Biology: the muscular skeletal system
What are the types of joints?
Immovable joints, partly movable joints, movable joints, ball and socket joins, hinge joints, pivot joints
By birth where dose some cartilage still remain?
In the skeleton
What does the skelton protect?
Internal organs, axil
What is bones constantly making?
New bone tissue which is made up of cells
What is the nervous system?
Brain
What are bands of fibrous connective tissue?
Ligiments
What holds bones togeher and keep them in one place?
Ligiments
Within a sarcomere what overlaps actin filament?
Myosin filament
What are myofibrils made up of?
2 types of proteins
How mnay bones are in adults?
206
How many types of specialized cells are in the human bones?
3
When a muscle contracts, what does it start with?
A signal from the nervous system
What are the surfaces of bones at joint covered with?
A smooth layer of cartilage
What do myosin filaments use energy from to walk along the actin filaments with their cross bridges?
ATP
When clacium level is too high in blood what do the bones do?
Absorb and store as mienral salts thats why bones are so hard
What are the 2 proteins that myofibrils called?
Actin filament and myosin filament
What type of protein is myofibrils is a thinner, anchored the structures called Z lines?
Actin filaments
What will happen to the bone after skeletal maturity is reached?
Bones will not increase in length but can still increase in thickness
What will muscles work in?
Antagonistic paris
Where does ossification of long bones begin?
At the center of the bones
Where are growth pates?
At the end of long bones
What type of joints allow the greatest range of motion; allows movement in several directions?
Ball and socket joints
What type of joints are should and hips examples of?
Ball and socket joints
Why are bones constantly making new bone tissue?
Because we constantly get rid of bone
What does the skelton produce?
Body cells
What is soft connective tissue that produces blood cells?
Bone marrow
What consists of tough protein fibers, mainly collagen?
Bone matrix
What contains bone cells that are actively involved in metabolic processes?
Bone matrix
What is crisscrosses by blood vessels and nerves?
Bone matrix
What is the basic structure of bones?
Bone matrix
What makes up the underlying framework and has both compact and spoge bone?
Bone matrix
What is full of bloods and all sorts o cells and proteins?
Bones
What is hard, witish tissue?
Bones
Wat type of muscle appears striated and is only found in the walls of the heart?
Cardiac muscles
What is dense connective tissue made of tough protein fibers?
Cartilage
What is firm flexible connective tissue?
Cartilage
What provides a smooth surface for the movement of bones at joints?
Cartilage
What do the contractions of smooth muscle tissue help organs do?
Cary out their functions
What type of bone tissue is dense outer layer of bone?
Compact bone
What type of bone tissue is very hard and strong?
Compact bone
What do fibers bundle together and wrap in?
Connective tissue
What provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels to each the muscles?
Connective tissue
What supports and protects the delicate muscle cells and allows them to withstand forces of contraction?
Connective tissue
Under the direction of osteocytes what do osteoblasts do?
Continuously build up done
What can muscles only do?
Contract
What does muscle fibers do?
Contract and shorten
What are the tiny structures that myosin filaments have that can attach actin filaments?
Cross bridges
What do the sign,as from the nervous system do?
Goes through your nervous system to your muscle
What causes the bone matrix to become hard a rigid?
Due to mineralization with calcium crystals
How often is the human skeleton replaced?
Every 7-10 years
What does the fiber do when all the sacromer in a muscle fiber shorten?
Fibers contracts
When more fibers contract at the same time what is the force?
Greater
How do bones grow?
From their ends where they have cartilage
What is when the human fetus skeleton entirely cartilage early on and eventually hardens into bone through ossification?
Growth and development of bones
What allows bones to keep increasing in length during childhood?
Growth plates
What cartilage grows as the the long bone grows?
Growth plates
What do the contractions of cardiac muscles cause?
Heart beats and pumps blood
What type of joints allows movement along a single plane?
Hinge joints
What type of joints are elbows and knees?
Hinge joints
What type of joints are bones of the skull?
Immovable joins
What type of joints are bones at these joint held securely together by dense collagen?
Immovable joints
What is an internal framework?
Human skeleton
What does each of the muscle consist of?
Hundreds or thousands of skeletal muscle fibers
What are the main types of joints?
Immovable joints, partly mova
What type of contractions do smooth muscle tissue cause?
Involuntary contractions
What type of contractions doe cardiac muscle have?
Involuntary contractions
What is a place where two bones of the skeleton meet?
Joint
What works Like mechanical leves with the help of muscles?
