Biology Unit 2 Prep for Quiz 3
phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells
Chytridiomycota
the phylum of protozoans with hair-like structures called cilia, the species of which phylum are commonly known as ciliates
Ciliophora
(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter
Fungi
obtain food from non-living organic material
Fungi are classified as saprophytes when they exhibit which characteristic?
fruiting
Fungi are commonly grouped as sac fungi or club fungi, based on the structure of their ________________ bodies
the shape of their spore-producing structures
Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to:
they produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form
How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food?
ascus
The name of the functioning body for all sac fungi is:
the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell
The process of budding can be defined as:
Ceratocystis ulmi
The wide-spread destruction of elm tress in the United States was caused by:
sporangium
This term refers to the structure in which spores are produced:
yeast, morels
What are some common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota:
spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi
fruiting bodies
spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi
gills
organism in or on which a parasite lives
host
(plural : hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds
hypha
symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria
lichens
multicellular species of the phylum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms
morels
cell structure with more than one nucleus
multi-nucleated
hyphae
multi-nucleated thread-like structures of fungi:
symbiosis
mutually positive relationship between two species:
a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus
mycellum
an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host
parasite
antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum
penicillin
level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms
phylum
host
plant or animal which supports a parasite:
saprophyte
plant that lives on decaying organic matter:
Penicillium chrysogenum
produces common antibiotic
an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane
prokaryote
most members are aquatic the reproductive cells have flagellum
reasons why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi:
spores
reproductive cells which can tolerate bad conditions:
mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing
rhizoids
structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure if left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing
ring
common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies
sac fungi
a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts
saprophyte
stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota
sporangiaphore
a sac-like structure which holds the spores
sporangium
reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating
spores
stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills
stalk
mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomoycota which act as anchors and connect the sporangiophores of a mold structure
stolon
fruiting
structures which house the reproductive formation:
mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens
symbiosis
various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates
yeast
phylum (or division) or fungi commonly know as mold
zygomycota
sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other
zygosporangium
reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure
zygospore
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
sexual
A zygospore is the product of _______________ reproduction
the phylum of amoebid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate
Actinopoda
parasite
An organism which lives directly on or in another organism without providing any benefits to its host is called a:
the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals
Animalia
the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle
Apicomplexa
the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in
Archaea
do not have a membrane bound nucleus
Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which:
phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts
Ascomycota
phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts
Basidiomycota
the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly know as bacteria
Eubacteria
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista
Kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes:
Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia
Kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified:
Archaea, Eubacteria
Kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified:
stolon
Long hyphae that act as anchors to a surface are called:
damp forest floors
Morels are commonly found growing on:
terrestrial saprophytes
Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called:
hyphae
Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called:
rhizoids
Mycelia responsible for obtaining food from non-living organic material:
cellular structure
Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their:
antibiotic
Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because it is the first ________________ discovered
Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota zygomycota
Phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section:
the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants
Plantae
the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi
Protista
most members are aquatic the reproductive cells have flagellum
Reasons that members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista, rather than the kingdom Fungi:
fungi do not produce their own food fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation fungi cell walls are composed of chitin
Reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants:
causes bread to rise
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry in what way?
win-win
Symbiosis is defined as a _______-_______ relationship between two different species
phylum
Taxonomic category within a kingdom:
fermentation
The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules which cells can use for food is called:
chitin
The cell wall of fungi is composed of ______________, the same material found in the exoskeleton of a lobster
The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes
What is it called when hyphae from two fungi come in contact, a structure called a zygosporangium forms at the point where the hyphae touch. Inside this structure, the genetic material from each organism combines to form a zygospore. New complete organisms with a combination of the parental genetics can be formed from a single zygospore:
tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium
Which of the following best describes the structure of sporangiophore?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Who is credited with discovering penicillin?
reproduce
Without spores, fungi could not:
mycelia
a group of hyphae:
movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia
amoebid movement
the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell
anal pore
a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells
apical complex
spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped
ascus
budding
asexual reproduction of yeast:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast:
a methos of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms
binary fission
fermentation
break down complex molecules into simpler ones:
asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off
budding
mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom
cap
an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings
chemotaxis
main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals
chitin
(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding
cilia
common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies
club fungi
Agaricus bisporis
common edible mushroom:
a kind of reproduction in which two unicellular organisms unite temporarily to exchange nuclear material and then separate
conjugation
Ceratocystis ulmi
elm tree parasite:
breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism
fermentation