Biology Test ch.4

What happens to specialized cell types when they mature and die?

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Describe vascular tissue and its function. Describe the function of each of the two types of vascular tissue

A plant's vascular tissue is made up of two networks of hollow tubes. The vascular tissue is found in the third and inner layer of the plant's roots, leaves, and stem. Vascular tissue transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic compounds to all parts of the plant. There are two types of vascular tissue in the plant. Xylem and Phloem. The Xylem is the vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved mineral nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem is the vascular tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant.

Define ADP. Describe the process required to convert ADP back to ATP.

ADP is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP by adding a phosphate group.

Define ATP.

ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.

What processes are required to get nutrients and water into roots?

Active transport and osmosis are needed to get water into roots.

What do calories measure and how does this relate to ATP?

Calories measure the amount of energy in food.

Explain cohesion tension theory.

Cohesion-tension theory proposes that the physical properties of water allow the rise of water through a plant.

What is the function of collenchyma cells? What is the structure of collenchyma cells? Where are collenchyma cells most commonly found? What is the unique feature of collenchyma cells?

Collenchyma cells have cell walls that range from thick to thin which provide support while still allowing the plant to grow. Collenchyma cells are most common in the younger tissues of leaves and shoots. They often form into strands (Celery strings are strands of collenchyma cells.) Collenchyma cells are very flexible (Unique feature.) Collenchyma cell walls don't contain lignin allowing them to be stretchy and change in size.

Describe dermal tissue and explain were it is found.

Dermal tissue (epidermis) is made up of live parenchyma cells in the nonwoody parts of plants. On leaves and some stems, epidermal cells may secrete a wax-coated substance that becomes the cuticle. The dermal tissue is found on the outer layer of the plant. The dermal tissue is almost like skin.

Compare the difference between Dicots and Monocots

Dicots are flowering plants whose embryos have two cotyledons (embryonic leaf inside of a seed.) Monocots are flowering plants whose embryos have one cotyledon.

What is the function of digestion?

Digestion breaks down food insto smaller molecules that can be used for ATP.

Describe ground tissue and explain were it is found.

Ground tissue provides support and stores materials in roots and stems. In leaves, ground tissue is packed with chloroplasts, where photosynthesis makes food for the plant. Ground tissue is the mid-layer of the plant and is found in roots and stems.

Explain the connection between guard cells and stoma. Describe the circumstances that influence the action of guard cells.

Guard cells help the stoma open and close. Guard cells are influenced by time of day, heat, how much water is in the plant, and hormonal changes.

What are guard cells?

Guard cells surround the stoma, allowing them to oen and close by changing shape.

Compare herbaceous to woody stems.

Herbaceous plants produce little to no wood and are usually soft due to their lack of rigid xylem cells. Woody plants are dicots. Woody plants are comprised of bark, an outer layer of dead wood cells.

Compare the amount of ATP produced by carbohydrates and lipids.

Lipids produce 146 ATP molecules and carbohydrates produce about 72 ATP molecules.

Describe the leaf adaptations for photosynthesis found in cacti, coniferous trees, water lilies, and tropical plants.

Many of these plants have very broad leaves to increasse the surface area of the plant that can take in light for photosynthesis.

Describe mesophyll.

Mesophyll is the part of the plant between the two dermal layers of the leaf which is made of parenchyma tissue.

What is the function of parenchyma cells? What is the structure of parenchyma cells? Are there any significant traits of parenchyma cells? If so, what is the significance?

Parenchyma cells are the most common types of plant cells. Parenchyma cells have thin and flexible cell walls that can change shape. They store starches, oils, and water for the plant. Parenchyma cells have thin walls and large water-filled vacuoles in the middle. Photosynthesis occurs in the green chloroplasts within parenchyma cells in leaves. chloroplasts and colorless plastids in parenchyma cells within roots and stems store starch. Parenchyma cells are specialized. They can divide throughout their entire lives which heals wounds that the plant obtains. This regeneration of cells allows for cutting plants and putting them in water to grow.

What are the three basic types of plant calls?

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

What cells are simple tissues made of?

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

What is the function of phloem? How is phloem different from xylem?

Phloem carries plant nutrients, including minerals and sugars, throughout the plant. Phloem differs from the xylem because phloem tissue is alive.

What is plasmodesmata and how is it used by cells?

Plasmodesmata are strands of cytoplasm that pass through openings in cell walls and connect living cells. Through the plasmodesmata, cells of a plant tissue can share water, nutrients, and chemical signals.

