Biology- The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water

Rank the following bonds and interactions in order from strongest to weakest starting with the strongest at the top. (assume that these bonds/interactions are occurring in a living cell)

1. covalent 2. ionic 3. hydrogen and 4. Hydrophobic 5. van der waals

Arrange the following bonds in order from strongest to weakest. Start with the strongest at the top.

1.Triple Covalent 2. Double Covalent 3.Single Covalent 4. Hydrogen

An atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons. This atom has an atomic number of ______, an atomic mass of ______, and an overall charge of ______. Multiple choice question. 11; 23; +1 11; 23; -1 23; 12; +1 11; 12; +1

11; 23; +1

An element has five electrons in its outer shell. As such, it needs how many electrons to fill its outer energy level?

3

An atom has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 8 electrons. This atom has an atomic number of ______, an atomic mass of ______, and an overall charge of ______. Multiple choice question.

8; 17; 0

Which of the following describes a covalent bond between two atoms in which electrons are NOT equally shared? Multiple choice question. A covalent bond between two identical atoms A covalent bond between two atoms which differ greatly in their electronegativity A covalent bond between two atoms which have nearly identical electronegativity

A covalent bond between two atoms which differ greatly in their electronegativity

Select all that apply Ionic bonds involve which of the following? Multiple select question. An attraction between 2 polar molecules An unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms A transfer of electrons from one atom to another An equal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms An attraction between atoms with opposite electrical charges

A transfer of electrons from one atom to another An attraction between atoms with opposite electrical charges

Which of the following is the strongest bond? Multiple choice question. A single covalent bond A triple covalent bond A double covalent bond

A triple covalent bond

Atoms differ in their affinity for_______ , a property called electronegativity.

Blank 1: electrons

Multiple Choice Question Which of the following best describes how temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction (assume care has been taken that the temperature is not too high as to destroy the reactants)? Multiple choice question. As temperature increases, the reaction rate decreases. As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases. As temperature increases, the reaction rate first decreases and then increases. As temperature increases, the reaction rate first increases and then decreases.

As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases.

Which of the following do not occur during a chemical reaction? Multiple select question. Atoms may be created or destroyed. The number of molecules present may increase or decrease. The number of atoms present may increase or decrease. Atoms may join together to form molecules.

Atoms may be created or destroyed. The number of atoms present may increase or decrease.

Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. Which type of subatomic particle can be found at various distances from the nucleus (please only write the name of the particle without specifying its charge or other properties)? Listen to the complete question

Blank 1: electron or electrons

An ion with an overall charge of +1 has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. This atom has______ protons, ______-neutrons, and _______electrons.

Blank 1: 11 or eleven Blank 2: 12 or twelve Blank 3: 10 or ten

According to the octet rule, the first energy level is stable with ________ electrons and the outermost energy level is stable with _______ electrons.

Blank 1: 2 or two Blank 2: 8 or eight

An electrically neutral atom has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 14. This atom has____ protons,______ neutrons, and_____ electrons.

Blank 1: 6 or six Blank 2: 8 or eight Blank 3: 6 or six

_______atoms usually have no neutrons.

Blank 1: Hydrogen or H

_______ bonds typically produce a crystal matrix. In contrast, _________ bonds are formed between 2 individual atoms, giving rise to true, discrete molecules.

Blank 1: Ionic Blank 2: covalent

The attraction of water to other polar substances is called __________.

Blank 1: adhesion

Atoms with fewer protons than electrons have a net negative charge and are known as________ , whereas atoms with more protons than electrons have a net positive charge and are known as____________ .

Blank 1: anions or anion Blank 2: cations or cation

The four most abundant elements in living organisms are _____, ________-, __________, and _______.

Blank 1: carbon or C Blank 2: hydrogen or H Blank 3: oxygen or O Blank 4: nitrogen or N

Because the polar water molecules attract each other, water is said to be___________ .

Blank 1: cohesive or hydrophilic

A(n) _________ bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

Blank 1: covalent

Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom joined to two hydrogen atoms by two single_________ bonds.

Blank 1: covalent or polar covalent

When a bond forms between two atoms, such that one or more pairs of ________ are equally shared, the bond is termed nonpolar.

Blank 1: electrons

The chemical behavior of an atom depends on the number and configuration of its .

Blank 1: electrons or valence electrons

The attraction between the partially negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen atom of another water molecule is called a(n) __________ bond.

Blank 1: hydrogen

Bonds that form due to the attraction between oppositely charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ______ bonds.

Blank 1: ionic

Solid water is_________ dense than liquid water.

Blank 1: less

A(n)_______- is made of two or more atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds in a stable association.

Blank 1: molecule

Isotopes differ in the number of_______ they contain.

