Biology - Unit 5 - The Little Critters
Water Molds
- live in water - can also be found in moist soil or inside other organisms - some are decomposers, eating decaying matter while others are parasites - some cause diseases that affect plants. - The Great Potato Famine of the 1800s was caused by a water mold. - Scientists and farmers have developed ways to control these disease-causing water molds, but they are still a threat. - at some point in their life have flagellated reproductive cells - this is something a true fungus never has, which is why water molds are classified as protists.
Three examples of ascomycotes are:
- morels - truffles - yeasts
Where can thermophiles be found?
- near hot springs - under the sea - near hydrothermal vents (in volcanoes)
Fungus-Like Protists
- secrete digestive juices into dead, decaying matter and then absorb the nutrients. - There are two main types of fungus-like protists: the slime molds and the water molds.
Dinoflagellates
- similar to the flagellates of the protozoans - but perform photosynthesis, so they are considered a plant-like protist or algae - some are red and have a strong poison - When these multiply rapidly in a short period of time, a "red tide" will occur. When shellfish eat this algae, the poison becomes concentrated in their bodies. The shellfish are now toxic to whoever eats them, including humans. - some have bioluminescence.
Euglenoids
- traits of both plants and animals. - photosynthesis like plants, but also move around with their flagella like animals. - they can be heterotrophs by eating the food that is around them - They live mostly in freshwater.
How are spores dispersed? By _____, _____, and ______.
- water - wind - animals
LESSON 1 BACTERIA-----------------------------------------------------
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LESSON 2 EUBACTERIA--------------------------------------------------
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LESSON 3 ARCHAEA----------------------------------------------------
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LESSON 4 INTRODUCTION TO VIRUSES-------------------------------
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LESSON 5 VIRUSES AND DISEASE--------------------------------------
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LESSON 6 INTRODUCTION TO PROTISTS------------------------------
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LESSON 7 PLANT-LIKE AND FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS-----------------
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LESSON 8 INTRODUCTION TO FUNGUS-------------------------------
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LESSON 9 THE FUNGUS AMONG US-----------------------------------
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Diatoms asexual reproduction
1)diatom will separate into two halves 2)Each half produces a new half that fits right inside itself. This happens generation after generation, with each new generation being half the size of the parent cell. 3)When the diatoms are about ¼ the size of the original diatom, sexual reproduction will start. Gametes are produced and released. 4)Gametes from one diatom will fuse with another gamete (from a different parent cell) and form a zygote. 5)The zygote will develop into a full-size diatom, which will then go on to start reproducing asexually.
Two structural differences between archaea and bacteria are:
- Archaea's cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. - The cell membrane in archaea does not have phospholipids (fatty acids).
The two types of bacteria are __________ and ___________.
- Cyanobacteria - Eubacteria
Where do halophiles live?
- Great Salt Lake - Dead Sea
______ is a special type of bacteria that performs photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?
They have chlorophyll.
What is a mycelium?
a network of hyphae that form part of a fungus
mycelium
a network of hyphae that form part of a fungus
endospore
a protective protein coat that bacteria can form when conditions become harsh
cyanobacteria
a special type of bacteria that performs photosynthesis
What is an haustoria?
a specialized hyphae that fungi use to feed without destroying the host's cell
vaccine
a substance that works to build a person's immunity to a disease by injecting a weakened or dead version of the infectious agent, resulting in a person forming antibodies for the disease
binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction in which one bacteria replicates its genetic information and then divides, resulting in two daughter bacteria
conjugation
a type of sexual reproduction in which two bacteria join together and exchange genetic information
retrovirus
a virus where the RNA gets copied into DNA inside the host cell
A lichen is formed by two organisms: _________________ and ________________.
algae/cyanobacteria, fungus
virus
an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host
decomposer
an organism that breaks down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the ecosystem
vector
an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms with that parasite
fungus
an organism that feeds off dead, decaying organic matter or a parasite that feeds off living organisms; reproduces through spores
lichen
an organism that is the result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus
parasite
an organism that requires another organism to function and reproduce, most often to the harm of the host organism
protist
an organism with eukaryotic cells that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
Which type of organism is thought to be one of the earth's first organisms?
archaea
__________ is a type of similar organism which is not a true bacteria.
archaea
The sac fungi are the ______________.
ascomycota
Most bacteria reproduce asexually.