Describe the three general characteristics of roots. Which tissue systems are part of roots?

Roots support the plant and absorb, transport, and store nutrients. Roots contain dermal, ground, and vascular tissue. Roots have an apical meristem (spherical), a vascular cylinder (cylindrical), and a root cap (end of root).

What is the function of sclerenchyma cells? What is the structure of sclerenchyma cells? What happens to sclerenchyma cells after they die? Where are sclerenchyma cells found?

Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest among the three basic plant cell types. They have a second cell wall that is hardened by lignin. Lignin also makes these cells very rigid, which stops them from growing with the plant. This causes sclerenchyma cells to only be found where the plant is not lengthening anymore. Most sclerenchyma cells, such as the ones in the vascular system, die when they reach maturity. The cytoplasm and organelles of these dead cells then disintegrate, but the rigid cell walls are left there to support the water conducting tissues. Sclerenchyma cells form most fruit pits, the gritty texture of pears, and hard outer shells of nuts. They are also found in leaf veins and stems. Additionally, sclerenchyma cell fibers are used to make linen and rope.

Describe the structure and function of sieve tube elements.

Sieve tube elements have small holes in the end walls of their cells. These holes let the phloem fluids or sap flow through the plant.

Explain how stems grow including the terms primary and secondary growth. Explain how tree rings are formed.

Stems grow with primary and secondary growth. Primary growth takes place in the apical meristems found at the end of stem roots and is when the stem and roots grow taller or longer. Secondary growth adds to the width in stems and roots of woody plants. Tree rings are formed when secondary growth occurs in different intervals and speeds.

Describe the functions of stems.

Stems support flowers and leaves, giving them access to pollinators and sunlight. Stems also house the vascular system which transports minerals, water, and materials.

What is the purpose of stomata?

Stomata allow the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis to enter, and for water to evaporate from the leaves.

Define blade, petiole, and axillary bud.

The blade is usually broad and flat, and it collects the sunlight for the plant. The blade connects to the stem by a thin stalk called the petiole (A bud that grows between the petiole and the stem of a plant called an axillary bud, marks where a leaf ends.

Describe the dermal layer of leaves.

The dermal layer of many leaves is covered by a waxy cuticle that forms a water resistant covering.

How is the energy carried by ATP released?

The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule.

How does the fluid flow differ in xylem and phloem?

The fluid in the xylem always flows away from the roots. Pjloem sap can move in any direction.

What determines how many molecules of ATP are produced?

The number of ATP molecules that are produced depends on the number of calories in the food.

Describe the structure and function of palisade and spongy mesophyll.

The palisade is located in the mesophyll of the leaves. They are a primary site for photosynthesis to take place. the spongy mesophyll has cells that are loosely packed, creating air spaces that connect the outside of the plant to the stomata.

Explain the pressure-flow model. Explain the roles of ATP and osmosis in the pressure-flow model.

The pressure-flow model is a well-supported theory that explains how food or sap moves through a plant. Water moves by osmosis from the nearby xylem in the same leaf vein. ATP allows for active transport of things being transported.

Describe the functions of the top and undersides of leaves.

The upper portion of the mesophyll has most of the chloroplasts and is where photosynthesis takes place. The underside portion of the leaf stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange.

Describe the two types of roots.

There are two types of roots. Taproot and Fibrous root. Taproot systems have a long, thick, vertical root with smaller branches. Fibrous root systems make fine branches in which most of the roots are the same size.

Define tissue. What are the three types of tissue systems found in plants?

Tissue are groups of cells that work together to preform similar functions. The three types of tissue systems found in plants are dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems.

Describe the structure and function of tracheid cells.

Tracheid cells are long and narrow. Water can flow from cell to cell in tracheids through openings in the thick cell wall.

Explain the role of transpiration in moving water abouve ground level in xylem.

Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plants. As leaves transpire, the outward flow of water lowers the pressure in the leaf xylem, creating a vacuum that pulls water upward.

Describe the structure and function of vascular cylinders, root hairs, root caps, and meristem.

Vascular cylinders are made of xylem and phloem tissues. A plant absorbs most of it's water in the dermal tissue above the root tips. These dermal tissues are the root hairs. The root cap covers up the developing tip of the root so that it is not damaged. Groups of cells that are the source of new cells form tissue. called meristem. Meristem cells are not specialized