1. Hyphae of _____________ fungi meet and ______________ fuses but the nucleus doesn't immediately fuse (________________ stage) containing 2 genetically different ______________
Different cytoplasm heterokaryotic nuclei
Because it would take so long to replicate from one end of DNA to the other, replication points (bubbles) occur at many ______________ ________ at the same time and are joined together by ___________
Different sites enzymes
Unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs -blooms of these create toxic "red tide"
Dinoflagellates
_______________ selection moves the curve on the graph left or right.
Directional
________________ selection favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range
Directional
The graph in ________________ selection has two curves, one at each extreme
Disruptive
While terrestrial organisms have a plentiful supply of oxygen, aquatic organisms must depend on oxygen _______________ in ___________
Dissolved water
In ecology, an event that changes a biological community by removing organisms from it or altering the availability of resources
Disturbances
All gram-positive bacteria are ____________ and ___________-_____________
Diverse gram-positive
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
Plants must keep their gametes and developing embryos from _______________ out in the air
Drying
Gene _____________ has played a crucial role in evolutionary development providing more genes meaning more opportunities for further evolutionary changes
Duplication
Exit site of the uncharged tRNA (no longer has an amino acid attached to it)
E site
what type of skeleton do arthropods have?
EXOSKELETON
What are examples of detritivores?
Earthworms and millipedes
nematodes and arthropods -all have external skeletons
Ecdysozoa
the role of a species in its community; the sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment
Ecological niche
Identifies species in terms of their ecological niches, focusing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community
Ecological species concept
The process of biological community change resulting from disturbance -transition in the species composition of a biological community
Ecological succession
All the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors and the living (biotic) factors with which they interact -a biological community and its physical environment
Ecosystem
Wetlands have been recognized as important _______________ and are now being highly _______________
Ecosystems protected
Organisms that rely on their environment for body temperature regulation
Ectothermic
Modern day green algae: -Grows at the ___________ of __________ -___________-like _______________ colonies -Probably resemble early plant ________________
Edges lakes disk multicellular ancestors
Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus it undergoes a number of "________" (eukaryotes only)
Edits
Which stage of transcription does this happen? -RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and begins transcribing the DNA template of the gene into mRNA -as the mRNA is being produced it strips away from the DNA template (does not stay attached to the DNA) -the DNA rebinds to its complementary strand reforming the double helix
Elongation
If environmental conditions become too harsh to sustain active metabolism, some prokaryotes can form a specialized resistant cell called an _________________
Endospore
Organisms that produce their own body heat
Endothermic
Which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) is dominant in seedless vascular plants?
Equal
The Northern and Southern Hemisphere get an _____________ amount of light, the light is spread out over a greater area due to the Earth's _______________
Equal curvature
As dry air descends, some of it spreads back toward the ____________ -this movement creates the _____________ ___________ ___________ which dominate the ___________
Equator cooling trade winds tropics
The sun's rays strike ________________ areas most directly
Equatorial
Tropical forests: -occur in _____________ areas where the temperature is ____________ and days are 11-12 hours -________ types of tropical forests depending on the timing of the rain
Equatorial warm 2
Molecular clocks can provide ______________ for evolutionary changes that are not recorded in ____________ evidence
Estimates fossil
A biome that occurs where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
Estuary
what is the example of excavata FROM OUR LABS?
Euglena
"true animals" that have true tissues (all animals except sponges)
Eumetazoans
true or false: bigger brains came before bipedalism
FALSE bipedalism came first
True or False: All substitutions are bad
False
True or False: the stop codons code for amino acids
False
A microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea
Extreme halophile
A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment (140-176 degrees Fahrenheit)
Extreme thermophiles
Organisms with enlarged ___________ and/or _______________ live in the aphotic zone -at this depth, organisms such as ____________ ____________, _____________, and _______________ (________ ______________, ______ ___________, _________ ____________) survive on dead organisms that fall/sink from the ____________ zone
Eyes bioluminescence annelid worms crustaceans echinoderms sea cucumbers sea stars sea urchins photic
True or False: biofilms are always easy to get rid of
FALSE
True or false: mammals could compete against dinosaurs
FALSE
true or false: mutualism can't occur between species that are not symbiotic
FALSE
Chytrids: -Only fungi with ______________ ___________ -many are ____________ while others are ______________
Flagellated spores decomposers parasites
complex reproductive structures that develop seeds within protective chambers
Flowers
What is an example of mutualism between two non symbiotic species
Flowers and their pollinators
Diatoms are considered one of the bases of the ____________ ___________
Food chain
A network of interconnecting food chains
Food web
A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate
Foraminiferan
How does sexual selection lead to evolution and speciation?
Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than others to obtain mates -this leads to more evolutions to gain mates for reproduction and can create new species when some mates don't respond to certain displays and others do
Imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past
Fossils
The Galapagos finches were created by the _____________ effect from a single common ancestor
Founder
Adding or deleting nucleotides alters the reading frame of the message meaning everything "downstream" of the insertion or deletion can be altered, what is this mutation called?
Frameshift Mutation
_____________ ______________ laid the groundwork for the discovery of DNA in 1928 when studying 2 strands of bacterium
Frederick Griffith
_______________ biomes are less than 1% of the earth's surface and accounts for less than 0.01% of the world's water supply but harbors an estimated _____ percent of the Earth's _____________
Freshwater 6 biodiversity
example of allopatric speciation
Galapagos finches
male and female structures that produce gametes; have protective jackets of cells to protect the gametes
Gametangia
_______________ produce gametes; _____________ produce spores
Gametangia Sporangia
Egg remains in the female __________________ and is fertilized by the sperm that swims through a film of __________
Gametangium water
When creatures are different enough that the sperm can't fertilize the egg or egg can't recognize the sperm
Gametic isolation
Multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes (mitosis)
Gametophyte
Which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) is dominant in bryophytes?
Gametophyte
______ ______________ can't occur through cuticle
Gas exchange
Do flatworms have a gastrovascular system or a complete digestive system?
Gastrovascular system
When a population gains or loses alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations -immigration vs. emigration
Gene flow
What are examples of retroviruses?
HIV and a number of cancer-causing viruses
hominin diversified greatly between 2 and 4 mya which is also when the human genus, ___________, arose
HOMO
Geographic physical barrier as a reproductive barrier
Habitat isolation
What are the four eons?
Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic
What are the three parts of fungi life cycle?
Haploid (n), diploid (2n), and heterokaryotic stages (n+n)
The life cycle of all plants involve the alternation of a _____________ generation and a ____________ generation
Haploid diploid
What are the dominant trees in temperate broadleaf forests?
Hardwood deciduous trees (hickory, oak, birch, beech, and maple)
The state of a population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
What is an example of a quaternary consumer on land?
Hawks
What did Darwin discover on the Galapagos islands?
He found that most of the animals were found nowhere else in the world but resembled South American species
How did Thomas Malthus contribute to Darwin's ideas
He thought that resources were going to run out because of the growing population -Darwin thought of survival of the fittest; people have to evolve to get the resources
Enzyme that "unzips" the double stranded DNA using ATP thereby exposing each strand for replication
Helicase
Using information discovered by Frederick Griffith, ______________ & _______________ discovered DNA was Griffith's "transforming factor" that can cause heritable change
Hershey Chase
Type of balancing selection in which heterozygous individuals have greater reproductive success than either type of homozygote, with the result that 2 or more alleles for a gene are maintained in a population
Heterozygote advantage
What are physical mutagens?
High energy radiation like x-rays, UV light, or gamma rays
________ temperatures throughout the year and ample ____________ largely explain why rain forests are concentrated near the ___________
High rainfall equator
Why is the soil nutrient poor in tropical rainforests?
High temperatures and rainfall lead to rapid decomposing and release of nutrients which are quickly taken up by the vegetation or washed away
What is the problem with the phylogenetic species concept?
It depends on how much difference is "required" to place organisms on their own branch
Why does DNA replication happen in the S phase?
It happens before Mitosis or Meiosis so that there's enough DNA to be split into the daughter cells
Evolution is limited by _______________ ______________: existing structures adapt to function in new/different fashions
Historical constraints
Genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms
Homeotic genes
What is an example that evolution is not goal directed?
Horses
What can we learn from the fossil record?
How populations have changed over geological time; evolution, extinction
Invasive species have been introduced into non-native habitats usually by what?
Human actions
This influence of Darwin originated the idea of uniformitarianism-the same processes that occurred in the Earth long ago are still occurring
Hutton
This happens when the hybrids are viable and fertile but their offspring are feeble or sterile
Hybrid breakdown
In pairs of clearly distinct species that do occasionally interbreed, the resulting offspring are called _______________
Hybrids
The nitrogenous bases are held together by what type of bonds?
