Biology Unit 4 Test

There may be as many as BLANK different species of Bacteria living on and in you right now.

1,000

If "mother nature" picks the "winners" every generation through the process of natural selection, then subsequent generations will enjoy a better match with their environment. What is the name for this improved alignment?

Adaptation

Name the Greek philosopher, sometimes known as the "Father of Biology," who promoted the view that life was unalterable.

Aristotle

Which domain contains organisms that are known for inhabiting extreme environments, such as extremely hot water?

Archaea

If we accept the view that living things are fixed and unalterable, we should also accept which of the following? Aristotle's 11 grades evidence for the age of the Earth the fossil record the extinction of species

Aristotle's 11 grades

Organisms that are capable of producing their own food molecules without relying on other living things are called producers, or BLANK, while those that do rely on other living (or previously living) organisms are called consumers, or BLANK. Organisms that make food from carbon dioxide and the energy extracted from chemicals in their environment are BLANK. Those that rely upon other organisms for both carbon and energy are BLANK. In addition, organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from other organisms are called BLANK, while those that obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide are called BLANK.

Autotrophs Heterotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photoautotrophs

What is the most convincing line of evidence for placing the Archaea in a separate domain?

DNA analysis

What is the term for prokaryotes that break down dead organisms?

Decomposers

Darwin, when writing about evolution, described it as BLANK, referring to the idea that BLANK change over time. When we add what we know about genetics, we can produce a modern definition of evolution, which is the change in BLANK of the gene pool of a population over generations.

Descent with modification Blank Allele frequencies Gene Pool Generations

Which of the following is an accurate statement about prokaryotes?

Despite the common label "prokaryote," used for both the Bacteria and the Archaea, there is evidence that suggests that the Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than they are to Bacteria.

What is the term used to describe a species in which males and females look distinctly different?

Dimorphism

The simplest animals that have true tissues are the cnidarians or jellyfish. Jellyfish have two layers of tissues that make up their body: the outer body wall derived from the BLANK and an inner layer derived from the BLANK, which lines the gut. In addition, cnidarians have other tissues, such as BLANK, which enables movement of body parts, and a network of BLANK cells, which enable the coordination of activities.

Ectoderm Endoderm Muscle Nerve

Which characteristic is common to vertebrates (such as fish), annelids (such as earthworms), and arthropods (such as insects)?

Segmentation

A special type of selection, known as BLANK selection, is based upon mate choice. In most cases it is the BLANK who are the selective agent. In cases where males fight each other for mating privileges, it results in males who are larger than the females of the species, which is an example of BLANK. In other cases, bright coloration or robust mating displays in males, such as the size of the BLANK in peacocks, are a sign of good genes, which tend to BLANK in frequency and intensity in the population.

Sexual Females Sexual dimorphism feathers increase

TRUE OR FALSE: Cnidarians have radial symmetry

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Despite its nonacceptance by certain groups in our society, scientists accept evolution as fact.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Deuterostomes have a dorsal nerve cord

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Dorsal solid nerve cord is not an evolutionary innovation of earthworms?

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Evolutionary theory is considered to be the "unifying theory" in biology.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Evolutionary theory is supported by multiple independent lines of inquiry.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Genetic drift is an entirely random process that can work as a driving force in evolution.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: If it is not bacteria or archaea, it is eukarya.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Jointed appendages is a distinguishing characteristic of arthropods?

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Reptiles were the first tetrapods to become fully terrestrial.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The kingdom Protista includes both single-celled and multicellular organisms.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The number of bacterial cells living in and on you outnumbers your own cells by about 10:1.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Viruses are subject to natural selection, even though they are not considered by many to be living.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Viruses, like Bacteria, tend to be host-specific.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: While Darwin is often the one who gets the credit, there were other naturalists who developed ideas dealing with the evolution of living things.

True

Viral particles are composed of organic molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, and are capable of evolving, but they cannot maintain homeostasis and metabolism. Based on this evidence, what can we conclude about whether or not viruses are alive?

