Biology Unit 2 Prep for Quiz 3

phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells

Chytridiomycota

the phylum of protozoans with hair-like structures called cilia, the species of which phylum are commonly known as ciliates

Ciliophora

(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter

Fungi

obtain food from non-living organic material

Fungi are classified as saprophytes when they exhibit which characteristic?

fruiting

Fungi are commonly grouped as sac fungi or club fungi, based on the structure of their ________________ bodies

the shape of their spore-producing structures

Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to:

they produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form

How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food?

ascus

The name of the functioning body for all sac fungi is:

the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell

The process of budding can be defined as:

Ceratocystis ulmi

The wide-spread destruction of elm tress in the United States was caused by:

sporangium

This term refers to the structure in which spores are produced:

yeast, morels

What are some common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota:

spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi

fruiting bodies

spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi

gills

organism in or on which a parasite lives

host

(plural : hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds

hypha

symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria

lichens

multicellular species of the phylum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms

morels

cell structure with more than one nucleus

multi-nucleated

hyphae

multi-nucleated thread-like structures of fungi:

symbiosis

mutually positive relationship between two species:

a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus

mycellum

an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host

parasite

antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum

penicillin

level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms

phylum

host

plant or animal which supports a parasite:

saprophyte

plant that lives on decaying organic matter:

Penicillium chrysogenum

produces common antibiotic

an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane

prokaryote

most members are aquatic the reproductive cells have flagellum

reasons why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi:

spores

reproductive cells which can tolerate bad conditions:

mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing

rhizoids

structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure if left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing

ring

common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies

sac fungi

a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts

saprophyte

stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota

sporangiaphore

a sac-like structure which holds the spores

sporangium

reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating

spores

stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills

stalk

mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomoycota which act as anchors and connect the sporangiophores of a mold structure

stolon

fruiting

structures which house the reproductive formation:

mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens

symbiosis

various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates

yeast

phylum (or division) or fungi commonly know as mold

zygomycota

sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other

zygosporangium

reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure

zygospore

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

sexual

A zygospore is the product of _______________ reproduction

the phylum of amoebid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate

Actinopoda

parasite

An organism which lives directly on or in another organism without providing any benefits to its host is called a:

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals

Animalia

the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle

Apicomplexa

the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in

Archaea

do not have a membrane bound nucleus

Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which:

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts

Ascomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts

Basidiomycota

the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly know as bacteria

Eubacteria

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista

Kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes:

Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

Kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified:

Archaea, Eubacteria

Kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified:

stolon

Long hyphae that act as anchors to a surface are called:

damp forest floors

Morels are commonly found growing on:

terrestrial saprophytes

Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called:

hyphae

Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called:

rhizoids

Mycelia responsible for obtaining food from non-living organic material:

cellular structure

Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their:

antibiotic

Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because it is the first ________________ discovered

Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota zygomycota

Phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section:

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants

Plantae

the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi

Protista

most members are aquatic the reproductive cells have flagellum

Reasons that members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista, rather than the kingdom Fungi:

fungi do not produce their own food fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation fungi cell walls are composed of chitin

Reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants:

causes bread to rise

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry in what way?

win-win

Symbiosis is defined as a _______-_______ relationship between two different species

phylum

Taxonomic category within a kingdom:

fermentation

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules which cells can use for food is called:

chitin

The cell wall of fungi is composed of ______________, the same material found in the exoskeleton of a lobster

The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes

What is it called when hyphae from two fungi come in contact, a structure called a zygosporangium forms at the point where the hyphae touch. Inside this structure, the genetic material from each organism combines to form a zygospore. New complete organisms with a combination of the parental genetics can be formed from a single zygospore:

tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium

Which of the following best describes the structure of sporangiophore?

Sir Alexander Fleming

Who is credited with discovering penicillin?

reproduce

Without spores, fungi could not:

mycelia

a group of hyphae:

movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia

amoebid movement

the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell

anal pore

a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells

apical complex

spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped

ascus

budding

asexual reproduction of yeast:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

baker's yeast:

a methos of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms

binary fission

fermentation

break down complex molecules into simpler ones:

asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off

budding

mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom

cap

an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings

chemotaxis

main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals

chitin

(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding

cilia

common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies

club fungi

Agaricus bisporis

common edible mushroom:

a kind of reproduction in which two unicellular organisms unite temporarily to exchange nuclear material and then separate

conjugation

Ceratocystis ulmi

elm tree parasite:

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism

fermentation