Hydrogen
what type of skeleton do segmented worms (annelida) have?
Hydrostatic
How were the Galapagos finches evidence for natural selection in action?
In dry years when all seeds are in short supply, birds must eat more large seeds. Birds with larger, stronger beaks have a feeding advantage and greater reproductive success-increase in average beak depth. During wet years, smaller beaks are more efficient for eating small seeds and there was a decrease in average beak depth
Which mode of nutrition is excavata?
Includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
Biomes are not _____________, ________-contained units
Individual self
What was Darwin's first inference?
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to have more offspring than other individuals
The group of species being focused on that are related by a shared ancestral character
Ingroup
Which stage of transcription does this happen? -Helicase is used like in replication to unzip the DNA and expose the gene template -RNA Polymerase brings in RNA nucleotides to make a strand of mRNA--moves like DNA polymerase
Initiation
The distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms, including plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria depend on the availability of ________________ nutrients such as ________________ and _______________
Inorganic nitrogen phosphorus
Arthropods
Insects and spiders
When are exotoxins released?
Instantly (after creation)
Competition between individuals or populations of two or more species that require the same limited resources
Interspecific competition
Relationships with individuals of other species in the community -greatly affect population structure and dynamics
Interspecific interactions
Distinct biome in which the ocean interfaces with land or freshwater -pounded by waves during high tide and exposed to the sun and drying winds during low tide
Intertidal zone
What is the difference between intersexual and intrasexual selection?
Intrasexual selection is when males compete with one another to win a mate and intersexual is when males use display/courtship to attract a mate
What is the difference between an intron and an exon?
Introns are the noncoding regions of the gene and exons are the coding regions of the gene
A non-native species that spreads beyond its original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage
Invasive species
Coral reefs support a huge variety of _______________ and ____________
Invertebrates fish
Heterozygotes can "hide" an unfavorable recessive allele, what does this allow?
It allows the population to maintain a large pool of alleles, some of which may not be advantageous under the current conditions but might be favorable in the future
Freshwater wetlands range from _____________ (sunnier), ____________ (shaded), and ______________ (forms peat moss)
Marshes swamps bogs
When creatures don't have the right parts, parts don't match
Mechanical isolation
3rd step of fungus life cycle: Diploid zygote undergoes _______________ producing haploid _____________
Meiosis spores
What was Darwin's first observation?
Members of a population vary in their inherited traits
Function summary of types of RNA: mRNA: ______________ rRNA: ________________ tRNA: ________________ snRNA: __________ ___________
Messenger ribosomal transfer small nuclear
What were the early gases on Earth?
Methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor
What was the first "bug" to exhibit antibiotic resistance?
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
What is the difference between microevolution and speciation
Microevolution involves evolutionary changes within a population, while speciation occurs when a population changes enough that it diverges from its parent species and becomes a new species
What is the effect of small mountain ranges?
Smaller coastal ranges cause moisture from the coast to rise and cool, dumping a lot of precipitation on and beyond the range
____________ and ________ _____________ are coastal wetlands that often border estuaries and experience tidal fluctuations
Mudflats salt marshes
Brown algae are large, complex, ________________ ______________
Multicellular autotrophs
Basidiomycetes: -example: ________________, _____________, and _______ fungi -particularly excellent at breaking down ____________ in wood; making them powerful _________________ -two highly parasitic species: _________ and ____________
Mushrooms puffballs shelf lignin decomposers rusts smuts
In wetlands, there is high species diversity including organisms like ___________ and _____________ that ___________ the water
Mussels clams filter
______________ is the production of mutations
Mutagenesis
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Mutation
What is the ultimate source of all new alleles
Mutations
An interspecific relationship in which both partners benefit
Mutualism
4th step of fungus life cycle: Spore producing structure arise from the haploid _______________ that hasn't undergone a ________________ or _______________ stage
Mycelium heterokaryotic meiotic
mycelium extends into plant roots to help the plant obtain phosphorus and essential minerals; the plant gives the fungus some sugars (MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL)
Mycorrhiza
Glomeromycetes: -form a distinct _______________ that invades plant roots and branch into tiny treelike structures known as abusculae -roughly 80%-90% of all plants have this ______________ relationship (helps deliver _________________ and other minerals to plant while receiving ______________ nutrients)
Mycorrhiza symbiotic phosphate organic
Interspecific interactions can act as power agents of _______________ _______________
Natural selection
How are mutations related to natural selection?
New alleles originate by mutation, a change in the genetic information encoded in the DNA. Thus, mutation is the ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution
What is an example of a chemical mutagen?
Nitrous acid
Do all mutations in the DNA coding for mRNA cause a change in an organism?
No, some can be silent and still code for the same amino acid
Relative fitness is an example of _________________ mating
Nonrandom
______________ mutations are the result of a mutation that substitutes a nucleotide to change the amino acid codon to a stop codon
Nonsense
Most precipitation in taiga is in the form of
Snow
___________, ____________, and ___________ may also play a role in aquatic ecosystems
Salinity currents tides
In an Estuary: -_______________ ranges from nearly __________________ to having the same saltiness of the __________ -crucial nesting and feeding area for _____________ -waters enriched with _____________ (some of the most ________________ biomes on Earth) -mix of salty and freshwater is known as _____________ water
Salinity freshwater ocean waterfowl nutrients productive brackish
A biome dominated by grasses and scattered trees -maintained by occasional fires and drought
Savanna
An animal that feeds on the carcasses of dead animals
Scavenger
A type of ecological succession that occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing biological community BUT left the soil intact
Secondary succession
Ergots: -infection of the _________ __________ -toxic to ______________
Seed head humans
____________________ Model: each daughter molecule has an original strand and a new strand. Half the parent molecule is maintained (conserved) in each of the daughter molecules
Semiconservative
Groups of lizards that occupy different ecological niches, and have different __________________ and/or ____________________/features
Shapes morphologies
A characteristic that is common to members of a particular clade but is NOT the distinguishing characteristic of that clade
Shared ancestral character
A characteristic that is common to members of a particular clade but not found in its ancestors. The characteristic that separates it from other ancestral groups
Shared derived character
What is an example of heterozygote advantage?
Sickle cell anemia protects from malaria
What type of mutation is this? -If a mRNA codon is GCA it codes for the amino acid alanine -If the A is substituted for a U (now GCU) it still codes for alanine
Silent mutation
Diatoms have a cell wall containing ___________ (glassy look)
Silica
The more _____________ the DNA sequence between species, the more related they must be; the more _________________ in DNA or amino acid sequences, the farther they are on the evolutionary tree
Similar differences
Proteins that prevent a DNA molecule from reforming the hydrogen bonds while the molecule is being replicated
Single stranded binding proteins
What are the two subunits of a ribosome called?
Small subunit and Large Subunit
Why was the first form most likely a form of self replicating RNA?
Smaller and simpler than DNA
What is the most important abiotic factor and why?
Temperature because of its effect on metabolism
________________ and __________________ are crucial aspects of what organisms can live in an area
Temperature precipitation
Terrestrial biomes are determined primarily by _____________ and ______________ -similar assemblies of plant and animal types are found in areas that have similar ______________
Temperature precipitation climates
Populations that are breeding at different times
Temporal isolation
Which stage of transcription does this happen? -The RNA polymerase transcribes the gene until it reaches a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides known as the terminator -then RNA Polymerase detaches from the DNA template
Termination
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and then depart from the the gene
Terminator
What did Lycell argue in his book Principles of Geology?
That Earth has been sculpted over millions of years by gradual geologic processes that continue today
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
That organic compounds could be made by passing an electrical current through a closed system of early gases
What has comparing genomes shown?
That the number of genes has not increased at the same rate as the complexity of organisms
Who were the explorers in the Galapagos Island video, who did an experiment proving what Darwin saw?
The Grants
Radiometric dating is usually measured using...
The amount of carbon-14 in a sample compared to other isotopes of carbon
What does 3' and 5' refer to?
The carbon number on the sugar
What happens after the introns are cut out of the mRNA strand?
The exons are "pasted" together to completely join the coding regions of the gene
What are molecular clocks based on?
The observation that some genes or regions of the genome appear to accumulate changes at a constant rate
How can mutations in the DNA cause a change in an organism's protein?
They change what the nucleotides code for and the proteins that will be made
What is an example of biogeography evidence for evolution from a common ancestor?
The similarities amongst the various armadillo/anteater organisms across the Earth
Which strand is the lagging strand?
The strand where DNA polymerase has to work in fragments away from the fork
Which strand is the leading strand?
The strand where DNA polymerase is adding towards the fork -continous
What was Darwin's second inference?