Whether viruses are living or not really depends on how we define life.

What is the biggest problem with using antibiotics indiscriminately?

You can create antiboitic resistant strains of bacteria

Reptiles (along with the fishes and amphibians) are "cold-blooded" vertebrates, meaning that their body temperature matches the temperature of their environment. Scientifically, what is the term for these types of animals?

Ectotherms

Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes?

Embryonic development

The digestive tract in animals is derived from which type of tissue?

Endoderm

A(n) BLANK is a substance present in some bacterial cell walls which can cause disease, whereas a(n) BLANK is a substance released by some bacterial cells which can cause disease.

Endotoxin Exotoxin

To which of the three domains do we belong?

Eukarya

Amphibians depend on water for BLANK fertilization; their skin is used for BLANK and must be kept moist.

External Respiration

TRUE OR FALSE: Jaws is a characteristic common to all fish

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Kelp, a multicellular photosynthetic organism, is placed in the kingdom Plantae.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Speciation events, or the development of new species from one ancestral lineage, is predicted by evolutionary theory but has never been observed.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The outermost layer of animal cells is the cell wall, just inside of which is the cell or plasma membrane.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi are more closely related to plants than they are to any other group.

False, they are actually more closely related to animals than any other group

What is the most distinctive feature of the angiosperms?

Flower

Which of the following are advantages of a larger cell size? For a predatory cell, being large makes it easier to eat other cells. Larger cells possess a higher metabolic capacity. For a potential prey cell, being large makes it easier to avoid being eaten. Because the cell membrane surface area increases at the same rate as the volume of the cell, it makes transport into and out of the cell more efficient.

For a predatory cell, being large makes it easier to eat other cells. Larger cells possess a higher metabolic capacity. For a potential prey cell, being large makes it easier to avoid being eaten.

When a small group of individuals establishes a new colony separate from the parent population, the allele frequency of the new population may not reflect that of the original population. Such an event, known as the BLANK, is a type of BLANK, or loss of genetic variation. If enough genetic variation has been lost by a population, BLANK of alleles may occur, which may lead to BLANK.

Founder effect Genetic bottleneck Fixation Extinction

Why would some species of fungi produce antibiotics naturally?

Fungi produce antibiotics to reduce their competition for resources with bacteria.

Asexual reproduction generates genetically BLANK offspring, whereas sexual reproduction produces genetically BLANK offspring. If a major change takes place, such as a change in the climate, a genetically BLANK population would have a much greater chance of survival. Therefore, in the long run, species that use BLANK reproduction will have an advantage over those that use BLANK reproduction.

Identical Diverse Diverse Sexual Asexual

Which animal grouping does not reflect the evolutionary history of the animals within that group?

Invertabrates

Animal cells are attached to each other in two ways, one of which is a patch of proteins located at specific locations called cell BLANK

Junctions

Which substance in plant cell walls are fungi distinctively effective at decomposing?

Lignin

To which group(s) do clams, sea slugs, snails, and octopi belong?

Mollusca

Which type of mammal lays eggs?

Monotremes

Which advantages do trees in a forest gain by being multicellular? Multicellularity allows the trees to grow tall to successfully compete for sunlight. Multicellularity enables a division of labor such that only aerial plant parts are photosynthetic. Multicellularity enables some specialization of cells for collecting resources from soil. Multicellularity makes movement of food between parts of the tree faster.

Multicellularity allows the trees to grow tall to successfully compete for sunlight. Multicellularity enables a division of labor such that only aerial plant parts are photosynthetic. Multicellularity enables some specialization of cells for collecting resources from soil.

While mutualistic associations of fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria are called lichens, what is the name of the mutualistic association between fungi and plant roots?

Mycorrhizae

What is the name of the lipid bilayer membrane that encloses a eukaryote's chromosomes?