Joints
What is needed in the blood for normal functioning of the body?
Just the right levels of calcium and other minerals
When is skeletal maturity reached?
Late teen and early twenties
What connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
What is composed main,y of muscle cells?
Muscular systems
What are the hundreds of organelles that each muscle fibers contain called?
Myofibrils
What type of protein is myofibrils is thinker?
Myosin filament
Where is the spoge bone?
Middle
What replaces cartilage during ossification?
Mineral deposits
What does the skelton maintain?
Mineral homeostasis
What dose the skeleton store?
Minerals
When calcium levels are too low in loof what do bones release?
Minerals
What does cardiac muscle contain a lot of?
Mitochondria
What helps the heart resist fatigue?
Mitochondria
What type of joints allow the most movement, bones at these joints are concerned by ligaments?
Movable joints
What is long thin like strings?
Muscle cells/fibers
What happens after the nervous system sends you a signal?
Muscle contract and moves bone
What is responsible for virtually all the movement of the body?
Muscle fiber
What is another name for muscle cells?
Muscle fibers
What is the process that hardens bones; hardening of cartilage into bone?
Ossification
What type of bone cells are responsible for bone growth and uptake of minerals from the blood?
Osteoblasts
What type of bone cells secrete collagen that mineralizes to become bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
What type of bones cells are the builders; create new bone; make new bone cells?
Osteoblasts
What are the 3 types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
What type of blood cells dissolve minerals in the bone matrix and release them back into the blood?
Osteoclasts
What type of bone cells regulate mineral homeostasis?
Osteocytes
What is the functional unit in compact bone?
Osteon
What is the compact bone?
Outer layer
What type of joints connect ribs and the sternum?
Partly movable joints
What type of joints have only very limited movement, they are held in place by cartilage?
Partly movable joints
What is tough, fibrous membrane that covers and protects the outer surfaces of bone?
Periosteum
What type of joints allow for the rotation?
Pivot joints
What type of joints are in bones at the forearm?
Pivot joints
What does the movement of active filaments do?
Pulls the Z line closer together shortening the sarcomeres
What are the 2 types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
What type of bone marrow is found inside the head of the bone?
Red bone marrow
What type of bone marrow produces our blood cells?
Red bone marrow
In Osteocytes what is the direct uptake of minerals from the blood and release of minerals back into the blood as needed?
Regulating mineral homeostasis
What is the region between the Z line called?
Sarcomere
What type of muscles tissue is attached to bone and appears striated?
Skeletal muscle
what is the most common muscle in the human body?
Skeletal muscle
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues in the human body?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
What consists of ligaments and cartilage?
Skeleton
What provides attachment surface for muscles?
Skeleton
What supports the body and hives it shape?
Skeleton
What is the most widely accepted theory explaining how muscle fiber contract?
Sliding filament
What type of muscle tissue is arranged in sheets and are not striated? Found in the walls of internal organs?
Smooth muscle
What type of bone tissue is found inside bones?
Spongy bone
What type of bone tissue is lighter and less dense then compact bone; porous?
Spongy bone
What do muscles need from a cell to tell them to contract?
Stimulus
What cushions the joint along with cartilage?
Synovial fluid
What is the space between bone filled with thick fluid called?
Synovial fluid
What is another name for movable joints?
Synovial joints
What connects muscle to bone; tough connective tissue?
Tendons
What is skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by?
Tendons
What is a shock absorber?
The cartilage that covers the bone at the joint
What are many skeletal muscles attached to?
The ends of bones that meet at joint
What does the smooth layer of cartilage that cover such the bones a joints reduce?
The friction at the points of contact between bones
What consists of all the muscles of the body?
The muscular system
What does the number of fibers that contract determine?
The strength of the muscular force
Why do skeletal muscles appear striated?
There cells are arranged in bundles
What do osteoclasts do under the direction of osteocytes while osteoblasts continuously build up bone?
They continuously break it down
When muscle contract what do they do?
They pull on bones cussing them to move
Where does the continuing of the bone go?
Towards the end
When has all of the cartilage been replaced by bone?
When Skeletal maturity is reached
What type of contractions do skeletal muscles cause?
Voluntary contractions
How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?
Well over 600
When do muscle contraction occurs?
When muscle fibers get shorter
What does antagonistic pairs mean?
Working is opposition
What type of bone marrow is essentially stored fat brought into your bones by the blood?
Yellow bone marrow
Which type of bone marrow is found inside the central cavity?
Yellow bone marrow
Are bones living?
Yes