Blank 1: neutrons

A(n) __________ covalent bond involves an equal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

Blank 1: nonpolar or non-polar

A hydrogen bond can form between the partially negative_________ atom of one water molecule and the partially positive____________ atom of another water molecule.

Blank 1: oxygen or O Blank 2: hydrogen or H

A(n)_______ covalent bond is formed by an unequal sharing of one or more electron pairs.

Blank 1: polar

Among subatomic particles, each_____ has a charge of +1, each_____ has a charge of -1, and each_____ has no charge.

Blank 1: proton Blank 2: electron Blank 3: neutron

The atomic mass of an atom is equal to the sum of the masses of its_____ and______ .

Blank 1: protons Blank 2: neutrons

Different isotopes of an element behave the same way chemically not because they have the same number of_______ , but because they have the same arrangement of ________.

Blank 1: protons or neutrons Blank 2: electrons

By convention, when writing a chemical equation the___________ are listed on the left side of the arrow and the____________ are listed on the right side of the arrow.

Blank 1: reactants or reagents Blank 2: products

During a chemical reaction, the substances we start out with are called_______ and the substances we end up with are called_________ .

Blank 1: reactants, reagents, or reactant Blank 2: products or product

The amount of heat 1 g of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by 1°C is called _________________ __________________.

Blank 1: specific Blank 2: heat

Electrons in outer, unfilled energy levels are known as_______ electrons.

Blank 1: valence

Select all that apply In which of the following covalent bonds are electrons considered to be equally shared between atoms? Multiple select question. C-C C-O O-H C-H H-H

C-C C-H H-H

In which of the following covalent bonds are electrons considered to be equally shared between atoms? Multiple select question. C-O O-H C-C H-H C-H

C-C H-H C-H

Select all that apply Identify the four most abundant elements in living organisms. Multiple select question. Carbon Calcium Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Water Phosphorus

Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen

Water consists of one oxygen atom joined to two hydrogen atoms by what type of bonds? Multiple choice question. Hydrogen Covalent Ionic

Covalent

What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons? Multiple choice question. Covalent Diatomic Ionic Hydrogen

Covalent

In order for an electron to move to a more distal orbital farther from the nucleus, which of the following must occur? Multiple choice question. Energy must be released. Energy must be added. The electron must move faster. The atom must lose a neutron.

Energy must be added.

True or false: Unlike covalent bonds, which produce a crystal lattice, ionic bonds are formed between 2 individual atoms, giving rise to true, discrete molecules.

False

The amount of energy required to change 1 g of a substance from a liquid to a gas is called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Vaporization energy Heat of vaporization Enthalpy Condensation constant

Heat of vaporization

__________atoms have only one proton.

Hydrogen

Of the following list of bonds and interactions, which one is the weakest? Multiple choice question. Hydrophobic interaction Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond

Hydrophobic interaction

Where are valence electrons found? Multiple choice question. In the outermost energy level only In all energy levels In the noble gases only In the innermost energy level only In the 2p orbitals only

In the outermost energy level only

How are ions formed? Multiple choice question. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain one or more protons. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain one or more neutrons.

Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons.

Typically, as the temperature increases, what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction? Multiple choice question. It also increases. It decreases. It remains the same until a threshold value is reached, at which point it increases. It remains the same.

It also increases.

What is true of a molecule of gaseous hydrogen (H2)? Multiple choice question. It has no net charge. It has a partial positive charge. It has one partial positive charge and one partial negative charge which are balanced.

It has no net charge.

What does it mean when we say water is adhesive?

It is attracted to other polar molecules and ions.

Select all that apply Select the reasons that the molecule formed by two hydrogen atoms (H2) is stable. Multiple select question. It is held together by an ionic bond. The octet rule is not satisfied. It is held together by a covalent bond. It has no unpaired electrons. It has no net charge.

It is held together by a covalent bond. It has no unpaired electrons. It has no net charge.

A group of atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds in a stable association is called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Crystal Isotope Molecule Ion

Molecule

Which of the following may occur during a chemical reaction? Multiple select question. New chemical bonds are formed. Existing chemical bonds are broken. New types of atoms are formed. New types of molecules are formed. Atoms are transferred from one molecule to another.

New chemical bonds are formed. Existing chemical bonds are broken. New types of molecules are formed. Atoms are transferred from one molecule to another.

Almost all the mass of an atom is located in which of the following?

Nucleus

Select all that apply Choose all of the following bonds that are polar? Multiple select question. O--H C--C C--H H--H C--O O=O C--N

O--H C--O C--N

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Which of the following bonds are nonpolar? Multiple select question. O=O C--O O--H C--C C--N H--H C--H

O=O C--C H--H C--H

Which bond is formed by an unequal sharing of one or more electron pairs? Multiple choice question. Ionic Nonpolar covalent Polar covalent

Polar covalent

Atomic number refers to the number of Multiple choice question. electrons. orbitals. protons. neutrons.