True
Nitrogen fixation is a process that is useful to organisms.
True
One good example of a vector is mosquitos.
True
Some bacteria can be beneficial or helpful because they can be used to produce antibiotics.
True
Thermophiles love the heat.
True
Yeasts do not have hyphae.
True
You can find fungi that belong to Zygomycota when you encounter moldy strawberries or black bread mold.
True
How many nuclei do ciliates have?
Two
The spore structures of the basidiomycota are called ___________________.
basidia
The club fungi are called ________________.
basidiomycota
________ is a procedure by which scientists determine what type of bacteria they have.
Gram staining
Halophiles comes from the __________ words that mean "salt (halo) and loving (phile)."
Greek
What happens when a spore is released into the environment?
Hyphae will germinate and grow into a new network of mycelium.
Most groups of bacteria use oxygen for their energy conversions. These are called
Obligate aerobes
Bacteria that get their energy by fermentation are called
Obligate anaerobes
alternation of generations
One generation of algae will be in haploid form. An algae in this form is called a gametophyte. The gametophyte form of the plant produces gametes, which come together and form a zygote that will develop into the sporophyte, the diploid generation of the plant. These then produce haploid spores, which will then develop into gametophytes.
______ are organisms that live on or in another organism (the host) and cause harm to that organism.
Parasites
Which type of animal-like protist can be found inside termites?
Zooflagellates
lytic cycle
a cycle that a virus uses to destroy the host cell to reproduce the virus
lysogenic cycle
a cycle that some viruses use to insert the viral DNA into the host cell DNA before it enters a lytic cycle
archaea
a group of bacteria-like organisms that can withstand extreme environments
One type of asexual reproduction is __________ . A __________ grows out from the parent cell until it becomes mature, and then separates from the parent.
budding, bud
How are protists classified?
by the kingdom they most resemble
Why is controlling the vector important for controlling the disease?
can be a means of controlling the transmission of parasites
Fungi have ___________ in their cell walls, not cellulose.
chitin
move with cilia
ciliates
What does psychrophile mean?
cold-loving microorganism
psychrophile
cold-loving microorganism
The spore structures of the Ascomycota are called __________________.
conidiophores
__________ are a controversial phylum in the kingdom of Eubacteria. It is very disputed under which domain it belongs.
cyanobacteria
extracellular digestion
digestion that occurs outside a cell
septa
dividing walls or membranes in the hyphae of a fungus
A(n) _______________ is a protective protein coat that bacteria can form when conditions become harsh.
endospore
pseudopodia
extensions of cytoplasm that help sarcodines move; fake feet
Cyanobacteria have chloroplasts.
false
A ________ is a unicellular or multicellular organism that is heterotropic; feeding off dead organic matter or a parasite, feeding off living organisms; reproduces through spores.
fungus
thermophile
heat-loving microorganism
The basic structure unit for a fungus is the ______________.
hyphae
Cyanobacteria are __________ most bacteria, but _________ eukaryotic cells.
larger than, smaller than
is the control center of the cell
macronucleus
plays a major role in sexual reproduction
micronucleus
phytoplankton
microscopic algae that comprise the bottom of thefood chain
Animal-like protists are classified according to the way they ___________.
move
If you were to take pond scum and look at it under a microscope, you would most likely see ________________.
paramecium
What process does cyanobacteria perform?
photosynthesis
algae
plant-like protists that perform photosynthesis
One example of a sporozoan is __________________, which causes malaria.
plasmodium
Fungi are placed into the four different phyla based on the way they ______________ during asexual reproduction.
produce spores
Bacteria have ________________ cells.
prokaryotic
Organisms with eukaryotic cells that are not plants, animals, or fungi are called ________________.
protists
protozoans
protists that are animal-like
Animal-like protists are also called __________.
protozoans
What are the feet-like structures of amoebas called?
pseudopodia
What color of chlorophyll do halophiles have?
purple
spores
reproductive cells that can produce new organisms without fertilization
halophile
salt-loving microorganism
Each cell is often separated from other cells by cross walls called ______________.
septa
cilia
short, tail-like appendages that move from side to side and enable organisms to move
When most people hear the word bacteria, what is likely the first thing that comes to mind?
