Biology Unit 1

Where is there a higher solute concentration? =

Inside red blood cells

Which components are present in all cells?

Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasms, DNA

Which cells have DNA and RNA

all of them

How is the surface-area-to-volume ratio related to the efficency of cells

cells need a large surface area-to-volume to speed diffusion of substances

function of rough er

house, modify, and transport proteins

where do photosynthetic prokaryotes carry out photosytnthesis

the plasma membrane

In this following experiment set-ups which bag will lose weight? 10% salt water with 10% salt bag, 2% salt water 10% salt bag, and 30% salt water with 10% salt bag.

30% salt water with 10% salt bag

How are cilia and flagella similar

9-2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a 2 central microtubules.

a scientific theory is

A statement on how things work that has been tested and its in agreement with all available data. It's falsifiable.

Actin filaments

Abundant beneath the plasma membraqne. Mechanical support, cell shape, enables cells to migrate, engulf particles, and divide.

Which statements are TRUE comparing active transport to passive transport?

Active transport moves molecules against the gradient, passive transport moves molecules from an area of high concentration into an area with lower concentration, Passive transport doesn't require energy, Passive transport includes simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, and active transport requires energy

What is not a postulate of cell theory

All cells have a nucleus

Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotes but not any prokaryotes

All of these can be found in prokaryotes.

why are proteins called polypeptides

Because amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

How come if cells have more volume and more surface area than small cells, large cells have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio

Because the volume of the cell increases faster than its surface as the cell gets bigger.

Which of these protein groups do you find in all proteins?

Carboxyl, Carbonyl, Amino

evidence for theory of endosymbiosis

Chloroplasts and mitochondria divide by a process that resembles binary fusion. The DNA of chloroplasts and mitochondria is similar to that of free-living prokaryotes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are enclosed in a double membrane Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own ribosomes, which are similar to ribosomes in prokaryotes than those in the cells they live in. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA.

Why is the plasma membrane called a mosaic?

It contains a variety of different molecules embedded within the phospholipids such as proteins and other lipids.

The liquid inside the stomach is said to be acidic? What does that mean? Select all that apply?

It has more dissolved H+ than OH- and It has a PH lower than 7

I place a stalk of celery in a beaker containing very salty H2O. What will happen to the celery stalk?

It will wilt

proteins can perform a variety of functions what determins the function of a protein

Its tridimensaional structure.

function of smooth er

Makes plasma membranes. Makes plasma membranes for all other organelles, and removes toxicants from environment and makes it non-toxic

Which of these is not a current argument supporting the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system.

which structures are present in both animal and plant cells

Mitochondria, Cell membrane, and Nucleus

Both starch and cellulose are made of glucose. However, they use different isomers of glucose. Can you use the same enzyme to breakdown starch and cellulose

No, because they use different isomers.

In cell culture, I add a chemical which blocks the creation of microtubules. Which of these is the highest probable outcome?

Organelles within the cell would lose their transportation routes.

endomembrane system

Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lyosomes & protasomes, peoxisomes, vesicles, vacuoles.

Which is the first level of proteins structure that will be affected if there is a mutation in the DNA?

Primary

Which levels of protein structure are affected in the the hemoglobin protein with the sickle cell mutation?

Primary,Secondary, Teritary, and quaternary

What's one thing that separates eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are older than eukaryotes, Prokaryotes evolved before Eukaryotes.

What is the level of protein structure of the proteasme? The enzyme is made from subunits?

Quaternary

Hypotonic

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.

In cell structure, I add a chemical which breaks down the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membranes. Which of the following things will not be affected?

Ribosome

which levels of protein structures are held by weak forces

Secondary, teritary

what is not a monosacharide

Sucrose

How are nucleotides added to a growing strang during dehydration

The 5' end of the incoming nucleotide joins to the 3' carbon on the growing DNA strand.

to cell culture, you add a chemical which causes tails of the cell membrane phospholipid molecules to form double bonds. What would be a possible outcome?

The cell membrane will become more fluid

Why is the plasma membrane called a 'fluid'?

The components of the membrane are not permanently attached to each other and can move freely within each layer.

What would happen in a cell that doesn't make a specific chaperone?

The proteins wont fold correctly and therefore won't function.

Which of the statements is true about isomers?

They have the same formula but are arranged differently, have a different structure.

Carbs have the same number of carbons as they have oxygen atoms. Oxygen is a very electronegative atom, attracting electrons towards it. What can you conclude about carbs

They will be polar

I develop a drug that blocks the trans face of the golgi. What would be the result?

Vesicles will not be able to leave the Golgi

FtsZ

a tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z). Has a ring structure.

The amount of electrons and protrons an element has is equal to it's

atomic number

Non-polar molecules

dissolve in lipids and are called lipophilic ('lipid loving'). Non-polar molecules don't dissolve in water, so they are also called hydrophobic ('water-repelling'). Since non-polar molecules can diffuse in lipids, they can freely cross the plasma membrane without any assistance, they don't need carrier proteins. NEXT

Polar molecules

dissolve in water and are called hydrophilic ('water loving'), but they don't dissolve in lipids so they can also be called lipophobic ('fat-repelling'). Thus, they cannot cross the lipid core of the plasma membrane. They need a channel or carrier protein to cross the membrane

The number of neutrons in an element is

equal to the mass - the atomic number

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds between each others. Hydrogen bonds are:

form and break easily, an example of weak bonds, intermolecular bonds

Microtubules

intracelluar highway, organization of cell division, and and ciliary and flagellar movement

What defines a member of endomembrane system

it is made by the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

What is true about DNA

it is usually double stranded, it codes information for proteins, it has deoxyribose as the sugar.

The endoplasmic reticulum is located

just outside of and continuous with of the nuclear membrane

macromolecule for energy storage

lipids, carbsterm-7

prokaryote cells

most have genetic material in the nucleoid, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, they have an extensive cellular cytoskeleton, ribosomes, most have few to no membrane bound organelles.

polar molecules

neutral molecules with uneven distribution of charges, Molecules that have a negative charge, Molecules that are positively charged.

Water is a polar substance. Water and oil don't mix. What is oil

non-polar

macromolecules for dna storage

nucleic acid

Intramediate filaments

provide structural stability

what cell structure makes protein

ribosomes

Which of these fatty acids is more likely to be solid?

saturated fats

Which molecules can pass through the plasma membrane without any assistance, using simple diffusion?

small non-polar molecules, small fats, and gasses

Which molecules require assistance from either a carrier protein or a channel protein in order to cross the membrane?

small polar molecules, ions, larger polar molecules

Which of the following statements are true about phospholipds?

the tails are lipid based, non-polar, that tails do not mix with water, the heads are polar and interact with water.

In the Na/K pump, _____ are pumped out for every ________ pumped in. `

three sodiums and 2 potassium

If you want a cell membrane to be more fluid, which fatty acids would you add to it?

unsaturated fats

Passive transport

when molecules move from areas of high concentration into areas of lower concentration. This type of movement doesn't require energy. Passive transport can be divided into two subtypes:

Active transport

when molecules move from areas of low concentration into areas of high concentration. This is movement against the gradient. This type of movement requires energy and it also requires someone to the work of moving the molecules against the gradient. In cells, proteins do this type of work and use ATP as energy.

Simple diffusion

when molecules move without a barrier or can easily cross the barrier or membrane. This is used by gasses and small non-polar molecules.

Facilitated diffusion

when molecules need assistance from another molecule, usually a channel protein or carrier protein, to cross the membrane. This is used by large molecules and molecules that are polar.