Protons

Select all that apply Which two particles are the primary determinants of an element's atomic mass? Multiple select question. Protons Neutrons Electrons

Protons Neutrons

Which subatomic particles determine the atomic mass of an atom? Multiple choice question. Protons and electrons Neutrons only Protons and neutrons Protons only

Protons and neutrons

Atoms are chemically the most stable when which of the following occurs? Multiple choice question. They reside in the middle of the periodic table. Neutrons and electrons are in equal numbers. They have six electrons in their outermost shell. Their outer electron shell is full.

Their outer electron shell is full.

Why is an atom electrically neutral? Multiple choice question. There are equal numbers of electrons and neutrons in the atom. There are equal numbers of protons and neutrons the atom There are equal numbers of protons and electrons in the atom. The atomic mass and the atomic number are equal.

There are equal numbers of protons and electrons in the atom.

Multiple Choice Question Water is cohesive. Which describes this feature of water molecules? Multiple choice question. They are attracted to other (not water) polar molecules. They are attracted to each other. They are held together by strong covalent bonds. They are attracted to ions.

They are attracted to each other

Multiple Select Question Select all that apply Choose the true statements about hydrogen bonds. Multiple select question. They can occur between two parts of a large molecule. They only occur between two or more water molecules They can occur in any case when hydrogen is bound to a more electronegative atom. At least one of the molecules participating in a hydrogen bond has to be water.

They can occur between two parts of a large molecule. They can occur in any case when hydrogen is bound to a more electronegative atom.

Why do elements in the same chemical group have the same bonding properties? Multiple choice question. They have identical energy shells. They have the same number of valence electrons. They frequently bond with each other. They have s or p orbitals.

They have the same number of valence electrons

Carbon and silicon are both found in the same group of the periodic table. Why does carbon share very similar bonding properties with silicon? Multiple choice question. They have the same number of orbitals. They have the same number of valence electrons. They have the same number of shells. They have the same number of electrons.

They have the same number of valence electrons.

Why do elements in the same chemical group have the same bonding properties? Multiple choice question. They have identical energy shells. They frequently bond with each other. They have s or p orbitals. They have the same number of valence electrons.

They have the same number of valence electrons.

If two atoms belong to the same element, which of the following must be true? Multiple choice question. They must have the same number of electrons. They must have the same number of neutrons. They must have the same number of protons.

They must have the same number of protons.

A sodium atom that has lost an electron and has an overall positive charge is an example of Multiple choice question. an anion. a cation. an isotope. an isomer.

a cation.

Select all that apply Choose the two "partners" in a hydrogen bond between water molecules. Multiple select question. a hydrogen atom with a partially negative charge an oxygen atom with a partially positive charge an oxygen atom with a partially negative charge a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge

an oxygen atom with a partially negative charge a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge

Select all that apply Choose the two "partners" in a hydrogen bond between water molecules. Multiple select question. an oxygen atom with a partially negative charge a hydrogen atom with a partially negative charge an oxygen atom with a partially positive charge a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge

an oxygen atom with a partially negative charge a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge

If an atom gains or loses a(n)_________ , it acquires a net electrical charge.

electron

The affinity of an atom for an electron is also known as Multiple choice question. electronegativity. valence. electropositivity. ionization capacity.

electronegativity.

The affinity of an atom for an electron is also known as Multiple choice question. valence. electronegativity. ionization capacity. electropositivity.

electronegativity.

The number and configuration of ______ determines the chemical behavior of an atom. Multiple choice question. isotopes protons electrons neutrons

electrons

When electrons move to lower energy levels, closer to the nucleus, Multiple choice question. the mass of the atom increases. energy is released. the electrons must move faster. energy must be added.

energy is released.

The element Chlorine (Cl) has 7 electrons in its outermost shell. Therefore, chlorine is Multiple choice question. inert and tends to lose a single electron. inert and tends to gain an extra electron. highly reactive and tends to gain an extra electron. highly reactive and tends to lose a single electron.

highly reactive and tends to gain an extra electron.

Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are called .

ions

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, and are therefore no longer electrically neutral, are called .

ions

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of Multiple choice question. electrons. neutrons. orbitals. protons.

neutrons.

Different isotopes of an element behave the same way chemically because they have the same Multiple choice question. number and configuration of neutrons. number and configuration of electrons. atomic mass. overall charge.

number and configuration of electrons.

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to Multiple choice question. the number of neutrons. the number of protons. the combined number of protons and neutrons.

the number of protons.