Nuclear Envelpoe

Which is the largest and generally defining subcellular feature of most eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

Which of the following are systematic, nonrandom mechanisms? natural selection mutation genetic drift gene flow

natural selection

Good examples of the advantages of multicellularity are seen in the giant kelp, a type of seaweed. Kelp can grow to 60 meters tall and includes BLANK, which provide buoyancy for the kelp body. In addition, BLANK anchor the kelp to the bottom of the ocean to prevent it from being swept away by currents, while photosynthetic BLANK grow near the surface and are attached to the BLANK or "stem." Also, specialized cells in the BLANK provide a route of transport for the products of photosynthesis to the rest of the organism.

Air bladders Holdfasts Blades Stipe Medulla

Until he hit on the idea of sexual selection, Darwin was troubled by some of his observations that did not seem to fit his idea of natural selection. In fact, Darwin reportedly wrote in a letter to a colleague, "The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" Why is the male peacock's tail not consistent with natural selection? Select the best answer.

All of these are reasons

Evolutionary theory provides an explanation for which of the following questions? Select the best answer.

All of these questions and more can be answered by evolutionary theory

Asexual reproduction can occur in which of the following groups of organisms? eukaryotes prokaryotes protists

All three

Which of the following plant groups reproduce using seeds? bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts) ferns Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Suppose you were able to observe a population of deer before and after a predator is introduced. As it turns out, this predator is fleet of foot (runs fast) and enjoys dining on deer for breakfast (and lunch, and dinner). One of the parameters you have data on for the deer population before the predator is introduced is leg length. After introducing the predator, you observe the following: short-legged deer escape predation by hiding in the brush, and long-legged deer escape predation by running away. After many generations have passed, you collect a sample of data from the deer population for comparison to the original population. Under these conditions, which of the following predictions about the second data set would make the most sense?

Both short and long legged deer will have increased in numbers, but intermediate legged deer will have significantly decreased in numbers.

What is the term for the concentration of sensory and feeding equipment at the anterior end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal?

Cephalization

Which are the simplest animals with true tissues?

Cnidarians

Some bacteria are capable of inducing disease in other living things and are called BLANK. Most of these bacteria are BLANK, meaning that they will only infect one or a few closely related species. One exception to this is BLANK, which can be passed from cattle to humans. Some bacteria cause disease by the presence of substances in their BLANK, called BLANK, that can lead to symptoms such as fever. Other bacteria produce symptoms by secreting from their cells BLANK that can disrupt cellular processes and damage host cell structures.

Pathogens Host specific Anthrax Cell walls Endotoxins Exotoxins

Which of the following classifications of prokaryotes are fully photosynthetic, and like plants, absorb energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source? photoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs chemoautotrophs

Photoautotrophs

Which of the following is true about plants? Plants are all multicellular. The first plants had evolved by about 470 million years ago. There is strong evidence that plants evolved from a lineage of green algae. Plants carry out the vast majority of photosynthesis on Earth.

Plants are all multicellular. The first plants had evolved by about 470 million years ago. There is strong evidence that plants evolved from a lineage of green algae.

Protists are commonly divided into two broad groups, the BLANK, which are nonphotosynthetic and motile, and the BLANK, which are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile.

Protozoans Algae

The evolution of multicellularity was one of the most significant events in the history of life on Earth. Multicellular organisms enjoy the benefits of cell BLANK—namely, more efficient functioning through division of BLANK. Some of the protists, most of the BLANK, and all of the plants and BLANK are multicellular.

Specialization Labor Fungi Animals

Subcellular structures of eukaryotes operate in a "division of labor" capacity. What does "division of labor" mean within the context of the cell?

Subcellular structures are specialized to preform certain functions

What is the defining feature that places humans in the same major group as the sea stars?

The blastopore becomes the anus in embryological development

Which of the following are true statements about viruses? They are made of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid and mitochondria. The genome may be composed of either DNA or RNA. They generally exhibit host-specificity. They inject their nucleic acid into the host cell or they are engulfed by the cell.

The genome may be composed of either DNA or RNA. They generally exhibit host-specificity. They inject their nucleic acid into the host cell or they are engulfed by the cell.

For the best results, it is strongly recommended that everyone get a flu shot every year. Why?

The influenza virus mutates rapidly; within a year's time, new strains, not recognized by your body, will have appeared.

Suppose a mutation occurs in the cells that give rise to your brain during its development. This results in much more efficient use of oxygen by your brain tissues. This, in turn, increases the efficiency of your brain in general, resulting in a higher IQ for you. What can be said about this mutation?

The mutation will most likely only affect you.

The mollusks are a very diverse group, but when their body plans and habits have been evaluated, we can determine that they are all related because they share which common trait(s)?

They have a foot, visceral mask, and mantle

Sponges are the simplest of animals. Their simple body plan does not consist of true BLANK, but they do have specialized cells. For example, cells that line their central body cavity are called choanocytes, or BLANK; these cells use their flagellae to create a water current and also produce sticky secretions to trap prey, such as BLANK. In addition, sponges have spiny BLANK in their body wall, along with BLANK that defend against pathogens and are developmentally flexible enough that they can turn into other cell types and regenerate a whole new animal.

Tissues Collar cells Bacteria Spicules amoebocytes

Which of the following are not one of the basic characteristics of chordates, during some stage in their development? a ventral, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal pouches a post-anal tail a dorsal notochord

a ventral, hollow nerve cord

Animals exhibit three body forms relative to their internal organization. Animals, such as flatworms, have no body cavity and thus are said to be BLANK. In a somewhat more complex body plan, roundworms have a body cavity lined on the outside with mesoderm and on the inside by endoderm; they are thus described as BLANK. Animals that have a body cavity lined with mesoderm on both the inside and outside have a true BLANK.

acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelom

Some Bacteria are plantlike in that they are photosynthetic and release oxygen as a byproduct. These kinds of Bacteria are sometimes called "blue-green Bacteria" and are more formally known as what?

cyanobacteria

Which of the following lines of evidence did Darwin use in developing his theory of evolution by natural selection? fossils biogeography (the distribution of organisms) similarities and differences in DNA speciation events

fossils biogeography (the distribution of organisms)

Which of the following are distinguishing traits of mammals? hair mammary glands four limbs four-chambered heart endothermy

hair mammary glands

Charles Darwin's insight and subsequent explanation of evolution by natural selection was shaped by which of the following works? his observations during his five-year voyage around the Earth Charles Lyell's book, entitled Principles of Geology Thomas Malthus' essay on populations Alfred Wallace's observations from the Malaysian archipelago

his observations during his five-year voyage around the Earth Charles Lyell's book, entitled Principles of Geology Thomas Malthus' essay on populations

Which of the following conditions are necessary in order to allow a mutation to affect future generations by way of natural selection? occur in a gamete used in fertilization provide a selective advantage to the carrier occur in body cells can only change the structure of a body part

occur in a gamete used in fertilization provide a selective advantage to the carrier

Which of the following prokaryotes do not rely upon other living or formerly living organisms to "make a living?" photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs

photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs

Which of the following limits the degree to which adaptations align with the environment? random processes a trade-off between a useful feature or behavior and the negative consequence of having it the mutation rate the existing genetic variations in a population

random processes a trade-off between a useful feature or behavior and the negative consequence of having it the mutation rate the existing genetic variations in a population

Which of the following are considered to be acellular? viruses Archaea Bacteria Fungi

viruses

Which of the following could be considered adaptations? vision, by way of eyes, in animals streamlined body form in swimming animals such as fishes and dolphins flight in birds, insects, and bats camouflage to resemble surroundings

vision, by way of eyes, in animals streamlined body form in swimming animals such as fishes and dolphins flight in birds, insects, and bats camouflage to resemble surroundings