sickness
The three shapes of bacteria are: ________________, _________________, and _______________.
spiral, round, rod-shaped
The majority of fungi reproduce asexually through ____________.
spores
What type of protozoans are parasites?
sporozoans
What are sporangium? Sporangium are _____.
structures that some hyphae produce which carries all the spores
sporangia
structures where spores are produced
flagella
tail-like appendages that whip from side to side in a wavy, snake-like motion, enabling organisms to move
hyphae
the basic structural unit of a fungus
chemosynthesis
the conversion of one or two carbon molecules and nutrients into organic matter through the oxidation of inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulfide
nitrogen fixation
the process that some bacteria use to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to a form usable to other forms of life
bioluminescence
the production of light by living organisms
How do nutrients travel through fungi?
through the septa
eubacteria
true bacteria
An organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms (host) with that parasite is called a _____________.
vector
Flagella are tail-like appendages that whip from side to side in a __________ , snake-like motion, causing the protists to move. Cilia are similar to flagella but cilia tend to be shorter and move in a _________ side to side motion instead of a __________ -like motion.
wavy, straight, snake
move with flagella
zooflagellates
Zygomycota reproduce sexually through ___________________ when times get tough.
zygospores
What are the three different roles zygomycota play in our ecosystem?
- They are used to control pests. - They are great decomposers of plants, soil, and dung. - They can have beneficial relationships with plants.
How can bacteria be harmful?
- They cause respiratory disorders. - They cause staph infections. - They cause strep throat and other infections. - They cause meningitis and gonorrhea.
Diatoms
- also known as the golden algae. - most phytoplankton consist of diatoms. - shells that are made of silica, a glass-like substance - each has unique shell - have carotenoids that give many diatoms their yellow-golden color. -
Green Algae
- both unicellular and multicellular - Most live in water or in moist soil, but you can find them in snow, on trees, and inside other organisms - some live in colonies - reproduce by fragmentation or alternation of generations.
Red Algae
- comprise most of the world's seaweeds - belong to the phylum Rhodophyta - can be found up to 260 meters under the water - red pigment called phycoerythrin that gives them their color and to absorb the light that can reach deep into the clear water of the tropics - still have chlorophyll - perform photosynthesis.
Brown Algae
- found in cooler climates - have chlorophyll - yellow-brown pigment named fucoxanthin that gives them their color. - tops are exposed to sunlight and perform photosynthesis; food is then transported to the algae that are too deep underwater to get any sunlight.
Where can psychrophiles be found?
- frozen environments - glaciers
The four types of archaea are: _______________, _______________, ______________, and _______________ .
- halophiles - thermophiles - methanogens - psychrophiles
Plant-like Protists
- known as algae. aka a protist that performs photosynthesis. - Algae are autotrophs - Phytoplankton are a type of algae responsible for 50% of the oxygen in our atmosphere - six phyla for algae. - 3 contain only unicellular organisms—euglenoids, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. - other 3 phyla—the red, green, and brown algae—contain mostly multicellular protists, with some unicellular species.
Slime Molds
- live in cool, shady places, such as a forest, and also in freshwater - eat bacteria, yeast, and decaying plants and animals - As long as a food source is available to a slime mold, it will continue to grow. - When the food source disappears, or the environment becomes unfavorable in another way, the slime molds will develop knobby structures called sporangia. - the sporangia contain spores that can develop into new slime molds when the environment becomes favorable again. - Slime molds reproduce by spores, another fungus-like characteristic. However, they move, something a fungus does not do
Fragmentation
Algae is broken up into pieces. Each piece then develops into a new algae organism
Deuteromycotes are fungi that only reproduce yeast.
False
Gram-negative bacteria are better at causing disease.
False
Scientists think that archaea could not exist on Mars.
False
The traditional definition of species does work well with bacteria.
False
Thermophiles are the source of most of the world's natural gas.
False
__________ is a type of archaea found in cows and termites.
Methanogens
Archaea once belonged to what kingdom?
Monera
____________ , _____________, and ___________ are three illnesses caused by harmful bacteria.
Pneumonia, Ear infections, Strep throat
move by extensions of cytoplasm (pseudopodia)
Sarcodines
do not move
Sporozoans
Three examples of helpful bacteria are ________.
Streptomyces, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus