Biology Test 1
What is the extra cellular matrix?
"shell"made of carbohydrates that protect cell when it runs in to each other
What are characteristics of Carboxyl and Phosphate functional groups?
* Acidic --> donate protons --> become negatively charged Carboxyl- Double bond O with OH Phosphate- Phosphate surrounded by oxygens
What are characteristics of the Amino functional group?
*Basic --> Able to pick up proton --> become positive
What are characteristics of the carbonyl and Hydroxyl?
*Both have oxygen present * Oxygen has higher electronegative then hydrogen and carbon *Makes it polar --> can interact with water and can form hydrogen bonds *Hydroxyl -OH *Carbonyl =O
What are characteristics of the methyl functional group
*Carbon surrounded by hydrogen *Carbon and hydrogen simulair electronegetivety --> non-polar * Hydrophobic (does not want to interact with water)
What are the characteristics of a sulfhydryl group?
*Sulfur electroneg. is greater then hydrogen --> polar *They form disulphide bonds this happens in protein folding
What are the characteristics of starch (monosachride used, linkages, organisms found in, Function) ?
*built by alpha glucose *Linkages used alpha (1-4), alpha (1-6) * Found in plants *used for energy storage *Easy to break down
What are the characteristics of Glycogen (monosachride used, linkages, organisms found in, Function) ?
*built by alpha glucose *Linkages used alpha (1-4), alpha (1-6) *Found in animals *used for energy storage *easy to break down
What are the characteristics of Cellulose (monosachride used, linkages, organisms found in, Function) ?
*built by beta glucose *Linkages used beta (1-4) *Found in plant cell walls *used for structural material *hard to break down
What are the characteristics of Chitin (monosachride used, linkages, organisms found in, Function) ?
*built by glucoseamine *Linkages used beta (1-4) *Found in hard exo skeleton of insects and crustaceans *used for structural material *hard to break down
What are advantages of small cells?
-Allow for quick repair - Able to specialize -Time it takes to get waste out and nutrients in is minimized
What are characteristics of glycerol phospholipids?
-Backbone is glycerol (3 OH groups that can have structures attached) - 2 hydrophobic tails of fatty acids - Polar head group made of phosphate group and either choline or alcohol
What are characteristics of a nucleus?
-Control centre of cell (all info to run cell) -Contains chromatin (condensed DNA) - Surrounded by a double membrane
What are characteristics of sphingoglycolipid?
-Sphingosine is the backbone -one hydrophobic tail comes from sphingosine -One if a fatty acid -Polar head group made of a sugar
What are characteristics of sphingophospholipid?
-Sphingosine is the backbone -one hydrophobic tail comes from sphingosine -One if a fatty acid - Polar head group made of phosphate group and either choline or alcohol
What are characteristics of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
-contains significant number of enzymes that construct carbohydrates and lipids -cotains calcium, calcium induced signalsfire muscles
What is the functionand basic unit of Nucleic acids?
Function- Store information Basic unit- Nucleotide (connected with phospeodiater bond)
What are fatty acid desaturates?
Heat --> more fluid (so want more cholestreal and saturated fats to keep structured) Cold--> Want to increase fluidity (more unsaturated ) So they turn saturated fatty acid to unsaturated by removing hydrogen groups to create double bonds, requires energy
What is a chaperone ?
Helps guide proteins how to form (Watch video) Requires ATP
What can water do with non-polar molecules?
Organizes them--> hydrophobic exclusion (non-polar molecule interact with each other because they don't want to interact with polar molecules)
What are isomer compounds?
Same Molecular formula but different placement of atoms within the structure
What happens in covalent bonds?
Sharing of electron pairs
Examples of non- polar covalent bonds
Single bond- 1 electron from each atom (O2) Double bond- 2 electrons from each atom (H2) Triple bond- 3 electrons from each atom (N2)
What are prokaryotes?
Single celled organism -does not have nucleus (DNA and chromosomes not surrounded by a membrane) -Do not have membrane bond organelles -Has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Why does the nucleus contain pores?
So that RNA (controls protein synthesis) can get out of nucleus and proteins that control gene expression can get in
What are lysosomes?
Special vesiscelles that have digestive juices that break down and recycle old cellular components
What are motifs?
Structuaral themes found in tertiary structures
What is the relationship between the surface area and volume of a cell?
Volume grows faster then SA
What happens when an atom has one valance electron? (In an ionic bond)
Wants to donate the electron creating a positive charge
What happens when an atom has 7 valance electrons? (In an ionic bod)
Wants to gain an electron creating a negative charge
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is added to a covalent bond to break it. Hydroxyl group is added to one side H added to the other so electrons are still satisfied
What are domains?
Areas of tertiary structures that have a specific function
What happens in ionic bonds?
Attraction of atoms with opposite charges
What do plant cells have that animal cells don't?
1) Cell wall--> complex does not just contain cellulose 2) Plasmodesma --> needed because plants have a cell wall for cell to cell communication --> "tunnel" 3) Chlorplast --> performs photosynthesis 4) Central vacuole --> maitains pressure needed to support the cell wall--> holds materials and wastes
Bonds in order from strongest to weakest
1) Covalent bonds 2)ionic bonds 3) Hydrogen bonds 4) Hydrophobic interaction 5) Van Der Walls attraction
What are ways and why proteins fold?
1) Hydrogen bonds 2) Disulfide bridges--> covalent bonds between thiol groups of cystine 3)Salt bridges --> Ionic bonds between two charged amino acids 4) Van der Walls attraction --> Opposite polarized electron clouds Hydrophibic exclusion--> Non-polar groups want to move away from water
What are the 3 components of the nucleotide? And how are build?
1) Nitrogen bases --> divided into purine (1 ring) and Pryrimindine (2 rings) ATCG--> DNA AUCG--> RNA 2) Carbon sugars --> Dioxyribose and ribose 3) Phosphate group build by dehydration synthesis
What effects a membranes fluidity?
1) Phospholipids- Kink creates more space space so less hydrophoboc interaction and van der wall forces since atoms are further apart more fluid. 2) Cholesterol- The ring structure it contains is able to bind fatty acid tails of phosphlopids making them rigid
What are the 3 types of fatty acids and there characterictics?
1) Saturated- Every carbon contains hydrogen , single bonded hydrogens. 2) Mono unsaturated- One carbon carbon double bond in chain 3) Poly unsaturated-Two or more carbon carbon double bond in carbon chain
What are the three types of fibres of the cytoskeleton?
1. Actin filiments--> smallest --> pollorized units that function in cell mobility and transport 2. Microfiliments--> largest, made of beta and alpha tublin-->structural support, used in cell division to pull chromosomes apart 3. Intermediate filliments--> holds cell together--> anchors cell
How many electrons does each orbital contain?
2
What are plasma membrane protein cell surface receptor?
Allows for communication from outside to inside of cell though the use of signals
What is the basic unit of proteins?
Amino acids
What is an isotope?
A type of an element with a different number neutrons then protons
What is Chirality?
Basically stereo isomer Monocaschrides that exist in right handed form and left handed form not superimposable
Atoms that have the same number of electrons ____________
Behave similarly (have same physical and chemical properties)
What are plasma membrane protein pores?
Beta pleated sheets form pores that have specific shapes that only some molecules can fit in.
How are polypeptides formed?
By combining the amino group from one amino acid to the carboxyl group from another amino acid Through dehydration synthesis
What forms hydrocarbons?
Carbon chains surrounded by hydrogens
What is a a fatty acid composed of? Why does it act as a
Carboxyllic acid group at top and rest really long carbon chain. Since chains are so long overall it is hydrophobic
What are the building blocks of all macromolecules?
Carbs -Monosachrides Proteins- amino acids Nucleic acids- Nucleotide Lipids-fatty acid (usually) some ring structures
What are characteristics of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Carmentalizes the cell so reactions that need to occur close to each other can and others are separated
What are molecular motors?
Carries vesicles on microtubule to locations in the cells (tight rope)
What are Eukaryotes?
Cell or organism made up of cells - DNA and chromosomes are found in the nucleus -Have membrane bond organelles
What are characteristics of the nucleolus?
Condensed region of RNA Synthsizes ribosomes -Ribosomes built proteins
What bonds form functional groups?
Covalent bonds
How to polysaccharides form?
Dehydration reactions between monosachrides
What is a stereo isomer?
Difference in how the atoms attached to the carbon skeleton are arranged in space
What happens in acids?
Donate H+ to the solution
What determines the behaviour of an element?
Electrons
What are plasma membrane protein enzymes?
Enzymes attached to membrane Enzymes are catlize reactions
What creates a non-polar covalent bond?
Equal sharing of electrons
What is electronegativeity?
How attracted electrons are to an atom Atom with higher elctronegeitivy will attract more electrons causing slight negative charge. Atom with lower elctronegetivety will attract fewer electrons causing slight positive charge
What is heat capacity?
How many calories of heat are required to heat 1g by 1 degree
What forms macromolecules?
Hydrocarbons with different functional groups
What is a micelle?
Hydrophobic tails go on the inside, polar head group on the outside (facing the water)
What is unique about waters density?
Ice less dense then water, because in ice the molecules slow down and the hydrogen bonds spread out creating a lattice structure that increases the volume When volume increases but mass stays the same--> less dense
What is the tonoplast?
Membrane that surrounds the central vacuole In different parts of plants contains different proteins, therefore perform different functions
Does the number of neutrons create change in an atom?
No, all it does is increase the mass
Covalent bonds that contain atoms with the same or similar electronegetiveity are?
Non- polar (electrons shared equally)
What is an atom made up of?
Nucleus and orbitals
What are lipids made of?
Organic compounds not soluble in water, Many contain fatty acids but not all
Covalent bonds that contain atoms with different elecrtonegetivety are?
Polar (do not share electrons equally)
What is unique about waters heat capacity ?
Polar molecules have a greater heat capacity Due to this water is resistant to heat change
What forces ionic bonds to form?
Positive and negative charges attracted
What are the protein structures and characteristics?
Primary --> Linear chain of amino acid sequence Secondary --> Form due to hydrogen bonds between R groups Tertiary--> All five interactions are used, form enzymes Quaternary--> combination of tertiary structures
What is the mosaic model of a cell?
Proteins are found in the membrane to help lipids move (flip) Lipid bilayer are not uniform as they contain lipid rafts that are specialized in different cells
What determines atoms as an element?
Protons
What determines an elements atomic mass?
Protons + Nutrons
What happens in basses?
Remove H+ from the solution
What do buffers do?
Ressist change in Ph Can gain or remove protons from the system
What are characteristics of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes build proteins on the rough ER then dump them into the lumen (inside of rough ER) They are organized there Majority of protein synthsis
What makes amino acids different from each other?
The R groups attached (functional groups) Called a peptide bond
What is a structural isomer?
The arrangement of the carbon skeleton if different
What the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
The carbon carbon double bond found in unsaturated fatty acids creates a kink in the chain (more fluid), changing structure Saturated solid at room temp
What makes water polar?
The difference in electro neg. of hydrogen and oxygen and the bent shape of the molecule
What is an energy level?
The distance electrons are away from the nucleus
What happens in a dehydration reaction?
The hydroxyl group of one molecule and the Hydrogen of another are removed and a covalent bond is formed between the two molecules. Water is produced
What determines an atoms atomic number?
The number of protons it has
What is adhesion?
The polar water molecules are attraced to other polar molecules (on the glass) so water moves to these molecules (moves up the glass)
What is the orbital?
The possible location electrons can be fond around the nucleus
Why are trans fats unhealthy ?
Trans fats are mono unsaturated fats but the hydrogen is found on the same side so no kink forms ---> straight Simulair structure of saturated fat so similar function
What is a plasma membrane protein transporter?
Transprt molecules in and out of cell, controls what can come in and out (semi permeable). HAs shape that only one type of molecule can enter
Whats the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?
Vacuoles are found only in plants and are large and used for support while vesicles are found in both plants and amilmals and can move and used for short term storage
What are characteristics of the Golgi apparatus?
Vesicles (fluid/ fluid filled sac) made in ER are sent to golgi apparatus Here they are sorted and takes and sent to location
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak associations formed with hydrogen in polar covalent bonds. The partially positive hydrogen are attracted to the partially negative atoms in other molecules Weak individually but in large numbers have impact on chemical structure and function Water can form upto 4 hydrogen bonds
What are peroxisomes?
When fatty acids are oxidized hydrogen peroxide is preduced, peroxisomes are a catalase that turns hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
What is cohesion?
When water molecules form hydrogen bonds between each other it creates surface tension.
How are triglycerides formed?
glycerol (has 3 hydroxyl groups) undergoes dehydration synthesis to add 3 fatty acid tails. Different fats will have different fatty acid tails.
What is a lipid bi layer?
two layers of phospholipids polar he'd groups on the outside, hydrophobic tails on inside facing each other. Cell membrane made out of