The unequal production of offspring will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations
What are other possible explanations (other than mutations) for how genetic variation occurs in most sexually reproducing populations
The unique combination of alleles that each individual inherits (crossing-over in meiosis)
The phosphorus cycle depends on what?
The weathering of rock
Why are gymnosperms called naked?
Their seeds are not produced in specialized chambers
Life can arise from nonliving matter at any moment
Theory of spontaneous generation
animals digest food within their _________ after ______________ other organisms dead or alive
body ingesting
Drastic reduction in population size due to natural disasters or epidemics
bottleneck effect
most rays are adapted to life on the __________, with ______________ bodies and eyes on the _______ of their heads
bottom flattened eyes
Animal forms arose during the ______________ explosion
cambrian
rapid diversification 535 to 525 million years ago during Cambrian period
cambrian explosion
Female reproductive structure (composed of the ovary, style, and stigma)
carpel
Competition lowers the _____________ ______________ for competing populations because the resources used by one population are not available to the other population
carrying capacity
the minimum amount of individuals that can be sustained by the resources in an environment
carrying capacity
Animal cells lack
cell walls
molluscs with closed circulatory systems
cephalopods
____________ can influence the genetic make-up of a population; environments can change unpredictably keeping evolutionary changes from taking root
chance
Except for meteorites, there are no extraterrestrial sources of ______________ elements
chemical
the transfer of materials, such as carbon, within an ecosystem
chemical cycling
The transfer of food in the food chain moves ________________ ________________ and _______________ from organism to organism up through the ______________ levels in a community
chemical nutrients energy trophic
A strong, flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
chitin
Fungi cell walls are composed of _____________
chitin
a flagellated feeding cell in sponges; has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum
choanocyte (collar cells)
scientific name for sharks and rays?
chondrichthyes
the ____________ and ____________ enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide
chorion allantois
the organ system that transports materials such as nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells and transports carbon dioxide and other wastes from body cells
circulatory system
chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
genetic drift
Differences among two similar species due to their different environments is not always due to changes in their ______________
genetics
The sequence and age of the rocks and fossils that established the fossil record
geologic record
When plates move toward/into one another it can cause _______________ __________________ (mountain formation)
geological upliftings
jaw originated from a modified ________ -the first ________ arch evolved to become jaw structure -teeth then evolved from _______-like epidermal structures
gill gill scale
Which model of speciation did Darwin believe in?
gradualism
The Tropics experience the _____________ annual input and least seasonal ______________ in ____________ radiation
greatest variation solar
The total primary production of an ecosystem during a given time period; expressed in units of energy or units of biomass
gross primary production
A place where an organism lives (includes biotic and abiotic factors)
habitat
Examples of _______________ isolation are high altitudes versus low altitudes, mountains, or Pangea
habitat
what are mollusc skeletons?
hard shell protecting soft body
Where do chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their energy and carbon?
harness energy stored in chemicals, either organic molecules or inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, iron-containing compounds, or ammonia
which primates have tails but not strong enough to be prehensile
old world monkeys
DNA complementary bases have to have _______ purine and _______ pyrimidine
one one
how can adaptive radiation be used to explain speciation on islands
one species comes from the mainland but diverges into different species based on adaptations to different habitats and speciation events
Do flatworms have an open or closed circulatory system?
open
do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system?
open
protective covering over the gills
operculum
______________ is the only marsupial in North America
opossum
What are nitrogen fixers?
organisms that change nitrogen into a form of fertilizer that plants can use
largest group of vertebrates?
osteichthyes
scientific name for ray-finned fish
osteichthyes
Unique angiosperm adaptation that encloses the ovule (this is what develops INTO THE FRUIT which aids in seed dispersal)
ovary
Interspecific competition occurs when the niches of two populations ____________ and both populations need a _____________ that is in short _____________
overlap resource supply
Structure within the ovary that contains the sporangium that produces a female gametophyte-will ultimately BECOME THE SEED
ovule
What wasn't in the atmosphere when the earth was formed?
oxygen
___ + ____ = 1
p q
The frequency of homozygous dominant
p2
What is the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The retention in the adult body of structures that were juvenile features in an ancestral species
paedomorphosis
the study of human origins and evolution
paleoanthropology
Both plants and animals may be victimized by ______________ or ________________
parasites pathogens
most lampreys are _______________ with several rows of ________ that penetrate the sides of fish like leeches
parasites teeth
symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed
parasitism
In all plants, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo while attached to and nourished by the _________________ plant
parent
Life has to be ______________ on
passed
disease-causing agents
pathogens
disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists that can be thought of as microscopic parasites
pathogens
The cell walls of archaea do not contain _______________ but can also be gram-positive or gram-negative
peptidoglycan
a polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
Archaea do not have _________________ but can stain __________-__________ or ____________-_______________
peptidoglycan gram positive gram negative
Examples of ________________ isolation are the different seasons and day versus night
temporal
Flowing water includes
rivers and streams
Pollination is only effective if pollen transfer occurs between the ___________ species
same
In what substances can organisms fossilize?
sap, tar, sedimentary rock
hagfish: -deep sea __________ that produce __________ as a defense -have ___________ but are not _____________-________less -no paired _______ -no ___________ -4 sets of ___________ on their tongue
scavengers slime skulls vertebrates jaw fins scales teeth
Insects and bats are largely drawn to flowers based on _________ while birds are more attracted based on bright __________
scents color
the anterior end of a tapeworm that has suckers and hooks for attachment
scolex
The _______________ are a result from the permanent tilt of the planet on its axis as it orbits the sun
seasons
Most ecosystems have _________________ and ________________ consumers
secondary tertiary
embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering
seed
the amniotic egg can be related to a _________ (land plant evolution)
seed
subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments; allows for greater flexibility and mobility
segmentation
Outer layer encircling the flower -enclose the flower before it blooms
sepals
Sponges are ___________ which means they don't move
sessile
Many lakes and ponds receive large inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus from ____________ and runoff from ______________ lawns and farms -these nutrients may produce ____________ ____________ which reduce ___________ penetration -when the algae die and decompose, a pond or lake can suffer severe _________________ depletion
sewage fertilized algae blooms light oxygen
Distinction in appearance between males and females
sexual dimorphism
Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than others to obtain mates
sexual selection
Absence of lignin in mosses and other plants that lack vascular tissue=_______________ plant height
shorter
Sponges can be ____________ and regrow
shredded
A _________ mutation happens because many amino acids have more than 1 codon for that amino acid
silent
open circulatory systems are found in __________, ____________ organisms
slower simpler
In the temperate zones, the ___________ moving surface produces the ______________ (winds that blow from west to east)
slower westerlies
____________ is responsible for the majority of the editing in mRNA splicing
snRNA
What is an example of a tertiary consumer?
snakes that eat mice and other secondary consumers
while polyps are mostly ____________, medusae move freely about in the __________
stationary water
Primitive Earth could have gotten us to which step of life?
step 1
Opening of the carpel in which pollen lands to start germination
stigma
spherical shaped bacteria in chains
streptococci
Layered rocks that resulted from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together
stromatolites
what is the female gametophyte in gymnosperms
structure inside of the cone (ovule)
Long tube that supports the stigma
style
Silent mutations are results of ____________
substitution
Ecosystems are supplied with a continual influx of energy from the __________ and the _____________ _____________
sun Earth's interior
animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment
suspension feeders
gas filled sac (lung derivative) that helps fish keep buoyant
swim bladder
sharks haven't adapted because of the lack of a _________ ___________
swim bladder
Close association between organisms of two or more species
symbiosis
a relationship between two different organisms in which at least one organism benefits
symbiosis
The discipline of biology, including taxonomy, that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
systematics
A type of RNA that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each _________ molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA
tRNA
Science of naming and classifying species
taxonomy
How do temperate grasslands and tropical savannas differ?
temperate grasslands are -mostly treeless except along rivers and streams -have cold winters
Latitudes between the tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle in the south -regions with milder climates than the tropics or polar regions
temperate zones
What facilitates the export of mRNA from the nucleus, protects the mRNA from degradation, and helps ribosomes bind to the mRNA?
the cap and tail
Why are our senses in our head?
the first part of our body to enter new environments are our heads
In silent mutation, what letter is most commonly changed?
the last letter
In the cichlids, what feature was changed per differing food source?
the mouth
On land, ________ is often an important abiotic factor
wind
Do flatworms have tissue layers, if so, how many/which ones?
yes: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
Do roundworms (nematoda) have tissue layers? If so, which kinds
yes: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
Do segmented worms (annelida) have tissue layers? If so, which kinds?
yes: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
the _________ ________ contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo
yolk sac
in lampreys, the __________ don't have vertebrae but the ____________ do
young adults